Purinergic receptors play an important role in regulating gastrointestinal (GI) motility. Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) are pacemaker cells that regulate GI smooth muscle activity. We studied the functional roles of external adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) on pacemaker activity in cultured ICCs from mouse small intestines by using the whole-cell patch clamp technique and intracellular Ca²⁺ ([Ca²⁺]ᵢ) imaging. External ATP dose-dependently depolarized the resting membrane and produced tonic inward pacemaker currents, and these effects were antagonized by suramin, a purinergic P2 receptor antagonist. ATP-induced effects on pacemaker currents were suppressed by an external Na⁺-free solution and inhibited by the nonselective cation channel blockers, flufenamic acid and niflumic acid. The removal of external Ca²⁺ or treatment with thapsigargin (inhibitor of Ca²⁺ uptake into endoplasmic reticulum) inhibited the ATP-induced effects on pacemaker currents. Spontaneous [Ca²⁺]ᵢ oscillations were enhanced by external ATP. These results suggest that external ATP modulates pacemaker activity by activating nonselective cation channels via external Ca²⁺ influx and [Ca²⁺]ᵢ release from the endoplasmic reticulum. Thus, it seems that activating the purinergic P2 receptor may modulate GI motility by acting on ICCs in the small intestine.
Adenosine ; Adenosine Triphosphate ; Animals ; Endoplasmic Reticulum ; Flufenamic Acid ; Interstitial Cells of Cajal ; Intestine, Small ; Membranes ; Mice ; Muscle, Smooth ; Niflumic Acid ; Pacemaker, Artificial ; Receptors, Purinergic ; Receptors, Purinergic P2 ; Suramin ; Thapsigargin

Talniflumate is a phthalidyl ester of niflumic acid, which has potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects and is widely used to treat inflammatory disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis. To screen the possible genetic factors affecting the pharmacokinetics (PK) of talniflumate, 23 male Korean volunteers were enrolled from two separate bioequivalence studies. All subjects received 740 mg (two tablets) talniflumate in a standard 2×2 cross-over model in a randomized order. For the genetic study, PK parameters of the reference drug were used. We used Illumina Human610Quad v1.0 DNA Analysis BeadChip for whole genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis and whole genome genotyping data were processed by linear regression analysis for PK parameters. Whole genome analysis revealed 1498 significant SNPs (P < 0.0001) for Cmax, 65 significant SNPs (P < 0.0001) for T(max), and 1491 significant SNPs (P < 0.0001) for AUC(inf). For clinical pharmacological purposes, we selected SNPs from drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters, and analyzed the PK parameters of various genotypes. Two SNPs (rs11165069 from ABCA4 (p=0.00002); rs17847036 from CYP2C9 (p=0.000001)) showed significant associations with talniflumate C(max). In the T(max) group, two SNPs (rs3787555 from CYP24A1 (p=0.00035); rs2275034 from ABCA4 (p=0.000587)) showed significant associations with talniflumate T(max). In the AUC(inf) group, two SNPs (rs11165069 from ABCA4 (p=0.00002); rs12461006 from SLC1A6 (p=0.00008)) exhibited significant associations with talniflumate absorption. These results show that genetic factors could affect the PK parameters, and provide information that may be used in the development of personalized talniflumate therapy.
Absorption ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 ; DNA ; Genome ; Genotype ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Male ; Mass Screening* ; Niflumic Acid ; Pharmacogenetics ; Pharmacokinetics* ; Polymorphism, Genetic* ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Therapeutic Equivalency ; Vitamin D3 24-Hydroxylase ; Volunteers

Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) can cause femoral head depression and cortical discontinuity. Treatment for ONFH remains challenging. We performed botulinum toxin type A injection to psoas major muscle in five patients with radiological femoral head collapse (Association Research Circulation Osseus classification stage III) who were non-responsive after two years of conservative treatment (tramadol 200 mg/day, mefenamic acid 1,000 mg/day). At two weeks after the procedure, their mean hip pain was decreased from 88 ± 0.4/100 mm to 22 ± 0.4/100 mm based on visual analogue scale (VAS). The pain was maintained at a minimum of 20/100 mm and a maximum of 30/100 mm in VAS for at least six weeks after the procedure. These values were mean ± SD. These patients were followed-up for 6 months. There was no exacerbation of pain from repeated (three times) botulinum toxin type A injection to the psoas major muscle.
Botulinum Toxins* ; Botulinum Toxins, Type A* ; Classification ; Depression ; Femur Head Necrosis ; Head* ; Hip ; Humans ; Mefenamic Acid ; Osteonecrosis* ; Psoas Muscles*

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of tranilast on myocardial fibrosis in mice with viral myocarditis (VMC).

METHODSMale balb/c mice (n=72) were randomly divided into control, VMC and tranilast groups (n=24 each). In the VMC and tranilast groups, the mice were infected with Coxsackie virus B3 (CVB3) to prepare VMC model, while the control group was treated with Eagle's medium. After modeling, the tranilast group was administrated with tranilast [200 mg/(kg.d)] until the day before sampling. On days 7, 14 and 28 after CVB3 or Eagle's medium infection, heart specimens (n=8) were taken and examined after Toluidine blue staining and Nissl staining for counts of mast cells (MC), hematoxylin-eosin staining for myocardial pathological changes, and Masson staining for myocardial fibrosis. The expression of CTGF and type I collagen (Col I) in the myocardial tissue was measured by RT-PCR and Western blot. The correlations of CTGF mRNA expression with MC counts and Col I expression were analyzed.

RESULTSThe myocardial pathological changes and collagen volume fraction in the VMC group were significantly higher than in the control group at all three time points (P<0.05). Tranilast treatment significantly decreased the myocardial pathological changes and collagen volume fraction compared with the VMC group (P<0.05). The mRNA and protein expression of CTGF and Col I increased in the VMC group compared with the control group, and the increases were reduced with tranilast treatment (P<0.05). The number of MC was positively correlated to CTGF mRNA expression on the 7th day and 14th day (r=0.439, P=0.049) in the VMC group. There were positive correlations between the mRNA expression of Col I and CTGF on the 7th day and 14th day (r=0.646, P=0.007) and the 28th day (r=0.326, P=0.031).

CONCLUSIONSTranilast may inhibit the aggregation of MC and down-regulate the expression of CTGF, relieving myocardial fibrosis of mice with VMC.

Animals ; Collagen Type I ; genetics ; Connective Tissue Growth Factor ; genetics ; Coxsackievirus Infections ; drug therapy ; Enterovirus B, Human ; Fibrosis ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Myocarditis ; drug therapy ; Myocardium ; pathology ; RNA, Messenger ; analysis ; ortho-Aminobenzoates ; pharmacology

PURPOSE: Tolfenamic acid (TA), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, is known to exhibit antitumor effects in various cancers apart from nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC). NPC exhibits high invasiveness, as well as metastatic potential, and patients continue to suffer from residual, recurrent, or metastatic disease even after chemoradiation therapy. Therefore, new treatment strategies are needed for NPC. In this study, we investigated the efficacy and molecular mechanisms of TA in NPC treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: TA-induced cell death was detected by cell viability assay in the NPC cell lines, HNE1 and HONE1. Wound healing assay, invasion assay, and Western blot analysis were used to evaluate the antitumor effects of TA in NPC cell lines. RESULTS: Treatment with TA suppressed the migration and invasion of HNE1 and HONE1 cells. Hepatocyte growth factor enhanced the proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities of NPC cells. This enhancement was successfully inhibited by TA treatment. Treatment with TA increased phosphorylation of p38, and the inhibition of p38 with SB203580 reversed the cytotoxic, anti-invasive, and anti-migratory effects of TA treatment in NPC cell lines. Moreover, inhibition of p38 also reversed the decrease in expression of Slug that was induced by TA treatment. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the activation of p38 plays a role in mediating TA-induced cytotoxicity and inhibition of invasion and migration via down-regulation of Slug.
Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Movement/*drug effects ; Cell Proliferation/*drug effects ; Cell Survival/*drug effects ; Down-Regulation ; Gastropoda ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects ; Hepatocyte Growth Factor/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Humans ; Imidazoles ; MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects ; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/*drug therapy/metabolism/pathology ; Neoplasm Invasiveness/*prevention & control ; Phosphorylation/drug effects ; Pyridines ; ortho-Aminobenzoates/*pharmacology/therapeutic use

PURPOSE: Mefenamic acid (MEF) as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug is used as a medication for relieving of pain and inflammation. Radiation-induced inflammation process is involved in DNA damage and cell death. In this study, the radioprotective effect of MEF was investigated against genotoxicity induced by ionizing radiation in human blood lymphocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Peripheral blood samples were collected from human volunteers and incubated with MEF at different concentrations (5, 10, 50, or 100 microM) for two hours. The whole blood was exposed to ionizing radiation at a dose 1.5 Gy. Lymphocytes were cultured with mitogenic stimulation to determine the micronuclei in cytokinesis blocked binucleated lymphocyte. RESULTS: A significant decreasing in the frequency of micronuclei was observed in human lymphocytes irradiated with MEF as compared to irradiated lymphocytes without MEF. The maximum decreasing in frequency of micronuclei was observed at 100 microM of MEF (38% decrease), providing maximal protection against ionizing radiation. CONCLUSION: The radioprotective effect of MEF is probably related to anti-inflammatory property of MEF on human lymphocytes.
Cell Death ; Cytokinesis ; DNA Damage ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans* ; Inflammation ; Lymphocytes* ; Mefenamic Acid* ; Micronucleus Tests ; Radiation, Ionizing ; Radiation-Protective Agents

A 26-year-old male undergoing thoracotomy and bleeding control received a preoperative thoracic epidural for postoperative analgesia. On the fifth postoperative day, paralysis of both lower limbs occurred and urgent magnetic resonance imaging showed massive anterior epidural hematoma. During laminectomy and decompression, platelet dysfunction was diagnosed and preoperative non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs medications were supposed to the cause of platelet dysfunction. After infusion of ten units of platelet concentrate, coagulopathy was improved. We should be more careful to drugs with antiplatelet effect when using regional analgesia.
Adult ; Analgesia ; Analgesia, Epidural* ; Blood Platelets ; Decompression ; Hematoma* ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Ketorolac* ; Laminectomy ; Lower Extremity ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Mefenamic Acid* ; Paralysis ; Thoracotomy

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of chloride channel blocker--niflumic acid (NFA) on the pathological process of hypoxia hypercapnia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction in rats.

METHODSWe used the model of hypoxia hypercapnia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction rats, and divided the second, third branch pulmonary artery rings randomly into four groups (n = 8): control group (N group), hypoxia hypercapnia group (H group), DMSO incubation group (HD group), niflumic acid group (NFA group). Under acute hypoxia hypercapnia conditions, we observed the effects of the three stages of hypoxia hypercapnia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction (HHPV) incubated by NFA in the second, third brach pulmonary artery rings. At the same time, the values of rings' tension changings were recorded via the method of hypoxia hypercapnia conditions reactivity. And investigated the effect of NFA to HHPV.

RESULTS(1) Under the hypoxia hypercapnia condition, we observed a biphasic pulmonary artery contractile (the phase I rapid contraction and vasodilation; the phase II sustained contraction) response in both the second and the third branch pulmonary artery rings compared with the control group (P < 0.05 , P < 0.01); (2) The second and third pulmonary artery rings incubated by NFA which phase II persistent vasoconstriction were significantly attenuated compared with the H group (P < 0.05 , P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONThe blocker of the chloride channels attenuates the second and third branch pulmonary artery rings constriction in rat, especially the phase II persistent vasoconstriction, so then have an antagonistic effect on HHPV.

Animals ; Chloride Channels ; antagonists & inhibitors ; Hypercapnia ; physiopathology ; Hypoxia ; physiopathology ; Niflumic Acid ; pharmacology ; Pulmonary Artery ; physiopathology ; Pulmonary Circulation ; Rats ; Vasoconstriction ; drug effects

OBJECTIVETo study the role of tranilast in the pathogenesis of myocardiac fibrosis in viral myocarditis.

METHODSSeventy-two BALB/C mice were randomly divided into control, model and intervention groups (n=24 each). Mice in the model and intervention groups were infected with Coxsackievirus B3 to induce viral myocarditis. The intervention group was given with tranilast (200 mg/kg) by gavage until sacrifice for sampling, while the other two groups were administered with the same volume of normal saline. Cardiac tissues were obtained from 8 mice on 7, 14 and 28 days after modeling. The mast cell number was observed by toluidine blue staining and thionine staining. The cardiac tissues were stained with hematoxylin and eosin as well as masson trichrome to observe the pathological changes in cardiac tissues. The mRNA and protein expression of osteopontin and transforming growth factor-β1 was measured by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry respectively.

RESULTSIn the model group, the mRNA and protein expression of osteopontin reached the highest level on the 7th day, decreasing from the 14th day, and became to the least on the 28th day; while the expression of TGF-β1 increased from the 7th day, reaching a peak on the 14th day, and decreased slightly on the 28th day. The mRNA and protein expression of TGF-β1 and OPN was lower in the intervention group than the model group (P<0.05), but higher than the control group (P<0.05). The expression of OPN mRNA was positively correlated to the number of mast cells.

CONCLUSIONSTranilast can reduce myocardial fibrosis by decreasing the number of mast cells, inhibiting the expression of TGF-β1 and OPN.

Animals ; Fibrosis ; Male ; Mast Cells ; drug effects ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Myocarditis ; complications ; Myocardium ; pathology ; Osteopontin ; analysis ; genetics ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ; analysis ; genetics ; ortho-Aminobenzoates ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use

OBJECTIVETo explore the modulatory effect of niflumic acid and blocker of calcium channel on the desensitization of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)-activated currents in dorsal root ganglion(DRG) neurons from rat.

METHODSThe whole-cell patch-clamp technique was used to observe the modulatory effect of niflumic acid and blocker of calcium channel on the desensitization of GABA-activated currents in neurons freshly dissociated from rat DRG neurons.

RESULTSApplication of GABA (0.1-1 000 micromol/L) could induce concentration-dependent inward currents in some cells (212/223, 95.11%). GABA-(100 micromol/L) activated currents was (1.32 +/- 0.74) nA (n = 84). However, pre-application of niflumic acid (1-100 micromol/L) and nitrendipine (specific blocker of L-calcium channel)(0.1-30 micromol/L) could inhibit the GABA-activated inward current which was identified to be GABAA receptor-mediated current. The inhibitory effects of niflumic acid and nitrendipine were concentration-dependent. The suppression rate of 10 micromol/L niflumic acid and nitrendipine to GABA-activated currents were (31.60% +/- 4.87%) (n = 19) and (43.60% < or = 5.10%) (n = 5), respectively. The desensitization of GABA-activated currents had double exponential characteristic. Tau value was (14.68 +/- 5.11) s (n = 6) and (175.8 +/- 42.67) s (n = 6, r = 0.9647), respectively. Pre-application of niflumic acid (100 micromol/L) and nickel chloride (nonspecific blocker of L-calcium channel) (100 micromol/L) altered tau value of the desensitization of GABA-activated currents, tau value reduced for (4.64 +/- 2.21) s (n = 3), (43.70 +/- 14.34) s ( n = 3, r = 0.9548) and (4.64 +/- 2.21) s (n = 3), (43.70 +/- 14.34) s (n = 3, r = 0.9721).

CONCLUSIONPre-application of niflumic acid exerts a more strong inhibitory effect on the peak value of GABA-activated current, which possibly is through blocking the calcium-activated chloride ion channel to accelerate the desensitization of GABA-activated currents.

Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Calcium Channel Blockers ; pharmacology ; Calcium Channels, L-Type ; drug effects ; Ganglia, Spinal ; drug effects ; physiology ; Membrane Potentials ; drug effects ; physiology ; Neurons ; drug effects ; physiology ; Niflumic Acid ; pharmacology ; Nitrendipine ; pharmacology ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid ; pharmacology