Background: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 99 percent of the world’s population is exposed to air that exceeds WHO recommendations, with low- and middle-income countries being the most affected. The main causes of indoor air pollution include human activities such as fuel burning, cooking, cleaning, and smoking; housing characteristics such as walls, floors, ceilings, and furniture; ventilation; and outdoor air pollution. Aim : To assess PM1 and PM10 concentrations in 120 selected households in Ulaanbaatar. Materials and Methods : Indoor PM1 and PM10 concentrations were measured using Purple Air real-time sensors in randomly selected Ulaanbaatar households between October 2023 and January 2024. Supplementary data on factors affecting the PM2.5 concentration were collected via questionnaires. Each measurement was taken in 10-minute intervals, yielding 51,309 data for analysis. Results : PM1 concentrations were measured at 55.5±53.2 μg/m³ in gers, 54.9 ± 46.7 μg/m³ in houses, and 31.6±40.1 μg//m³ in apartments (p<0.001) and measuring PM10 concentrations were 110.6±108.6 μg/m³ in gers, 110.6±96.7 μg/m³ in houses, and 62.2±83.0 μg/m³ in apartments (p<0.001) When considering the concentration of PM1, PM10 by heating type, PM1 was 55.3±50.1 μg/m³ and PM10 was 110.6±103.0 μg/m³ in households with stoves and furnaces, and PM1 was 31.6±40.1 μg/m³ and PM10 was 62.2±83.0 μg/m³ in households connected to the central heating system (p<0.001). Regarding the months of measurement, the highest concentration was observed in December 2023, at 77.1±94.1 μg/m³. The highest concentrations for both PM₁ and PM₁₀ were recorded in January 2024, at PM₁: 64.8±55.1 μg/m³, PM₁₀: 131.4±116.0 μg/m³. Conclusion 1. Indoor PM10 concentrations in residential environments in Ulaanbaatar city were within the MNS4585:2016 Air Quality Standard, however, it was exceeded the WHO air quality guidelines, indicating an excessive risk of increasing morbidity and mortality among the population. 2. Indoor PM1 and PM10 concentrations in residential environments in Ulaanbaatar varies depending on location, type of housing, type of heating, and month of measurement.

Background: The most common clinical manifestation of HCV infection, which includes both hepatic and extrahepatic manifestations, is mixed cryoglobulinemia, which is characterized by the precipitation of certain proteins in the blood at temperatures below 37°C (in vitro), aggregation, and deposition in the walls of small and medium-sized vessels, causing vasculitis, which is clinically manifested by a triad of joint pain, fatigue, and rash on the soles of the feet. Cryoglobulinemia is commonly diagnosed in people with HCV infection, with a prevalence ranging from 10% to 70%. Vasculitis that occurs when cryoglobulinemia is detected mainly affects the small vessels of the skin, kidneys, and peripheral nerves, causing complications in other organ systems. Aim : To determine the prevalence of cryoglobulinemia in people with HCV infection, study it in relation to the stage of liver fibrosis, and determine its clinical relevance. Materials and Methods : 200 chronic HCV infected individuals were included in the study according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. After obtaining informed consent from each participant, a questionnaire was used to collect information, perform physical measurements, and collect peripheral blood samples. Complete blood count and biochemical tests (liver and kidney function) were performed. The degree of liver fibrosis was assessed non-invasively (APRI, FIB4). The glomerular filtration rate was calculated electronically using the MDRD GFR Equation. Skin examination was performed to assess the presence of rash, ulcers, and scarring on the shins and ankles of cryoglobulinemia. To determine cryoglobulinemia, 8 ml of blood was collected in a tube without anticoagulant, and the sample was kept motionless for 1 hour at room temperature until clotting was complete. After centrifugation, the samples were separated and stored in a refrigerator at +4°C for 7 days, and then at room temperature for 30 minutes, the precipitate was detected. Results : A total of 200 people participated in the study, of which 71 were men (35.5%), the average age was 53.39±13.0. Cryoglobulinemia protein precipitates were determined in a total of 148 people, of which 50 were men (33.8%), the average age was 52.95±13.0. Cryoglobulinemia protein precipitates were detected in 89 people, or 60.1% of the study participants. Of the total study participants, 176 (88.0%) had chronic hepatitis C (CHC). Of these, 57 people had CHC with cryoglobulinemia. Comparing laboratory parameters, the mean GGT level in the cryoglobulinemia group was statistically significantly higher than in the non-cryoglobulinemia group (p=0.039). However, when laboratory parameters were grouped by increasing or decreasing, AST and ALT levels were significantly higher in the cryoglobulinemia group, indicating more hepatocellular damage (p<0.000). Increased creatinine levels may be associated with the risk of renal dysfunction. The FIB-4 index and APRI index showed a more severe degree of fibrosis in the cryoglobulinemia group (p<0.005; p<0.000). Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that age was associated with the occurrence of cryoglobulinemia (OR=2.48; 95% CI:1.31–4.70; p=0.005). Platelet count had a statistically significant positive effect in multivariate analysis (OR=14.38; 95% CI:1.26–163.89; p=0.032). Conclusion The prevalence of cryoglobulinemia among HCV-infected patients was 60.1%, and older age and decreased platelet count among infected individuals were associated with the occurrence of cryoglobulinemia.

Background: The development of a country is often measured by the state of human development, especially maternal and child health indicators. In Mongolia, public health policies targeting the prevention of non-communicable diseases related to lifestyle and physical development among adolescents are critically needed. However, there is a lack of regional studies on adolescent health, particularly in rural areas. Aim: To study certain physical development indicators among adolescents in Bulgan province. Materials and Methods: This analytical study was conducted in 2022 involving 781 twelve-year-old children. Data were collected from parents and processed using Stata 17.0. Percentages were calculated for qualitative data, and Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests were used for statistical analysis. Where statistically significant, multinomial logistic regression analysis was applied to identify risk factors affecting physical development. Results: 52.88% of the participants were boys,92.45% lived in traditional or private hous12.04% of the children showed growth retardation. 49.68% were overweight.70.94% were classified as overweight or obese based on their Body Mass Index (BMI).Weak muscle strength (1.66%), flexibility (2.05%), endurance (1.66%), and agility (1.92%) were observed. Boys were more likely to experience height retardation but had stronger muscle strength.Girls showed a higher prevalence of being overweight.Children living in the provincial center had higher height and BMI, while those in soum centers demonstrated statistically significant strength in muscle power, flexibility, and endurance. Conclusion 1. Among the study participants, 70.94% of children were overweight or obese. 2. 1.66% of the study participants had weak muscle strength, 2.05% had weak flexibility, 1.66% had weak endurance, and 1.92% had weak speed and agility. 3. The use of mobile phones, parental involvement, inactivity, lack of sports, and lack of horse riding have negative effects on physical development.

Background: As global life expectancy increases, spinal disorders and the need for spinal surgery among elderly individ uals are becoming more prevalent. Postoperative cognitive decline (POCD) is a common complication in this population, adversely affecting functional recovery and quality of life. Despite substantial research, effective preventive strategies for POCD remain limited. Aim: To determine the incidence of POCD and to identify perioperative risk factors associated with its development in elderly patients undergoing spinal surgery. Materials and Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University. Of 200 elderly patients who underwent spinal surgery between, 122 met the inclusion criteria and were enrolled. Preoperative clinical assessments, intraoperative surgical and anesthetic parameters, and postoperative evaluations were systematically collected. Cognitive function was assessed using standardized and validated tools both before and after surgery. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent predictors of POCD. Results: POCD was observed in a notable proportion of patients postoperatively. Multivariate analysis revealed that prolonged surgical duration (OR=0.989; p=0.005), intraoperative hypotension (OR=0.964; p=0.009), higher intensity of postoperative pain (OR=10.073; p=0.015), and elevated postoperative C-reactive protein levels (OR=1.039; p<0.001) were significantly associated with an increased risk of developing POCD. Conclusion In elderly patients undergoing spinal surgery severe postoperative pain, and systemic inflammatory respons es contribute significantly to the development of POCD. Optimizing perioperative management, including minimizing surgical time, maintaining stable hemodynamics, and controlling postoperative inflammation and pain, may mitigate the risk of cognitive decline.

Background: Academician Ragchaa B made a profound contribution to the foundation and development of internal medicine in Mongolia. He was among the first graduates of the Faculty of Medicine at the National University of Mongolia, becoming the country’s first internal medicine physician, educator, and researcher in the field of internal pathology. Ragchaa B achieved numerous pioneering roles, including being, the first Mongolian head of the Department of Internal Medicine, and the first professor in this specialty. His extensive contributions helped establish and advance internal medicine and medical education in Mongolia. Aim: The aim of this study is to analyze the scholarly works of Academician Ragchaa Byambajav to explore and disseminate his valuable contributions to the foundation and development of the science of “Internal Medicine Diagnostics” and hepatology Materials and Methods: This study utilized a documentary research method to analyze the contributions of the distinguished scholar, Academician Ragchaa B. The research involved a comprehensive review of his published books, textbooks, scientific articles, presentations, and archival materials. Additionally, the study examined references to Ragchaa B in books, newspapers, and collected written and oral recollections from his former students across different generations. Through systematic analysis of these sources, the study aimed to provide an in-depth understanding of his academic and professional legacy. Results: Academician Ragchaa B, during his teaching career, graduated approximately 4,000 medical professionals and produced a total of 156 scholarly works. Drawing from his vast knowledge, skills, and experience, he became renowned for writing the textbooks “Clinical Aspects of Botkin’s Disease” (1969) and “Diagnosis of Internal Diseases” (1970), earning recognition as the first scholar to author a Mongolian medical textbook. In 1977, Professor Ragchaa B consolidated his research on liver diseases and authored the monograph “Clinical Aspects of Botkin’s Disease,” which led to him earning the Doctor of Medical Sciences (Sc.D.) degree. Conclusion 1. Academician Ragchaa Byambajav was a distinguished scholar who made significant contributions to the science of internal medicine diagnostics. He served as the first Mongolian head of the “Department of Internal Medicine Diagnostics” in 1953, teaching for over 50 years and acting as a consultant in internal medicine for more than 40 years. 2. He directed research on viral hepatitis and authored the monograph “Clinical Aspects of Botkin’s Disease”, which led to his achievement of a Doctor of Medical Sciences degree in 1977. This accomplishment established him as the first specialized researcher and educator in hepatology in Mongolia.

Background: Medicinal herbs have been used in traditional medicine to treat systemic inflammatory disease for many years. For instance, Rhodiola rosea L extracts were used to enhance behavioural stresses for improving fatigue and depression. Gallic acid, found in Rhodiola rosea L and Rhodiola quidrifida is, a natural polyphenol, exhibits multiple therapeutic activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antioxidant, and anti-angiogenic effects. Saposhnikovia divaricate (its ethanol extract mainly) notified to support function of musculoskeletal tissue and to enhance tissue regeneration by its anti-inflammatory effect. The Salsola laricifolia L has been studied for its strong antioxidant activity, improve immune function, boost energy, and exhibit anti-inflammatory effects. This study allowed us to screen anti-inflammatory effects of medicinal plants and future therapeutic possibility. Aim: To study the content of phenolic compounds (gallic acid) in the composition of complex products of plants widely used in Mongolian traditional medicine, which have been found to have biological activity of the extracts Materials and Methods: The herbal extract was extracted from Rhodiola rosea L, Saposhnikovia divaricata (Tuscz) Schischk, Rhodiola quidrifida Pall.Fisch, Salsola laricifolia Turcz.ex Litv in laboratory of the Drug Research Institute of Monos Group, Mongolia. We used solvents for HPLC grade was used to identify the bioactive components that Gallic acid in the compound plant extract. : Results: The bioactive compounds in each of the Rhodiola rosea L, Rhodiola quadrifida Pall.Fisch and four medicinal plant extracts were identified using HPLC, confirming the presence of Gallic acid. Conclusion Our research results showed that the quantitative content of Gallic acid in the composite plant extract was high, at 1.02%.

Background: The development of accurate and non-invasive diagnostic tools is essential for improving early detection of cancers. Recent studies have shown that serum biomarkers may be useful for early detection of gastric cancer. Aim: We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of PGI and PGR biomarkers for detection of the gastric cancer and atrophic gastritis. Materials and Methods: To identify relevant studies, the MEDLINE (PubMed) database was searched using the keywords (((“Gastritis, Atrophic”[Mesh]) OR “Stomach Neoplasms”[Mesh]) AND “Pepsinogen A”[Mesh]) AND “Sensitivity and Specificity”[Mesh]). Based on the inclusion and exclusion criterias, studies were selected according to the PRISMA guidelines. Meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.4.1 and STATA/IC 15.0 (StataCorp LLC, USA, 2017). Results: According to the PRISMA guidelines, we selected a total of 18 studies in this meta-analysis. The meta-analysis results showed that the sensitivity of the PGI for the detection of atrophic gastritis was 58.5% (95% CI, 44.5-71.3), specificity was 90.2% (95% CI, 68.4-97.5), and DOR was 13.0 (95% CI, 2.6-64.6); the sensitivity of the PGR was 69.9% (95% CI, 58.1-79.5), specificity was 80.9% (95% CI, 52.4-94.2), and DOR was 9.8 (95% CI, 2.6-36.9). However, the sensitivity of the PGI biomarkers for detecting gastric cancer was 72.6% (95% CI, 54.7-85.3), specificity was 66.9% (95% CI, 52.5-78.7), DOR was 5.4 (95% CI, 3.1-9.3); PGR sensitivity was 77.8% (95% CI, 64.4-87.4), specificity was 65.0% (95% CI, 53.2-75.1), DOR was 6.6 (95% CI, 3.7-11.7); PGI+PGR sensitivity was 62.3% (95% CI, 51.1-72.2), specificity was 87.6% (95% CI, 78.0-93.3), DOR was 11.6 (95% CI, 6.8-19.8). Conclusion PGI and PGR tests demonstrated high specificity but moderate sensitivity. Although serum pepsinogen cannot replace endoscopy, it is considered to be an additional test and can be used to select high-risk populations.

Background: In 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported that globally, 2.5 billion (43%) of adults aged 18 and older were overweight, with 890 million (16%) of these individuals classified as living with obesity. Some genes such as the FTO gene are strongly associated with obesity and overweigh. The FTO protein is crucial in regulating food consumption, appetite, energy equilibrium, and expenditure. Aim: The identify single nucleotide polymorphisms rs9939609 and rs17817449 of the FTO gene, which are associated with obesity, and to study their correlation with antropometric measurements and some laboratory test parameters. Materials and Methods: According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 50 obese (BMI >30 kg/m²) were included in the case group, and 50 relatively healthy and normal weight (BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m²) were enrolled in the control group, for a total of 100 people matched for age and gender (1:1). We took physical measurements and collected peripheral blood samples after obtaining informed consent from each participant. Laboratory analyses assessed some parameters of lipid and glucose metabolism. We used the PCR-RFLP technique on two genotype SNPs. A p-value below 0.05 was considered a statistically significant result. Results: In this study, including 100 people aged 23 to 75, the mean age was 46.81±11.54 years, with 60% being female. In terms of antropometric measurements, body mass index, waist circumference, and arterial pressure were markedly elevated in the case group compared to the control group (p<0.001). In laboratory measures, fasting blood glucose, cholesterol, and mean LDL mean levels were statistically significantly higher in the case group compared to the control group. On the other hand, HDL cholesterol levels were lower in the case group compared to the control group. The FTO gene rs9939609 single nucleotide polymorphism was identified in 62% of the total study individuals as TT, 35% as AT, and 3% as AA genotypes. Also, FTO gene rs17817449 single nucleotide polymorphism was identified in 62% of the total study individuals as TT, 33% as AT, and 5% as AA genotypes. Conclusion The rs9939609 AT/AA genotype of the FTO gene elevates the risk of obesity and is associated with increased body weight, waist circumference, and BMI.