The aim of this study was to construct and test a structural equation model for the risk factors of metabolic syndrome in Korean adults. The structural equation model hypothesizes that eating alone and feeling depressed is a risk factor for metabolic syndrome. The data of this study were obtained from the Sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey which was cross-sectional data from the representative national survey. A total of 4,013 subjects replied to the survey item of lifestyle and completed the physical examinations among adults aged 19 years or older in South Korea was in 2015. The structural model in this study was composed of four latent variables: eating alone, depression, negative health behavior, and metabolic syndrome. Two variables, the rate of eating alone and depression, were exogenous variables. Negative health behavior was both a mediating variable and endogenous variable, and metabolic syndrome was the final endogenous variable. The data were analyzed using the Maximum Likelihood method and bootstrapping. The structural model was appropriate for the data based on the model fit indices. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: Eating alone is a direct risk factor of metabolic syndrome in Korean women. Depression can mediate metabolic syndrome through negative health behaviors. Negative health behavior had a direct impact on metabolic syndrome in both men and women. This study may be a guideline for interventions and strategies to reduce the incidence of metabolic syndrome in Korean adults.
Adult ; Depression ; Eating ; Female ; Health Behavior ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea ; Life Style ; Male ; Methods ; Models, Structural ; Negotiating ; Nutrition Surveys ; Physical Examination ; Risk Factors

This study evaluated the nutrient intake with increasing coffee consumption for 403 adults aged over 30 years in Korea. The 403 subjects were national health screening examinees, who visited Sahmyook Seoul Hospital's Comprehensive Check-up Center between 2017.11.01 and 2018.12.18. The subjects were asked to answer questionnaires covering a 24-hour recall fluid and dietary intake before the health examination. The research ethics council of Sahmyook University (2-7001793-AB-N-012019036HR) approved this study. Coffee consumption exceeding two servings daily was more likely in males, in those aged between 30 and 40 years, and in the smoking, drinking, non-exercise, non-breakfast groups compared to each counterpart. The correlation between the coffee consumption frequency and current nutrient density showed negative correlations in most micronutrients. The mean nutrient density decreased gradually with increasing coffee consumption (<1 serving daily, ≤1~2 servings daily, >2 servings daily) in the ANOVA analysis. Therefore, the progressive adverse health effects of excessive coffee consumption needs to be researched further, and a daily total caffeine limit should be suggested in education of the nation levels.
Adult ; Caffeine ; Coffee ; Drinking ; Eating ; Education ; Ethics, Research ; Humans ; Korea ; Life Style ; Male ; Mass Screening ; Micronutrients ; Seoul ; Smoke ; Smoking

Mindfulness training is growing in popularity as an adjunctive intervention in disordered eating and weight loss. Lifestyle modification, pharmacologic treatment, and surgical intervention have been widely used for weight reduction in obese persons, but these modifications are sometimes insufficient. In particular, stress-induced eating and binge-eating disorder have been frequently associated with increased risk of regaining weight. Initial research suggests that mindfulness training may be an effective intervention for binge eating. In this article, we reviewed 19 studies that investigated mindfulness training as an intervention for weight change and/or emotional eating. Results suggest that mindfulness training effectively decreases emotional eating in persons with good adherence to the training; evidence for its effect on weight reduction, however, is mixed. Further large-scale studies are warranted to explore the effectiveness of mindfulness training on long-term weight loss and emotional eating in persons with obesity.
Binge-Eating Disorder ; Bulimia ; Cognitive Therapy ; Eating ; Humans ; Life Style ; Mindfulness ; Obesity ; Overweight ; Weight Loss ; Weight Reduction Programs

BACKGROUND: Korea's population is aging rapidly. Aged people who lead a solitary life are in a state of social isolation and face a greater risk of lower quality of life. The purpose of this study was to analyze the health behaviors and lifestyle patterns of aged people who lead a solitary life in Korea.METHODS: We analyzed 4,471 subjects (1,933 men and 2,538 women)-aged people aged 65 or above-based on data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey VI (2013–2015). The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted with age, household income level, occupational status, and geographical region.RESULTS: Socioeconomic status was lower in aged people who lead a solitary life than in those living with family. The ORs for frequent eating out alone (OR=2.93; 95% CI 1.83–4.38), daily eating out alone (OR=2.40; 95% CI 1.25–4.60), smoking (OR=1.57; 95% CI 1.06–2.32), feeling sick or uncomfortable (OR=1.59; 95% CI 1.08–2.36), feeling depressed (OR=4.10; 95% CI 2.53–6.65), and suicide ideation (OR=2.06; 95% CI 1.21–3.51) were significantly higher in male subjects who lead a solitary life. The ORs for frequent eating out alone (OR=1.57; 95% CI 1.10–2.24) and inadequate sleep duration (OR=1.29; 95% CI 1.03–1.61) were significantly higher in female subjects who lead a solitary life.CONCLUSION: Aged people who lead a solitary life exhibited unhealthy behaviors and poor mental health. The elderly men who lead a solitary life faced higher risk of poor health than the women. Integrated management of lifestyle behaviors is required to improve the quality of health in aged people who lead a solitary life.
Aged ; Aging ; Eating ; Employment ; Family Characteristics ; Female ; Health Behavior ; Humans ; Korea ; Life Style ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Mental Health ; Nutrition Surveys ; Nutritional Status ; Odds Ratio ; Quality of Life ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Social Class ; Social Isolation ; Suicide

From the early stage of diabetes diagnosis, it may necessary to modify lifestyle including nutrition and physical activity. Self-management instruction and support can result in healthy eating habits for effective blood sugar management. Clinical nutritionists must conduct accurate nutritional assessments for successful dietary change and patient health. They must also diagnose and prioritize the nutritional problems to be addressed. Through medical nutrition therapy, nutritionists must instruct and encourage patient self-management skills based on evidence-based nutritional guidelines and education about viable strategies. For this purpose, educators should strive continuously to acquire knowledge and professional training.
Blood Glucose ; Diagnosis ; Eating ; Education ; Humans ; Life Style ; Motor Activity ; Nutrition Assessment ; Nutrition Therapy ; Nutritionists ; Self Care

Diet-related behavioral modification for healthy eating and lifestyle is required to improve childhood obesity. The present study aimed to develop customized nutritional intervention protocol and education program to find barriers to adhere healthy diet and lifestyle for moderate to severe obese children and adolescents and their families. Theoretical framework approaches can be used to change behavior and achieve goals. Previous studies that described the relationship between behavioral modification and nutrition education theory were reviewed. The social cognitive theory and transtheoretical model were employed with behavioral changes to target a healthful diet and lifestyle. The nutrition care process (NCP) model was adopted to customize nutrition care for the participants. Customized nutritional intervention protocol was developed following as the four steps of the NCP. Firstly, nutrition status of the participants was assessed by the nutrition expert. Nutrition problems were described as “inadequate energy intake,” “overweight/obesity,” or “food and nutrition-related knowledge deficit.” All nutrition sessions were designed for nutrition intervention to give nutritional knowledge and a practical mission in real life for individual goal setting and self-control. Meal planning, portion control, healthy snack selection and cooking with fruits and vegetables were consisted of five components of the nutrition education session. During each session, the participants and their families were interviewed by a nutrition expert for monitoring and evaluating diet-related goal setting and achievement. A theoretical and evidence-based nutritional intervention was developed for the secondary to tertiary prevention of childhood obesity. This nutrition intervention protocol and program might be helpful for the further research on childhood obesity. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Research Information Service Identifier: KCT0002111
Adolescent ; Behavior Therapy ; Child ; Cooking ; Diet ; Eating ; Education ; Fruit ; Humans ; Information Services ; Life Style ; Meals ; Nutrition Assessment ; Nutritional Status ; Pediatric Obesity ; Self-Control ; Snacks ; Tertiary Prevention ; Vegetables

In the past gut microbiome has been the main focus of microbiome research. Studies about the microbiome inside oral cavities and other organs are underway. Studies about the relationship between noninfectious diseases and periodontal diseases, and the negative effects of harmful oral microbes on systemic health have been published in the recent past. A lot of attention is being paid towards fostering a healthy oral microbial ecosystem. This study aimed to understand the roles and effects of the microbiome inside the human body can potentially help cure various diseases including inflammatory bowel diseases with no known cure such as Crohn's disease, atopic dermatitis, obesity, cancer, diabetes, brain diseases and oral diseases. The present study examined technological trends in the correlation between the human microbiome and diseases in the human body, interactions between the human body's immunity, the metabolic system, and the microbiome, and research trends in other countries. While it has been proven that human microbiome is closely correlated with human diseases, most studies are still in the early stage of trying to compare the composition of microbiomes between health and patient groups. Since the oral environment is a dynamic environment that changes due to not only food intake but also other external factors such as lifestyle, hygiene, and drug intake, it is necessary to continue in-depth research on the microbiome composition characteristics to understand the complex functions of oral microorganisms. Analyzing the oral microbiome using computational technology may aid in disease diagnosis and prevention.
Brain Diseases ; Crohn Disease ; Dermatitis, Atopic ; Diagnosis ; Eating ; Ecosystem ; Foster Home Care ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Human Body ; Humans ; Hygiene ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ; Life Style ; Metagenome ; Microbiota ; Obesity ; Periodontal Diseases

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated physical activity (PA) participation based on demographic, physical, and psychological variables in Korean adults.METHODS: Participants were divided into four groups (combined, aerobic only, resistance only, and neither) based on meeting the PA guidelines using moderate and vigorous PA time and resistance exercise frequency from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017. The association between meeting the PA guidelines and demographic, medical, fitness, lifestyle, and psychological variables were analyzed using complex samples crosstabs and a general linear model.RESULTS: Of the 5,820 Korean adults, 66.0% did not meet any of the guidelines. Among demographic factors, sex, age, marital status, income, education level, occupation, and employment status were associated with meeting the PA guidelines. Chronic disease prevalence, weight, waist circumference, body mass index, diastolic blood pressure, glucose, high-density lipoprotein and triglyceride levels, hand-grip strength, resting heart rate, and family history of chronic disease in the medical and fitness variables; frequency of drinking and eating breakfast, total calorie, water, protein, and fat intake in the lifestyle variables; and perceived stress, depression, suicidal thoughts, and quality of life in the psychological variables were associated with meeting PA guidelines.CONCLUSIONS: Most Korean adults participate in insufficient PA. Moreover, individuals who are socially underprivileged, have low-income or poor physical and mental health conditions participated in relatively less PA. Our findings suggest that government and individual efforts are required to increase PA and resolve health inequality in Korean adults.
Adult ; Blood Pressure ; Body Mass Index ; Breakfast ; Chronic Disease ; Demography ; Depression ; Drinking ; Eating ; Education ; Employment ; Glucose ; Health Equity ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Korea ; Life Style ; Linear Models ; Lipoproteins ; Marital Status ; Mental Health ; Motor Activity ; Nutrition Surveys ; Occupations ; Prevalence ; Quality of Life ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Triglycerides ; Waist Circumference ; Water

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to figure out emotional labor, healthy lifestyle, needs for health services of flight attendants and the relationships among needs for health services according to various characteristics of flight attendants. METHODS: The participants of this study were 140 flight attendants who work on major and low cost airlines. Data were collected through a questionnaire from 2017 .Jan.~2017. Feb. Data were subsequently analyzed using the SPSS 21 Program. RESULTS: The score of emotional labor was 3.76 surface acting was 3.75 and deep acting was 3.77. The average of healthy lifestyle was 2.41, and the highest was 3.13 of personal relationship and the lowest was 1.91 of eating habits. There is a positive correlation between emotional labor-deep acting and healthy lifestyle. Flight attendants demand health services for physical exercise, stress and emotional labor management, healthy eating habits, emergency treatment, prevention of fatigue, cancer screening, sexual harassment prevention, sex education and etc. CONCLUSION: These results show that flight attendants need to various interventions for improving healthy lifestyle and reducing emotional labor. It is necessary to develop customized health promotion program suited to their job and general characteristics.
Early Detection of Cancer ; Eating ; Emergency Treatment ; Exercise ; Fatigue ; Health Promotion ; Health Services ; Health Services Needs and Demand ; Humans ; Life Style ; Sex Education ; Sexual Harassment

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine differences in eating-out, dietary life styles, and healthy dietary competencies among middle-aged consumers according to obesity status and gender for implications of consumer education. METHODS: Data were drawn from the 2016 Food Consumption Behavior Survey, and 3,022 subjects (mail 1,388; female 1,634) who were middle-aged adults were investigated. Analysis of variance with Scheffé test, t-test, χ²-test, and factor analysis were performed using SPSS v.24. RESULTS: Males showed less interest in diet than females. For both males and females, higher BMI degrees were associated with higher levels of interest in diet. For frequency, monthly average consumption expenditure, one-time cost for eating out, and drinking frequency, males showed higher levels than females. Especially for the male group, higher obesity status was associated with higher levels of eating out and drinking. Dietary lifestyles of males and females turned out to be very similar. For the male group, normal weight group was more likely to show ‘health and high quality pursuit dietary life-style’ than the other groups. For females, the normal weight group were more likely to show ‘health and high quality pursuit dietary life-style’ and ‘safety pursuit dietary life-style’ than the other groups. The level of ‘healthy dietary competence’ for females was found to be higher than that for males. For the female group, there were significant differences according to obesity status, and practice was more important than knowledge in determining a healthy dietary life. CONCLUSION: For dietary life-related education for obese middle-aged consumers, it is important to emphasize less eating-out and drinking and less overeating while eating-out based on the results that eating-out, drinking, and overeating in the obesity group were significantly higher than in the normal group. It is important to focus on the value of dietary life and diverse foods, based on the results that the obesity group was less likely to be have healthy dietary lifestyles and consume less diverse foods than the normal group.
Adult ; Diet ; Drinking ; Eating ; Education ; Female ; Health Expenditures ; Humans ; Hyperphagia ; Life Style ; Male ; Obesity