BACKGROUND

Early-stage endometrial cancer often presents with favorable survival rates, but high-risk factors, including TP53 mutations and high-grade serous pathology, can lead to recurrence and poor prognosis. The standard primary treatment for endometrial cancer is surgical staging, and lymph node metastases significantly impact adjuvant therapy decisions. The subgroup of p53-abnormal (p53abn) indicates the worst prognosis and potential benefits from adjuvant chemotherapy. Molecular classification, while recommended, faces practical challenges due to resource constraints.

OBJECTIVES

The study aimed to assess the incidence of p53 abnormal expression in clinical stage 1 endometrial cancer cases that underwent surgery at a government tertiary hospital, and assess its relationship with clinicopathologic factors and pelvic and paraaortic lymph node metastasis (LNM).

METHODS

A cross-sectional retrospective analysis was conducted on clinical early-stage endometrial cancer cases that underwent surgical primary treatment between January 2018 and December 2022. Patient records were reviewed to gather demographics, surgical information, and pathological evaluations. Preoperative clinical staging was determined through imaging, and surgical staging involved comprehensive lymphadenectomy. Immunohistochemistry studies for p53 were carried out on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples.

RESULTS

A total of 233 endometrial cancer cases were included. The mean age at diagnosis was 53.7 years. Common comorbidities included hypertension (47.2%) and dyslipidemia (20.6%). Most cases were endometrioid histology (82.8%) and low-grade tumors (85.8%). Tumor grade (p=0.010), myometrial invasion (pCONCLUSION

Tumor grade, myometrial invasion, and LVSI were all significantly associated with lymph node involvement. While p53 immunohistochemical stains show promise in predicting metastasis and has been associated with tumor aggressiveness, this should still be correlated with clinicopathological parameters to carry out a more accurate risk stratification of early-stage patients.

Therapeutics ; Survival Rate ; Risk Factors ; Recurrence ; Prognosis ; Pathology ; Endometrial Neoplasms ; Immunohistochemistry ; Tumor Suppressor Protein P53 ; Lymph Node Excision ; Risk Assessment

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Orthodontic tooth movement is driven by bone remodeling influenced by systemic factors, including caffeine and ethanol. This study aimed to investigate the effects of caffeine and ethanol on the expression of Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor κβ (RANK) and Osteoprotegerin (OPG), key bone remodeling biomarkers, during orthodontic tooth movement.

METHODS

A laboratory experimental study was conducted on 30 male Wistar rats divided into three groups: K1 (orthodontic force only), K2 (force + caffeine), and K3 (force + ethanol). Orthodontic force was applied using Ni-Ti coil springs. Caffeine and ethanol were administered orally daily. On days 7 and 14, maxillary tissues were collected and analyzed via immunohistochemistry for RANK and OPG expression. Data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA and Independent Sample T-tests with significance at pRESULTS

Caffeine and ethanol administration increased RANK and OPG expression compared to controls; however, only the ethanol group showed a significant increase in RANK expression on day 14 (p = 0.044). OPG expression was significantly higher in treatment groups at both time points (pCONCLUSION

Caffeine and ethanol modulate bone remodeling marker expression during orthodontic force application, with ethanol significantly increasing RANK expression at later stages. Further studies are needed to clarify the clinical implications for orthodontic treatment.

Animals ; Tooth Movement Techniques ; Tooth Movement ; Osteoprotegerin ; Role ; Movement ; Ethanol ; Bone Remodeling ; Caffeine ; Immunohistochemistry

BACKGROUND

Early-stage endometrial cancer often presents with favorable survival rates, but high-risk factors, including TP53 mutations and high-grade serous pathology, can lead to recurrence and poor prognosis. The standard primary treatment for endometrial cancer is surgical staging, and lymph node metastases significantly impact adjuvant therapy decisions. The subgroup of p53-abnormal (p53abn) indicates the worst prognosis and potential benefits from adjuvant chemotherapy. Molecular classification, while recommended, faces practical challenges due to resource constraints.

OBJECTIVES

The study aimed to assess the incidence of p53 abnormal expression in clinical stage 1 endometrial cancer cases that underwent surgery at a government tertiary hospital, and assess its relationship with clinicopathologic factors and pelvic and paraaortic lymph node metastasis (LNM).

METHODS

A cross-sectional retrospective analysis was conducted on clinical early-stage endometrial cancer cases that underwent surgical primary treatment between January 2018 and December 2022. Patient records were reviewed to gather demographics, surgical information, and pathological evaluations. Preoperative clinical staging was determined through imaging, and surgical staging involved comprehensive lymphadenectomy. Immunohistochemistry studies for p53 were carried out on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples.

RESULTS

A total of 233 endometrial cancer cases were included. The mean age at diagnosis was 53.7 years. Common comorbidities included hypertension (47.2%) and dyslipidemia (20.6%). Most cases were endometrioid histology (82.8%) and low-grade tumors (85.8%). Tumor grade (p=0.010), myometrial invasion (pCONCLUSION

Tumor grade, myometrial invasion, and LVSI were all significantly associated with lymph node involvement. While p53 immunohistochemical stains show promise in predicting metastasis and has been associated with tumor aggressiveness, this should still be correlated with clinicopathological parameters to carry out a more accurate risk stratification of early-stage patients.

Therapeutics ; Survival Rate ; Risk Factors ; Recurrence ; Prognosis ; Pathology ; Endometrial Neoplasms ; Immunohistochemistry ; Tumor Suppressor Protein P53 ; Lymph Node Excision ; Risk Assessment

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Orthodontic tooth movement is driven by bone remodeling influenced by systemic factors, including caffeine and ethanol. This study aimed to investigate the effects of caffeine and ethanol on the expression of Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor κβ (RANK) and Osteoprotegerin (OPG), key bone remodeling biomarkers, during orthodontic tooth movement.

METHODS

A laboratory experimental study was conducted on 30 male Wistar rats divided into three groups: K1 (orthodontic force only), K2 (force + caffeine), and K3 (force + ethanol). Orthodontic force was applied using Ni-Ti coil springs. Caffeine and ethanol were administered orally daily. On days 7 and 14, maxillary tissues were collected and analyzed via immunohistochemistry for RANK and OPG expression. Data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA and Independent Sample T-tests with significance at pRESULTS

Caffeine and ethanol administration increased RANK and OPG expression compared to controls; however, only the ethanol group showed a significant increase in RANK expression on day 14 (p = 0.044). OPG expression was significantly higher in treatment groups at both time points (pCONCLUSION

Caffeine and ethanol modulate bone remodeling marker expression during orthodontic force application, with ethanol significantly increasing RANK expression at later stages. Further studies are needed to clarify the clinical implications for orthodontic treatment.

Animals ; Tooth Movement Techniques ; Tooth Movement ; Osteoprotegerin ; Role ; Movement ; Ethanol ; Bone Remodeling ; Caffeine ; Immunohistochemistry

Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma of the salivary gland is a rare neoplasm, accounting for only less than 1% of malignancies arising from the salivary gland. It is molecularly defined by the expression of the EWSR-ATF1 fusion oncogene. To date, there has been no previous studies published yet in the Philippines regarding the existence of this tumor. In this paper, we present a case of a 70-year-old elderly female who had a 10-year history of a gradually enlarging left lateral neck mass. Histopathologic examination showed a tumor arranged of cords, nests, and trabeculae of monomorphic round cells with abundant clear to lightly eosinophilic cytoplasm surrounded by thick hyalinized collagen bundles. Immunohistochemistry and molecular studies were done which revealed a positive p63 staining, negative SMA and S100, and an EWSR1 rearrangement in Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), thus, confirming the diagnosis.

Human ; Female ; Aged: 65-79 Yrs Old ; Carcinoma ; Immunohistochemistry

BACKGROUND

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Classification of DLBCL is often based on the cell of origin (COO), distinguishing between germinal center B-cell (GCB) and non-GCB subtypes. Although not yet recognized as a distinct entity by the World Health Organization (WHO), double expressor lymphoma (DEL), characterized by the co-expression of c-MYC and BCL2, carries an unfavorable prognosis for a subgroup of DLBCL patients. Another entity is the so-called high-grade B-cell lymphoma with MYC and BCL2 and/or BCL6 rearrangements (double-hit/triple-hit lymphomas) diagnosed through fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) analysis.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to determine the clinicopathologic profile and survival outcomes of Filipino DLBCL patients at the Philippine General Hospital (2016-2021), comparing double-hit versus non-double-hit and doubleexpressor versus non-double-expressor lymphomas, and assessing concordance between FISH-measured double-hit and IHC-measured double-expressor statuses.

METHODS

This is a single-arm, retrospective cohort study involving all surgical pathology cases signed out, with the aid of immunohistochemistry (IHC) studies, as NHL DLBCL, GCB, or non-GCB subtype, from 2016 to 2021. A second panel of IHC studies and FISH analysis using tissue microarray was subsequently done. Most cases exhibited a nonGCB subtype and were classified as DEL on second IHC panel. Five out of eleven DEL cases were reclassified as double hit lymphoma (DHL).

RESULTS

Clinically, most patients with these lymphomas present at age 60 years and below, exhibit B symptoms, with elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, at least stage III-IV disease at diagnosis, and possess a high International Prognostic Index (IPI) score, collectively indicating a poor prognosis.

CONCLUSION

Survival outcomes for patients with DLBCL ranges from three to 37 months. All cases of mortality were associated with DEL, contrasting with DHL cases which had variable outcomes. Due to limited sampling, statistical significance of the results cannot be determined. A comprehensive evaluation is essential to the diagnosis of DLBCL and DHL to include a complete immunohistochemistry panel and molecular testing, notably with FISH studies.

Human ; Lymphoma ; Lymphoma, Large B-cell, Diffuse ; Immunohistochemistry ; Cytogenetics

Objective To investigate the differential expression of related proteins in interosseous muscle tissue between patients with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis（FALS） and normal individuals in a family using the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation （iTRAQ） technique， to identify the pathogenic proteins for this family， and to provide a basis for treatment. Methods Interosseous muscle tissue samples were collected from all subjects in this family， and the iTRAQ technique was used to perform qualitative and quantitative analyses for all proteins and obtain the expression profile of proteins in the disease group and the normal group. The bioinformatics methods were used to identify the proteins associated with the onset of FALS. A gene ontology（GO）analysis was performed for cell components， and a classification analysis was performed for related proteins. Results A total of 453 proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. The GO analysis obtained 14 differentially expressed proteins between the disease group and the normal group （P<0.05）， and compared with the normal group，the disease group had the low expression of 5 proteins （Ratio<1） and the high expression of 9 proteins （Ratio>1）. Conclusion This study identifies 8 proteins that are highly associated with FALS， i.e.， tripartite motif-containing protein 72， NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 1， annexin A1， decorin， glutathione peroxidase 3， collagen alpha-1 （Ⅻ） chain， collagen alpha-2 （Ⅰ） chain， and collagen type I alpha 1 isoform CRA-a. There are 6 proteins that might be associated with FALS， i.e.，26 S protease regulatory subunit 8， laminin subunit alpha-2，prolargin， fibrillin-1， myosin-8， and dermatopontin.
Proteomics

Tooth eruption is a localised event whereby the signals for eruption for a given tooth are synthesised in the dental follicle of that tooth with a possible cross talk of signals coming from the adjacent stellate reticulum. The eruption process requires alveolar bone resorption that is primarily regulated by the dental follicle. This is reflected by the fact that failures of eruption often can be traced to either osteoclast deficiencies or to dental follicle abnormalities. Recent advances in application of molecular techniques to animal models allowed for better understanding of gene regulatory events involved in the physiology of tooth eruption. This article attempts to consolidate and organise the facts that offshoot from animal studies.
Tooth Eruption ; Dental Sac ; Molecular Biology

Gliomatosis peritonei (GP) is a condition characterized by the dissemination of mature glial tissues throughout the peritoneal cavity. It is usually associated with immature ovarian teratoma but presents with mature cystic teratoma (MCT) in 1% of cases. GP, associated with MCT, is a benign disorder. The majority of cases remain asymptomatic and rarely recur. Here, we present a case of a 22-year-old woman with a history of abdominal enlargement and severe abdominal pain who underwent exploratory laparotomy, peritoneal fluid cytology, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, appendectomy, omental biopsy, and Jackson-Pratt drain insertion with histopathologic result of GP with MCT. A month later, the patient had a recurrence of abdominal enlargement, necessitating a second surgery. Immunohistochemistry for histopathologic evaluation and diagnostic imaging are crucial in confirming the diagnosis and guiding the treatment strategy. A multidisciplinary team approach in monitoring and comprehensive support is significant in optimizing outcomes for patients with aggressive GPs associated with MCT. Further research and clinical experience are essential to establish a standardized guideline to improve the management and clinical outcome of this condition.

Human ; Female ; Young Adult: 19-24 Yrs Old ; Salpingo-oophorectomy ; Peritoneal Cavity ; Appendectomy ; Abdominal Pain ; Ascitic Fluid ; Immunohistochemistry

Lung cancer is the malignancy with the highest incidence and mortality burden globally, ranking first in both morbidity and mortality among all types of malignant tumors. Pathologically, lung cancer is classified into non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer, with NSCLC accounting for approximately 85% of cases. Due to the often subtle or nonspecific clinical manifestations in early-stage disease, many patients are diagnosed at a locally advanced or metastatic stage, where treatment options are limited and prognosis remains poor. Therefore, molecular targeted therapy focusing on driver genes has become a key strategy to improve the survival outcomes of patients with advanced NSCLC. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is one of the most common driver genes in NSCLC. While EGFR mutations occur in approximately 12% of advanced NSCLC patients globally, the incidence rises to 55.9% in Chinese patients. Among EGFR mutations, P-loop and αC-helix compressing (PACC) mutations account for about 12.5%. Currently, EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have become the first-line standard treatment for advanced NSCLC patients with classical EGFR mutations, with efficacy well-established through clinical studies and real-world evidence. However, with rapid advancements in NSCLC precision medicine and deeper exploration of the EGFR mutation spectrum, EGFR PACC mutations have emerged as a key clinical focus. The structural characteristics of these mutations lead to significant variability in responses to EGFR TKIs, leaving therapeutic options still limited, while detection challenges persist due to the sensitivity constraints of current testing technologies, driving increasing demand for improved diagnostic and treatment approaches. The current clinical evidence primarily stems from retrospective analyses and small-scale exploratory studies, while prospective, large-scale, high-level evidence-based medical research specifically targeting this mutation subtype remains notably insufficient. This evidence gap has consequently led to the absence of standardized guidelines or expert consensus regarding optimal treatment strategies for advanced NSCLC with EGFR PACC mutations. As a clinical consensus specifically addressing EGFR PACC-mutant NSCLC, this document provides a comprehensive framework encompassing the clinical rationale for EGFR PACC mutation testing, therapeutic strategies for advanced-stage disease, management of treatment-related adverse events, and follow-up protocols. The consensus underscores the pivotal role of EGFR PACC mutation detection in precision medicine implementation while offering evidence-based recommendations to guide personalized therapeutic decision-making. By establishing clear clinical pathways encompassing molecular testing, therapeutic intervention, and long-term monitoring for EGFR PACC-mutant NSCLC, this consensus aims to meaningfully improve patient survival outcomes while serving as a robust, evidence-based foundation for developing personalized clinical management approaches.
Humans ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology* ; ErbB Receptors/antagonists & inhibitors* ; Mutation ; Lung Neoplasms/pathology* ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use* ; Molecular Targeted Therapy ; Consensus