Special flight missions cover vast areas,involve urgent tasks,and often require long hours,leading to visual issues for crew,especially during night flights.These problems affect flight parameters and information access.Current special aircraft cockpit displays have low technical standards and limited product sources,restricting design choices.The absence of visual ergonomics evaluation tools and methods in the aviation industry significantly contributes to the shortcomings in military aircraft cockpit design.Considering the General Specification for Airborne Liquid Crystal Displays(GJB8187-2015)and other relevant standards,this covers modern cockpit display requirements,current cockpit display status,screen light source modification technology,and visual ergonomics assessment for cockpit displays.To determine if the visual clarity,color accuracy,and other attributes of current special aircraft airborne displays during flight meet the needs for long-duration operations,and if the operational environment ensures visual comfort and ergonomics to minimize visual fatigue.We seek to enhance the evaluation of visual ergonomics satisfaction for flight crews in current special aircraft cockpits and offers new approaches to optimize cockpit display technology,reducing visual issues from prolonged screen use during flights.

Objective:To explore the factors influencing the supportive communication ability of medical undergraduates, and to propose strategies to improve supportive communication.Methods:By cluster sampling, we selected 388 medical undergraduates of grades 2017 and 2018 from Harbin Medical University for a questionnaire survey on supportive communication, general self-efficacy, and health education abilities. SPSS 22.0 was used for descriptive statistical analysis. AMOS 22.0 was used to construct a structural equation model to verify the relationship between the three variables. Mediating effects were also tested.Results:The students showed good supportive communication ability, with a total score of (74.28±10.84) points. The general self-efficacy score was (27.81±5.58) points, and the total score of health education ability was (25.50±4.76) points. General self-efficacy had direct positive effects on supportive communication and health education abilities ( β=0.75, 0.31, both P<0.001). Health education ability had a direct positive effect on supportive communication ability ( β=0.14, P<0.001). Health education ability played a significant mediating role in the influence of general self-efficacy on supportive communication ability (standardized mediating effect value=0.042, P<0.01), with the mediating effect accounting for 5.1%. Conclusions:The health education competency of medical undergraduates can mediate the effect of general self-efficacy on supportive communication ability. By strengthening medical humanities education to increase general self-efficacy and also emphasizing the cultivation of health education competency, the supportive communication ability of students can be improved.

Objective:To explore the effects of laser irradiation parameters (irradiation frequency and single duration) on tear secretion, lens and retina.Methods:Thirty-six healthy guinea pigs were randomly divided into 6 groups with random number table method according to different frequency and single exposure duration of laser to the eye, namely, high frequency short time (HFST) group, high frequency long time (HFLT) group, medium frequency short time (MFST) group, medium frequency long time (MFLT) group, low frequency short time (LFST) group and low frequency long time (LFLT) group, 6 for each group.The right eyes were irradiated with 500 lx laser as experimental eyes, and the left eyes of the guinea pigs served as the control eyes.The high, medium and low irradiation frequencies were defined as 15 times, 10 times and 5 times, respectively, and the short and long period was defined as 30 seconds and 60 seconds each time, respectively.The right eyes were irradiated based on the grouping at a 10-minute interval.The tear secretion was detected by SchirmerⅠtest; lens opacity was assessed under the slit-lamp microscope; fundus photography was performed to evaluate the general morphology of retina; retinal function was evaluated by electroretinogram (ERG) record and the thickness of retinal outer nuclear layer was measured by histopathology examination.This study protocol was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Air Force Military Medical University (No.20181203), and the use and care of the experimental animals complied with the ARVO statement.Results:The tear secretion was 8.00(7.37, 9.00), 8.75(8.25, 9.00), 8.50(7.75, 9.50), 9.00(8.50, 9.50), 8.00(7.37, 8.75) and 8.25(7.75, 8.75) mm/5 min in the HFST group, HFLT group, MFST group, MFLT group, LFST group and LFLT group, respectively, without significant difference among the groups(χ 2=5.502, P=0.240); after laser irradiation, there were no statistically significant differences in tear secretion between the control eyes and laser-irradiated eyes in all the groups (all at P>0.05). The lenses were clear and the fundus was normal through the experimental duration in all the groups.The amplitude of ERG a-wave was significantly reduced in the HFST group in comparison with the LFST group (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference in the b-wave amplitude among the six groups (F=1.358, P=0.268). The ERG a-, b-wave amplitudes were not significantly different between the control eyes and laser-irradiated eyes in various groups (both at P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the thickness of the outer nuclear layer of retina among the HFST group, HFLT group, MFST group, MFLT group, LFST group and LFLT group (F=0.952, P=0.463). Conclusions:The 500 lx laser irradiation is safe to ocular surface and lens, but there are some injuries to retinal function, and the injury degree is related to laser irradiation frequency.

Objective: To investigate the current status of professional identity among the undergraduates majoring in public affairs management and the related influence factors. Methods: A stratified cluster sampling method was used to conduct a questionnaire survey among the 115 undergraduates majoring in public affairs management in a medical university in Harbin, China, and the contents of the questionnaires included general status and professional identity. The t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and multiple linear regression analysis were used to analyze the influencing factors of professional identity. In-depth interviews were conducted for some students to explore the profound influencing factors for professional identity among the students majoring in public affairs management. Results: The overall level of professional identity was low among the undergraduates majoring in public affairs management in the medical university in Harbin, and the score of professional identity was 3.25±0.56. The scores of cognitive dimension, emotional dimension, behavioral dimension, and applicable dimension were 3.41±0.69, 3.21±0.78, 3.24±0.71, and 3.13±0.72, respectively. The multivariate analysis showed that grade, academic performance, major selection, and children number in family had significant influence on their professional identity. The students who were at grade four, who had high academic record (b=-0.276, P<0.01), who chose this major independently (b=-0.277, P<0.01), and who were the only child (b=-0.233, P<0.05) had a high score of professional identity. As for the undergraduates at different grades, the undergraduates at grades two and three had a significantly lower score of professional identity than those at grade four (b=-0.296 and -0.369, P<0.05), while there was no significant difference between the undergraduates at grades one and four (b=-0.008, P>0.05). Furthermore, the students with a high score of professional identity had higher possibility to pursue the job related to this major than those with a low score (3.39±0.53 vs. 2.92±0.49, t=4.414, P<0.01). Conclusion Universities should strengthen the publicity of the major of public affairs management, optimize the curriculum, and add job experience, so as to enhance professional identity among students with this major and provide talent for the field of public health management.

Objective To establish a simulation method that enables pilots to experience night myopia and help them to improve the understanding of it and its hazards to flight safety. Methods The self-made visual object was a 2 mm-diameter light emitting diode (LED)lamp with controllable luminous intensity.Twenty volunteers with normal vision (≥1 .0 )were asked to search the target light 6 m away as they adapted the environment in a standard dark room for 20 min.The subj ects were guided to slowly move (10-20 cm/s)toward the target light until they saw it.The moment of seeing the obj ect target light was marked as time A and the distance between visual obj ect and subj ect was marked as LA .Then the subject was asked to stare at the target light and slowly moved apart from the target light until he/she couldn,t see it.The target losing moment was marked as time B and the distance between target light and subject was marked as LB .Tobiipro Glass Ⅱ was used to record eye movements and pupil changes in real time.A manual optometry screening instrument (SW-800)was used to detect the refractive diopter under normal indoor lighting condition and the refractive diopters at time A and time B.The degree of night myopia was calculated according to the refractive diopter change and the displacement between LA and LB (LAB ).The effects of the luminance of the target light (low:1× 10-3 cd/m2 ,medium:2×10-3 cd/m2 ,high:3×10-3 cd/m2 )and the correction of negative spherical lens (+0.5 D and +1 D)on the experimental results were analyzed.One-way analysis of variance was used for statistical analysis. Results The subj ects, diopter was respectively (-0.1 94 ± 0.3 90 )D, (-0.509±0.532)D and (-0.836±0.700)D corresponding to under normal luminance,at time A and at time B.The significance was observed among these 3 conditions (F=6.679,P<0.01).The record of eye movement was consistent with the subj ect,s report.Subj ect,s pupil tended to dilate as soon as the target light was seen.When subjects wore +1 D spherical correction lens,the results indicated longer LA and shorter LAB comparing to the unaided observation (P<0.05).The LAB under medium and high luminance target light was significantly shorter than that under low luminance (P<0.05). Conclusions This method can effectively simulate night myopia effect and assess the myopia,improve the understanding of night myopia,and is suggested to apply to pilot,s experience in ground training.

Objective To establish a simulation method that enables pilots to experience night myopia and help them to improve the understanding of it and its hazards to flight safety. Methods The self-made visual object was a 2 mm-diameter light emitting diode (LED)lamp with controllable luminous intensity.Twenty volunteers with normal vision (≥1 .0 )were asked to search the target light 6 m away as they adapted the environment in a standard dark room for 20 min.The subj ects were guided to slowly move (10-20 cm/s)toward the target light until they saw it.The moment of seeing the obj ect target light was marked as time A and the distance between visual obj ect and subj ect was marked as LA .Then the subject was asked to stare at the target light and slowly moved apart from the target light until he/she couldn,t see it.The target losing moment was marked as time B and the distance between target light and subject was marked as LB .Tobiipro Glass Ⅱ was used to record eye movements and pupil changes in real time.A manual optometry screening instrument (SW-800)was used to detect the refractive diopter under normal indoor lighting condition and the refractive diopters at time A and time B.The degree of night myopia was calculated according to the refractive diopter change and the displacement between LA and LB (LAB ).The effects of the luminance of the target light (low:1× 10-3 cd/m2 ,medium:2×10-3 cd/m2 ,high:3×10-3 cd/m2 )and the correction of negative spherical lens (+0.5 D and +1 D)on the experimental results were analyzed.One-way analysis of variance was used for statistical analysis. Results The subj ects, diopter was respectively (-0.1 94 ± 0.3 90 )D, (-0.509±0.532)D and (-0.836±0.700)D corresponding to under normal luminance,at time A and at time B.The significance was observed among these 3 conditions (F=6.679,P<0.01).The record of eye movement was consistent with the subj ect,s report.Subj ect,s pupil tended to dilate as soon as the target light was seen.When subjects wore +1 D spherical correction lens,the results indicated longer LA and shorter LAB comparing to the unaided observation (P<0.05).The LAB under medium and high luminance target light was significantly shorter than that under low luminance (P<0.05). Conclusions This method can effectively simulate night myopia effect and assess the myopia,improve the understanding of night myopia,and is suggested to apply to pilot,s experience in ground training.

Objective To investigate the mediating effects of neurotic personality between parental rearing patterns and depressive symptom.Methods Using multistage sampling method,982 town middle-school students were surveyed by the Symptom Checklist 90(SCL-90),the Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran (EMBU),the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ).Correlation and regression analysis,mediating effect test,and structural equation model were constructed.Results ①)Depressive symptom (D) (1.73 ± 0.72) was significantly associated with Neurotic personality (N) (51.50± 11.37) and parental rearing patterns (r=-0.138-0.582,P＜0.01).②N,mother's rejection and deny(M3),father's emotional warmth and understanding(F1),father's over-protection(F6) had a direct effect on D,which can explain 41.6％ of the variance.F1,F6,mother's over-interference and over-protection(M2),M3 had a direct effect on N,which can explain 15.3％ of the variance.The mediating effect of N between F1,F6,M2 and D were significant(95％CI =-0.212--0.069,-0.351--0.233,0.414-0.480).③The explanation for D was 41.3％.N had completely mediating effect between M2 and depressive symptom.N had partial mediating effect between F1,F6 and D,and the proportion was 43.6％ and 49.1％.Conclusion Neurotic personality plays a mediating role between parental rearing patterns and depressive symptom in middle-school students.

Objective To establish a central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) model on different strains of rabbits by intravenous injection of adrenaline,which may contribute to related researches of CSC.Methods This study was approved by Bioethics Committee of Fourth Military University and complied with Statement for the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Visual Research.Fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) was initially performed on male New Zealand white rabbits (10),Belgium rabbits (5) and Chinchilla rabbits (10) to make sure that the retinas of subjects were normal.For the New Zealand white rabbits,adrenaline was injected via ear vein at a dose of 0.04 mg/kg once per day for the first 8 weeks and followed by a dose of 0.08 mg/kg for the next 4 weeks,while 0.04 mg/kg adrenaline was injected in the same way for 8 weeks in the Belgium rabbits and Chinchilla rabbits.FFA was performed every week after injection of adrenaline to evaluate the fluorescence leakage in ocular fundus.New Zealand white rabbits were sacrificed in 4 (3 rabbits),8 (3 rabbits) and 12 weeks (4 rabbits) after injection respectively,and Belgium rabbits and Chinchilla rabbits were sacrificed in the 8 weeks after injection.The eyeballs of the rabbits were enucleated to prepare the retinal sections for histopathological examination after hematoxylin-eosin staining.The results of FFA and retinal structure were compared among different strains of rabbits.Results No fluorescence leakage was found by FFA in ocular fundus,and the retinal structure was normal in all the 10 New Zealand white rabbits during the experiment.Fluorescence leakage was found by FFA in 2 Belgium rabbits at 1 week and 2 weeks after injection respectively,and retinal detachment and depigmentation of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) with an enlarged intercellular space were shown by hematoxylin-eosin staining.For the Chinchilla rabbits,fluorescence leakages were found in 7 rabbits throughout the whole period of adrenaline administration.Circumscribed retinal detachment,depigmentation of RPE with enlarged intercellular space were also found in leakage lesions.Conclusions Repeated intravenous injection of adrenaline can induce CSC-like lesions in colored rabbits but not in albino rabbits.

OBJECTIVETo assess the value of pre-gestational deafness-related mutation screening for the prevention and intervention of congenital deafness.

METHODSIn this study, 2168 couples with normal hearing were screened for common mutations associated with congenital deafness using real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. The mutations have included GJB2 c.235delC and c.299_300delAT, SLC26A4 c.2168A>G and c.IVS7-2A>G, and mtDNA 12SrRNA c.1494C>T and c.1555A>G. For couples who have both carried heterozygous mutations of the same gene, genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis were provided.

RESULTSAmong of the 4 336 individuals, 178 (4.06%) were found to carry a mutation. Mutation rate for c.235delC and c.299_300delAT of GJB2 gene, c.IVS7-2 A>G and c.2168 A>G of SLC26A4 gene, c.1555 A>G and c.1494 C>T of DNA 12S rRNA gene were 0.91%, 0.20%, 0.68%, 0.11%, 0.1% and 0.01%, respectively. For six couples who have both carried mutations of the same gene, all fetuses showed a normal karyotype, while DNA sequencing indicated that two fetuses have carried homozygous c.235delC mutation of the GJB2 gene, one carried a heterozygous c.235delC mutation of the GJB2 gene, one carried heterozygous mutation of GJB2 gene (c.299_300delAT), and two have carried a heterozygous mutation of c.IVS7-2A>G of the SLC26A4 gene.

CONCLUSIONPre-gestational screening for deafness gene mutation can facilitate avoidance the birth of affected children and has a great clinical value for the prevention and intervention of birth defect.

Connexins ; genetics ; Deafness ; congenital ; genetics ; prevention & control ; Female ; Humans ; Mutation ; Pregnancy ; Prenatal Diagnosis

Background Congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) is a common genetic eye disease.Retinal angiogenesis is rarely obtained in retinal degeneration animal.The effects of CSNB on retinal angiogenesis require further study.Objective This study was to improve Chinese ink perfusion technology and to explore the effect of CSNB on oxygen induced neovascularization.Methods Eighteen clean 7-day old SD rats and 18 clean 7-day old CSNB rats were included,twelve SD rats and twelve CSNB rats were chosen randomly for oxygen induced retinopathy (OIR) modeling,and served as OIR group,six SD rats and six CSNB rats were chosen as normal control.Nine rats were chosen randomly from both SD rats and CSNB rats in OIR group,respectively.The rats were separated into 1 ∶ 1 ratio ink group,2 ∶ 1 ratio ink group and conventional ink group,which were perfused with 1 ∶ 1 ratio ink perfusate,2 ∶ 1 ratio ink perfusate and conventional ink,respectively.The unilateral eyes of the rats were prepared for whole-mount retina,the other eyes were performed for paraffin imbedding.The quality of retinal vascular imaging were compared among different ink perfusate groups.The normal control rats,three SD rats in OIR group and three CSNB rats in OIR group were perfused with 2 ∶ 1 ratio ink perfusate.Histopathology examination was performed on the paraffin section,and the number of nuclei breakthrough the inner limiting membrane were counted.Immunocytochemistry were performed on the paraffin section for detecting the expression of von Wilebrand factor (vWF).Results Compared with 1 ∶ 1 ratio ink perfusion and conventional ink perfusion,2 ∶ 1 ratio ink perfusion showed the full vascular net clearly.Histopathology showed that the structure of retina was normal in the normal control group,and there were no endothelial nuclei breakthrough the inner limiting membrane.A large number of endothelial nuclei breakthrough the inner limiting membrane in the OIR group,the number of endothelial nuclei breaking through the inner limiting membrane were (23.08±2.99)/slide and (41.12±9.36)/slide for SD rats and CSNB rats,respectively.The number of endothelial nuclei breakthrough inner limiting membrane was higher in the CSNB rats than that in the SD rats,with no difference between the two group (q =1.70,P =0.50).Immunocytochemistry results showed that v-WF was positive expressed in the cells breakthrough inner limiting membrane.Conclusions Improved ink perfusion method was an easy-to-use whole-mount retina method with good repeatability.Hyperoxia can induce retinal neovascularization of CSNB rats.