Special flight missions cover vast areas,involve urgent tasks,and often require long hours,leading to visual issues for crew,especially during night flights.These problems affect flight parameters and information access.Current special aircraft cockpit displays have low technical standards and limited product sources,restricting design choices.The absence of visual ergonomics evaluation tools and methods in the aviation industry significantly contributes to the shortcomings in military aircraft cockpit design.Considering the General Specification for Airborne Liquid Crystal Displays(GJB8187-2015)and other relevant standards,this covers modern cockpit display requirements,current cockpit display status,screen light source modification technology,and visual ergonomics assessment for cockpit displays.To determine if the visual clarity,color accuracy,and other attributes of current special aircraft airborne displays during flight meet the needs for long-duration operations,and if the operational environment ensures visual comfort and ergonomics to minimize visual fatigue.We seek to enhance the evaluation of visual ergonomics satisfaction for flight crews in current special aircraft cockpits and offers new approaches to optimize cockpit display technology,reducing visual issues from prolonged screen use during flights.

Objective:To investigate the clinical utility of 68Ga-labeled fibroblast activation protein inhibitor (FAPI) PET/CT in the detection of primary and metastatic gastric signet-ring cell carcinoma (GSRCC) and compared the results with those of 18F-FDG PET/CT. Methods:A total of 21 patients (10 males, 11 females, average age 52 years) with primary and metastatic GSRCC who underwent 68Ga-FAPI and 18F-FDG PET/CT at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University from June 2020 to May 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. Pathological results of surgery and (or) biopsy were used as the " gold standard" for final diagnosis. In cases whose surgery or tissue biopsies were not available, clinical and radiographic follow-up results were used as the reference standards. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the SUV max of 18F-FDG and 68Ga-FAPI. McNemar χ2 test was used to compare the detection rate between 18F-FDG and 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT. Results:68Ga-FAPI PET/CT showed higher SUV max than 18F-FDG in primary tumors (5.3(2.4, 15.7) vs 2.4(1.8, 2.5); z=2.31, P=0.021), local recurrences (7.8(6.0, 8.9) vs 2.4(1.9, 3.4); z=2.20, P=0.028), lymph nodes metastases (7.7(4.5, 12.2) vs 2.4(1.9, 3.6); z=6.01, P<0.001) and bone/visceral metastases (6.7(5.3, 11.1) vs 2.4(2.0, 3.4); z=11.36, P<0.001). Regarding diagnostic accuracy, 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT showed higher sensitivities than 18F-FDG for primary tumors (7/9 vs 2/9; χ2=3.20, P=0.063) and local recurrences (7/7 vs 2/7; χ2=3.20, P=0.063). It also demonstrated higher lesion detection rates than 18F-FDG for suspicious lymph node metastases (86%(65/76) vs 32%(24/76); χ2=31.37, P<0.001) and bone/visceral metastases (99%(184/185) vs 39%(73/185); χ2=107.08, P<0.001). Conclusions:68Ga-FAPI PET/CT showed higher tumor uptake and lesion detection rate than 18F-FDG in the primary and metastatic GSRCC. 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT demonstrates good diagnostic performance for tumor detection, staging, and restaging of GSRCC, which is helpful to further guide clinical treatment strategy.

Objective:To explore the effects of laser irradiation parameters (irradiation frequency and single duration) on tear secretion, lens and retina.Methods:Thirty-six healthy guinea pigs were randomly divided into 6 groups with random number table method according to different frequency and single exposure duration of laser to the eye, namely, high frequency short time (HFST) group, high frequency long time (HFLT) group, medium frequency short time (MFST) group, medium frequency long time (MFLT) group, low frequency short time (LFST) group and low frequency long time (LFLT) group, 6 for each group.The right eyes were irradiated with 500 lx laser as experimental eyes, and the left eyes of the guinea pigs served as the control eyes.The high, medium and low irradiation frequencies were defined as 15 times, 10 times and 5 times, respectively, and the short and long period was defined as 30 seconds and 60 seconds each time, respectively.The right eyes were irradiated based on the grouping at a 10-minute interval.The tear secretion was detected by SchirmerⅠtest; lens opacity was assessed under the slit-lamp microscope; fundus photography was performed to evaluate the general morphology of retina; retinal function was evaluated by electroretinogram (ERG) record and the thickness of retinal outer nuclear layer was measured by histopathology examination.This study protocol was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Air Force Military Medical University (No.20181203), and the use and care of the experimental animals complied with the ARVO statement.Results:The tear secretion was 8.00(7.37, 9.00), 8.75(8.25, 9.00), 8.50(7.75, 9.50), 9.00(8.50, 9.50), 8.00(7.37, 8.75) and 8.25(7.75, 8.75) mm/5 min in the HFST group, HFLT group, MFST group, MFLT group, LFST group and LFLT group, respectively, without significant difference among the groups(χ 2=5.502, P=0.240); after laser irradiation, there were no statistically significant differences in tear secretion between the control eyes and laser-irradiated eyes in all the groups (all at P>0.05). The lenses were clear and the fundus was normal through the experimental duration in all the groups.The amplitude of ERG a-wave was significantly reduced in the HFST group in comparison with the LFST group (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference in the b-wave amplitude among the six groups (F=1.358, P=0.268). The ERG a-, b-wave amplitudes were not significantly different between the control eyes and laser-irradiated eyes in various groups (both at P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the thickness of the outer nuclear layer of retina among the HFST group, HFLT group, MFST group, MFLT group, LFST group and LFLT group (F=0.952, P=0.463). Conclusions:The 500 lx laser irradiation is safe to ocular surface and lens, but there are some injuries to retinal function, and the injury degree is related to laser irradiation frequency.

Objective To establish a simulation method that enables pilots to experience night myopia and help them to improve the understanding of it and its hazards to flight safety. Methods The self-made visual object was a 2 mm-diameter light emitting diode (LED)lamp with controllable luminous intensity.Twenty volunteers with normal vision (≥1 .0 )were asked to search the target light 6 m away as they adapted the environment in a standard dark room for 20 min.The subj ects were guided to slowly move (10-20 cm/s)toward the target light until they saw it.The moment of seeing the obj ect target light was marked as time A and the distance between visual obj ect and subj ect was marked as LA .Then the subject was asked to stare at the target light and slowly moved apart from the target light until he/she couldn,t see it.The target losing moment was marked as time B and the distance between target light and subject was marked as LB .Tobiipro Glass Ⅱ was used to record eye movements and pupil changes in real time.A manual optometry screening instrument (SW-800)was used to detect the refractive diopter under normal indoor lighting condition and the refractive diopters at time A and time B.The degree of night myopia was calculated according to the refractive diopter change and the displacement between LA and LB (LAB ).The effects of the luminance of the target light (low:1× 10-3 cd/m2 ,medium:2×10-3 cd/m2 ,high:3×10-3 cd/m2 )and the correction of negative spherical lens (+0.5 D and +1 D)on the experimental results were analyzed.One-way analysis of variance was used for statistical analysis. Results The subj ects, diopter was respectively (-0.1 94 ± 0.3 90 )D, (-0.509±0.532)D and (-0.836±0.700)D corresponding to under normal luminance,at time A and at time B.The significance was observed among these 3 conditions (F=6.679,P<0.01).The record of eye movement was consistent with the subj ect,s report.Subj ect,s pupil tended to dilate as soon as the target light was seen.When subjects wore +1 D spherical correction lens,the results indicated longer LA and shorter LAB comparing to the unaided observation (P<0.05).The LAB under medium and high luminance target light was significantly shorter than that under low luminance (P<0.05). Conclusions This method can effectively simulate night myopia effect and assess the myopia,improve the understanding of night myopia,and is suggested to apply to pilot,s experience in ground training.

Objective To establish a simulation method that enables pilots to experience night myopia and help them to improve the understanding of it and its hazards to flight safety. Methods The self-made visual object was a 2 mm-diameter light emitting diode (LED)lamp with controllable luminous intensity.Twenty volunteers with normal vision (≥1 .0 )were asked to search the target light 6 m away as they adapted the environment in a standard dark room for 20 min.The subj ects were guided to slowly move (10-20 cm/s)toward the target light until they saw it.The moment of seeing the obj ect target light was marked as time A and the distance between visual obj ect and subj ect was marked as LA .Then the subject was asked to stare at the target light and slowly moved apart from the target light until he/she couldn,t see it.The target losing moment was marked as time B and the distance between target light and subject was marked as LB .Tobiipro Glass Ⅱ was used to record eye movements and pupil changes in real time.A manual optometry screening instrument (SW-800)was used to detect the refractive diopter under normal indoor lighting condition and the refractive diopters at time A and time B.The degree of night myopia was calculated according to the refractive diopter change and the displacement between LA and LB (LAB ).The effects of the luminance of the target light (low:1× 10-3 cd/m2 ,medium:2×10-3 cd/m2 ,high:3×10-3 cd/m2 )and the correction of negative spherical lens (+0.5 D and +1 D)on the experimental results were analyzed.One-way analysis of variance was used for statistical analysis. Results The subj ects, diopter was respectively (-0.1 94 ± 0.3 90 )D, (-0.509±0.532)D and (-0.836±0.700)D corresponding to under normal luminance,at time A and at time B.The significance was observed among these 3 conditions (F=6.679,P<0.01).The record of eye movement was consistent with the subj ect,s report.Subj ect,s pupil tended to dilate as soon as the target light was seen.When subjects wore +1 D spherical correction lens,the results indicated longer LA and shorter LAB comparing to the unaided observation (P<0.05).The LAB under medium and high luminance target light was significantly shorter than that under low luminance (P<0.05). Conclusions This method can effectively simulate night myopia effect and assess the myopia,improve the understanding of night myopia,and is suggested to apply to pilot,s experience in ground training.

Objective To establish a central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) model on different strains of rabbits by intravenous injection of adrenaline,which may contribute to related researches of CSC.Methods This study was approved by Bioethics Committee of Fourth Military University and complied with Statement for the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Visual Research.Fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) was initially performed on male New Zealand white rabbits (10),Belgium rabbits (5) and Chinchilla rabbits (10) to make sure that the retinas of subjects were normal.For the New Zealand white rabbits,adrenaline was injected via ear vein at a dose of 0.04 mg/kg once per day for the first 8 weeks and followed by a dose of 0.08 mg/kg for the next 4 weeks,while 0.04 mg/kg adrenaline was injected in the same way for 8 weeks in the Belgium rabbits and Chinchilla rabbits.FFA was performed every week after injection of adrenaline to evaluate the fluorescence leakage in ocular fundus.New Zealand white rabbits were sacrificed in 4 (3 rabbits),8 (3 rabbits) and 12 weeks (4 rabbits) after injection respectively,and Belgium rabbits and Chinchilla rabbits were sacrificed in the 8 weeks after injection.The eyeballs of the rabbits were enucleated to prepare the retinal sections for histopathological examination after hematoxylin-eosin staining.The results of FFA and retinal structure were compared among different strains of rabbits.Results No fluorescence leakage was found by FFA in ocular fundus,and the retinal structure was normal in all the 10 New Zealand white rabbits during the experiment.Fluorescence leakage was found by FFA in 2 Belgium rabbits at 1 week and 2 weeks after injection respectively,and retinal detachment and depigmentation of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) with an enlarged intercellular space were shown by hematoxylin-eosin staining.For the Chinchilla rabbits,fluorescence leakages were found in 7 rabbits throughout the whole period of adrenaline administration.Circumscribed retinal detachment,depigmentation of RPE with enlarged intercellular space were also found in leakage lesions.Conclusions Repeated intravenous injection of adrenaline can induce CSC-like lesions in colored rabbits but not in albino rabbits.

Objective To investigate the mediating effects of neurotic personality between parental rearing patterns and depressive symptom.Methods Using multistage sampling method,982 town middle-school students were surveyed by the Symptom Checklist 90(SCL-90),the Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran (EMBU),the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ).Correlation and regression analysis,mediating effect test,and structural equation model were constructed.Results ①)Depressive symptom (D) (1.73 ± 0.72) was significantly associated with Neurotic personality (N) (51.50± 11.37) and parental rearing patterns (r=-0.138-0.582,P＜0.01).②N,mother's rejection and deny(M3),father's emotional warmth and understanding(F1),father's over-protection(F6) had a direct effect on D,which can explain 41.6％ of the variance.F1,F6,mother's over-interference and over-protection(M2),M3 had a direct effect on N,which can explain 15.3％ of the variance.The mediating effect of N between F1,F6,M2 and D were significant(95％CI =-0.212--0.069,-0.351--0.233,0.414-0.480).③The explanation for D was 41.3％.N had completely mediating effect between M2 and depressive symptom.N had partial mediating effect between F1,F6 and D,and the proportion was 43.6％ and 49.1％.Conclusion Neurotic personality plays a mediating role between parental rearing patterns and depressive symptom in middle-school students.

Objective To apply neural contrast sensitivity (NCS) on evaluating the dark adapted and night vision goggle (NVG) aided visual performance upon the comparison with contrast sensitivity (CS) and to investigate the value of NCS in the assessment of visual performance.Methods Eight healthy male volunteers (8 eyes) were recruited for this study,and the right eye was tested in this experiment.CS curves of volunteers in light adaptation,dark adaptation and with NVG were measured by Vision Monitor System in different environment luminance levels (10-1-10-4 cd/m2).Modulation transfer function (MTF) curves were measured by optical quality analysis system.NCS was defined as the ratio of CS and MTF.Results In lower and medium frequency range (spatial frequency was 0.6-3.4 cycle/degree),dark adaptation made subject's NCS and CS mount up considerably in the scotopic vision environment,but less effect in mesopic vision environment.NVG considerably improved subject's NCS and CS both in scotopic and mesopic vision environments (spatial frequency was 1.1-7.1 cycle/degree) and more effective than in dark adaptation.In high spatial frequency range,neither dark adaptation nor NVG had obvious effect on improving subject's NCS and CS.Conclusions Both dark adaptation and snooper scopes can improve visual performance in the scotopic vision environment,but snooper scopes is better.CS curves can represent the comprehensive visual performance,NCS reflects the function of the retina-brain neural system.But NCS and MTF would be helpful to find the reasons in case of poor CS measured.The examination combined NCS and MTF with CS is suggested.

Objective To apply neural contrast sensitivity (NCS) on evaluating the dark adapted and night vision goggle (NVG) aided visual performance upon the comparison with contrast sensitivity (CS) and to investigate the value of NCS in the assessment of visual performance.Methods Eight healthy male volunteers (8 eyes) were recruited for this study,and the right eye was tested in this experiment.CS curves of volunteers in light adaptation,dark adaptation and with NVG were measured by Vision Monitor System in different environment luminance levels (10-1-10-4 cd/m2).Modulation transfer function (MTF) curves were measured by optical quality analysis system.NCS was defined as the ratio of CS and MTF.Results In lower and medium frequency range (spatial frequency was 0.6-3.4 cycle/degree),dark adaptation made subject's NCS and CS mount up considerably in the scotopic vision environment,but less effect in mesopic vision environment.NVG considerably improved subject's NCS and CS both in scotopic and mesopic vision environments (spatial frequency was 1.1-7.1 cycle/degree) and more effective than in dark adaptation.In high spatial frequency range,neither dark adaptation nor NVG had obvious effect on improving subject's NCS and CS.Conclusions Both dark adaptation and snooper scopes can improve visual performance in the scotopic vision environment,but snooper scopes is better.CS curves can represent the comprehensive visual performance,NCS reflects the function of the retina-brain neural system.But NCS and MTF would be helpful to find the reasons in case of poor CS measured.The examination combined NCS and MTF with CS is suggested.

Objective To investigate the value of 18F-FDG PET/CT in the phasing and grading of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) complicated with vena cava tumor thrombus (VCTT).Methods From December 2011 to September 2015,a total of 72 patients (52 males,20 females,age:36-74 years) were enrolled in this retrospectively study.All patients underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT and contrast-enhanced CT studies,and were diagnosed as RCC.The RCC patients combined with VCTT were classified by Mayo-level.Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to compare the grading of VCTT by PET/CT and contrast-enhanced CT.NM staging on abdominal area level was performed and the results were compared with x2 test.Results VCTT was identified in 18 RCC patients and the grading results by PET/CT were as follows:9 cases in Level 0,4 cases in Level Ⅰ,2 cases in Level Ⅱ,1 case in Level Ⅲ,and 2 cases in Level Ⅳ.When evaluated by PET/CT,20 cases were in N0M0,21 were in N1M0,9 were in N0M1,and 22 were in N1M1.NM staging results by contrast-enhanced CT were as follows:50 cases in N0M0,10 in N1M0,10 in N0M1,and 2 in N1M1.In addition,2 N1 and 2 M1 were found by the whole body PET/CT.The classification results of VCTT and staging of abdominal level by PET/CT were significantly better than those by contrast-enhanced CT (z=-2.462,P＜0.05;x2=32.806,P＜0.01).Conclusion 18F-FDG PET/CT is not only valuable for detecting primary RCC and local metastasis,but also useful for finding where the VCTT extends,which is conducive to therapeutic planning and further clinical treatment.