OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of different chest compression rates (60-140 times/min) on hemodynamic parameters, return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), resuscitation success, and survival in a porcine model of cardiac arrest (CA) followed by cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). METHODS: Forty healthy male domestic pigs were randomly divided into five groups based on chest compression rate: 60, 80, 100, 120, and 140 times/min (n = 8). All animals underwent standard anesthesia and tracheal intubation. A catheter was inserted via the left femoral artery into the thoracic aorta to monitor aortic pressure (AOP), and another via the right external jugular vein into the right atrium to monitor right atrial pressure (RAP). In each group, animals were implanted with a stimulating electrode via the right external jugular vein to the endocardium, and ventricular fibrillation (VF) was induced by delivering alternating current stimulation, resulting in CA. After a 1-minute, manual chest compressions were performed at the assigned rate with a compression depth of 5 cm. The first defibrillation was delivered after 2 minutes of CPR. No epinephrine or other pharmacologic agents were administered during the entire resuscitation process. From 1 minute before VF induction to 10 minutes after ROSC, dynamic monitoring of AOP, coronary perfusion pressure (CPP), and partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide (P_ETCO₂). Cortical ultrastructure was examined 24 hours post-ROSC using transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: With increasing compression rates, both the total number of defibrillations and cumulative defibrillation energy significantly decreased, reaching their lowest levels in the 120 times/min group. The number of defibrillations decreased from (4.88±0.83) times in the 60 times/min group to (2.25±0.71) times in the 120 compressions/min group, and energy from (975.00±166.90)J to (450.00±141.42)J. However, both parameters increased again in the 140 times/min group [(4.75±1.04)times, (950.00±207.02)J], the differences among the groups were statistically significant (both P < 0.01). As compression frequency increased, P_ETCO₂, pre-defibrillation AOP and CPP significantly improved, peaking in the 120 times/min group [compared with the 60 times/min group, P_ETCO₂ (mmHg, 1 mmHg≈0.133 kPa): 18.69±1.98 vs. 8.67±1.30, AOP (mmHg): 95.13±7.06 vs. 71.00±6.41, CPP (mmHg): 14.88±6.92 vs. 8.57±3.42]. However, in the 140 times/min group, these values declined significantly again [P_ETCO₂, AOP, and CPP were (10.59±1.40), (72.38±11.49), and (10.36±4.57) mmHg, respectively], the differences among the groups were statistically significant (all P < 0.01). The number of animals achieving ROSC, successful resuscitation, and 24-hour survival increased with higher compression rates, reaching a peak in the 120 times/min group (compared with the 60 times/min group, ROSC: 7 vs. 2, successful resuscitation: 7 vs. 2, 24-hour survival: 7 vs.1), then decreased again in the 140 times/min group (the animals that ROSC, successfully recovered and survived for 24 hours were 3, 3, and 2, respectively). Transmission electron microscopy revealed that in the 60, 80, and 140 times/min groups, nuclear membranes in cerebral tissue were irregular and incomplete, nucleoli were indistinct, and mitochondria were swollen with reduced cristae and abnormal morphology. In contrast, the 100 times/min and 120 times/min groups exhibited significantly attenuated ultrastructural damage. CONCLUSIONS Among the tested chest compression rates of 60-140 times/min, a chest compressions frequency of 120 times/min is the most favorable hemodynamic profile and outcomes during CPR in a porcine CA model. However, due to the wide spacing between groups, further investigation is needed to determine the optimal compression rate range more precisely.
Animals ; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation/methods* ; Swine ; Male ; Heart Arrest/therapy* ; Heart Massage/methods* ; Hemodynamics

Objective To compare the clinical efficacy of different T lymphocyte polyclonal antibodies in renal transplantation from donor kidney of organ donation after citizen's death. Methods Clinical data of 691 donors and recipients undergoing renal transplantation from donor kidney of organ donation after citizen's death were retrospectively analyzed. According to different T lymphocyte polyclonal antibodies used for induction, all recipients were divided into the rabbit anti human T lymphocyte immunoglobulin (rALG) group (n=414) and rabbit anti human thymocyte immunoglobulin (rATG) group (n=277). The recovery of renal graft function in recipients of the two groups were collected, including the incidence of delayed graft function (DGF) and acute rejection (AR), and the changes of serum creatinine level after renal transplantation. The 1-year survival rate of the recipients and renal grafts was collected. The incidence of adverse effects within 1 year after operation was calculated. According to the DGF risk score of donors, all recipients were divided into 5 groups. The use proportion of rALG and rATG in the recipients of each group was calculated. Results The incidence of DGF in the recipients of rALG and rATG groups was 14.5% (60/414) and 11.9% (33/277), respectively. The duration of DGF in the recipients of rALG and rATG groups was (7±4) d and (12±7) d respectively, with no statistically significant difference between two groups (P > 0.05). The incidence of AR in the rALG group was 7.5% (31/414), significantly higher than 4.0% (11/277) in the rATG group (P < 0.05). The serum creatinine levels of recipients within 6 months after renal transplantation tended to gradually decline in both groups. In renal transplantation for donor kidney with a DGF risk score of 0-15, the use proportion of rALG was significantly higher than that of rATG. However, the use proportion of rATG was significantly higher than that of rALG in renal transplantation for donor kidney with a DGF risk score over 16 (P < 0.05). The 1-year survival rates of the recipients and renal grafts in the rALG and rATG groups were 99.8% and 99.6%, 98.1% and 98.2%, respectively. There was no significant difference between two groups (both P > 0.05). The incidence of acute pulmonary edema and leukopenia in the recipients of rATG group was significantly higher than that in the rALG group (both P < 0.05). Conclusions Both rALG and rATG can effectively reduce the incidence of DGF and AR and achieve good clinical efficacy after renal transplantation from donor kidney of organ donation after citizen's death. The incidence of leukopenia and acute pulmonary edema induced by rATG is higher than that by rALG in the renal transplant recipients.

OBJECTIVE:To optimize the extraction technology of total flavonoids from Psidium guajava leaves and investigate the effects of total flavonoids from P guajava leaves on glucose tolerance in diabetic model mice.METHODS:Based on single factor test,using extraction time,solid-liquid ratio and the amount of ethanol as independent variables,comprehensive scores of the yield of hyperin,quercetin-3-O-β-D-arabinopyranoside,quercetin-3-O-α-L-furanarabino side ethyl acetate and extract as dependent variable,Box-Behnken design-response surface method was used to optimize the reflux extraction process of total flavonoids from P guajava leaves,and validation test was also conducted.Sixty mice were randomly divided into blank group,model group,metformin group (170 mg/kg),P.guajava leaves total flavonoids low-dose,medium-dose and high-dose groups (23.41,46.81,93.62 mg/kg,by the content of total flavonoids),with 10 mice in each group.Except for blank group,diabetic model was induced in those groups,and then model mice were given relevant medicine intragastrically once a day for consecutive 21 d,6 h after last medication given glucose 2.0 g/kg intragastrically.The levels of blood glucose were determined 0,0.5,1.0,2.0 h after intragastric administration of glucose,and the area under the curve (AUC) of blood glucose was calculated.RESULTS:The optimal technology of P guajava leaves total flavonoids was as follows as extracting twice,lasting for 1.0 h each time,solid-liquid ratio of 1 ∶ 17,ethanol volume fraction of 56％.In validation test,the contents of hyperin,quercetin-3-O-β-D-arabinopyranoside and quercetin-3-O-α-L-furanarabino side ethyl acetate were 2.57,3.38,2.26 mg/g(RSD＜2％,n=3);the yield of extract was 25.71％ (RSD=1.19％,n=3);average comprehensive score was 96.41 (RSD=l.34％,n=3);relative error was 3.57％ with the predicted value of 99.98.Compared with blank group,AUC of mice were increased significantly in each group;compared with model group,AUC of metformin group,P.guajava leaves total flavonoids medium-dose and high-dose groups were all decreased significantly,with statistical significance (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01).CONCLUSIONS:The optimal extraction technology is stable,feasible and controllable in quality.Total flavonoids from P.guajava leaves can promote the recovery to normal level of blood glucose.

OBJECTIVE:To optimize the extraction technology of Compound Rhodiolae crenulatae granule. METHODS:The pharmacodynamic index of learning and memory ability was used to screen the water extraction,water extraction and alcohol pre-cipitation and alcohol extraction methods for Compound R. crenulatae granule in mice by Y-type water maze test. Using the compre-hensive scores of salidroside,ferulic acid extraction amount and extraction yield as indexes,orthogonal test was used to optimize the ethanol volume fraction,extraction time,solvent amount and extraction times,and verification test was conducted. RESULTS:Products by alcohol extraction can significantly improve learning and memory ability in the 3 methods;the optimal extraction tech-nology was confirmed to 8-fold 70% ethanol reflux extracting for 3 times,1.0 h each time. In verification test,average extraction amount of salidroside and ferulic acid were 4.884 mg/g and 1.669 mg/g,and average extraction yield was 33.52%(all RSD<2%, n=3). CONCLUSIONS:The optimized extraction technology is stable,reliable,simple and feasible,which can be used for indus-trial extraction of Compound R. crenulatae granule.

Objective To investigate the optimal extraction process of Jiangtang Tongluo Granule. Methods The orthogonal design was used in the extraction, according to the yield rate and content of paeoniflorin, with the volume of water, extraction times and extraction time as factors. The content of paeoniflorin was detected by HPLC method to determine the best extraction technology. Results The optimal water extracting technology of Jiangtang Tongluo Granule was performed by 1 h extraction for 3 times, with 10-fold volume of water. Conclusion The process is stable, feasible and reasonable, and provides a foundation for the further production and quality control.

Objective Extracting high content of DHA, EPA from rude fish oil. Methods Extracting fish oil ethyl ester with silver nitrate-water method. Results With silver nitrate-water method extracting three kinds of products from rude fish oil were gained(1) The total content of EPA and DHA mixture was higher than 95%. (2) The content of DHA was higher than 95%. (3) The content of EPA was higher than DHA. Conclusion The researching technology may reduce the production cost of high content of EPA and DHA. The method researched can increase the stabilities of DHA, EPA, and decrease the side effects of the products.