Objective:To analyze the cost-effectiveness of administering two doses of different types of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines to 12-year-old female adolescents.Methods:A decision tree Markov model with genital warts and cervical cancer as target diseases was established to analyze the effects, costs, and Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALY) of strategies such as no vaccination, two doses of bivalent HPV (HPV-2), two doses of quadrivalent HPV (HPV-4), and two doses of nine-valent HPV (HPV-9) in a 12-year-old female adolescent cohort in 2023 using 50% of the procurement price or self-funded vaccination price in pilot provinces. The number of avoided cases of cervical cancer and genital warts and the incremental cost-utility ratio (ICUR) were compared between different strategies.Results:Compared with non-vaccination, female adolescents who received two doses of HPV-2, HPV-4 and HPV-9 were able to avoid 55.2% of cervical cancer cases with HPV-2, 77.11% and 78.68% of genital warts with HPV-4, and 54.99% and 73.46% of cervical cancer with HPV-9, respectively. The ICUR of strategies HPV-2, HPV-4, and HPV-9 was -28 470.44 yuan/QALY, 29 328.26 yuan/QALY and 48 106.85 yuan/QALY, respectively. HPV-2 was the most economical strategy and could achieve net cost savings. Single-factor sensitivity analysis showed that the results were robust, and the most influential factors were discount rate, vaccine prices and direct medical costs for low-grade precancerous lesions. The probability sensitivity analysis showed that compared with the national gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in 2023, the probability of cost-utility of HPV-2, HPV-4 and HPV-9 compared with non-vaccination was 99.51%, 89.03% and 67.81%, respectively. Only when the price of a single dose of HPV-4 and HPV-9 vaccines was lower than 26.12% and 20.68% of the current self-funded vaccination price, respectively, could there be a net cost saving.Conclusion:In the case where HPV-2 adopts the pilot province procurement price and the multivalent vaccine adopts a 50% self-funded vaccination price, the vaccination of 12-year-old female adolescents with HPV-2, HPV-4 and HPV-9 has cost-effectiveness, and HPV-2 is the most economical strategy.

As an important setting for the administration of vaccinations, the reasonable setting up and standardized management of vaccination clinics will enhance immunization service quality, public satisfaction, and improve the vaccination rate to protect people′s health. In recent years, various provinces in China are continuously promoting the standardized construction and management of vaccination clinics. However, the level of standardization management remains unbalanced, and the capacity of vaccination services needs to be further improved. This paper reviews the standardized management process of vaccination clinics, summarizes the practice and achievements in various regions, and analyzes the challenges and issues during these processes, to provide reference for improving the standardized management level of vaccination clinics in the future.

Vaccination is one of the most cost-effective measures for preventing and controlling infectious diseases.In recent years, there has been a growing public demand for knowledge about vaccines and vaccine-preventable diseases, which has placed higher requirements on the capacity and quality of immunization services. However, "vaccine hesitancy" has become an increasingly prominent issue. In 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) listed it as one of the top ten global health threats, and it is gradually becoming a major challenge for immunization programs worldwide. Therefore, current immunization programs need to actively innovate in publicity and communication strategies to enhance public willingness for voluntary vaccination, improve awareness and trust in vaccines, and further reinforce the understanding of their critical role in infectious disease prevention and control. This paper examines the challenges and circumstances faced by vaccination publicity and communication in the new era, and proposes relevant recommendations, aiming to provide reference for developing new models of publicity and communication.

Hepatitis B is a major global public health issue. Through the implementation of comprehensive prevention and control strategies centered on hepatitis B vaccination， China has achieved remarkable progress in hepatitis B prevention and control， while there are still many issues and challenges. This article reviews the development of hepatitis B vaccination strategies in China， analyzes the goal and advances in vaccination in different populations， and problems and challenges， in order to provide a reference for further optimizing vaccination strategies and improving the levels of prevention and control.

Over the past three decades， China has made significant progress in the prevention and control of viral hepatitis， and the incidence rates of new-onset pediatric hepatitis B virus infections and acute viral hepatitis in the population have reduced to a relatively low level； however， there is still a heavy disease burden of chronic viral hepatitis in China， which severely affects the health status of the population. This study systematically summarizes the achievements of viral hepatitis prevention and control in China， analyzes existing problems and challenges， and proposes comprehensive prevention and control strategies and measures to eliminate viral hepatitis as a public health threat based on the national conditions of China， in order to provide a reference for related departments in China on how to achieve the action targets for eliminating viral hepatitis as a public health threat by 2030.

Objective:To analyze the cost-effectiveness of administering two doses of different types of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines to 12-year-old female adolescents.Methods:A decision tree Markov model with genital warts and cervical cancer as target diseases was established to analyze the effects, costs, and Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALY) of strategies such as no vaccination, two doses of bivalent HPV (HPV-2), two doses of quadrivalent HPV (HPV-4), and two doses of nine-valent HPV (HPV-9) in a 12-year-old female adolescent cohort in 2023 using 50% of the procurement price or self-funded vaccination price in pilot provinces. The number of avoided cases of cervical cancer and genital warts and the incremental cost-utility ratio (ICUR) were compared between different strategies.Results:Compared with non-vaccination, female adolescents who received two doses of HPV-2, HPV-4 and HPV-9 were able to avoid 55.2% of cervical cancer cases with HPV-2, 77.11% and 78.68% of genital warts with HPV-4, and 54.99% and 73.46% of cervical cancer with HPV-9, respectively. The ICUR of strategies HPV-2, HPV-4, and HPV-9 was -28 470.44 yuan/QALY, 29 328.26 yuan/QALY and 48 106.85 yuan/QALY, respectively. HPV-2 was the most economical strategy and could achieve net cost savings. Single-factor sensitivity analysis showed that the results were robust, and the most influential factors were discount rate, vaccine prices and direct medical costs for low-grade precancerous lesions. The probability sensitivity analysis showed that compared with the national gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in 2023, the probability of cost-utility of HPV-2, HPV-4 and HPV-9 compared with non-vaccination was 99.51%, 89.03% and 67.81%, respectively. Only when the price of a single dose of HPV-4 and HPV-9 vaccines was lower than 26.12% and 20.68% of the current self-funded vaccination price, respectively, could there be a net cost saving.Conclusion:In the case where HPV-2 adopts the pilot province procurement price and the multivalent vaccine adopts a 50% self-funded vaccination price, the vaccination of 12-year-old female adolescents with HPV-2, HPV-4 and HPV-9 has cost-effectiveness, and HPV-2 is the most economical strategy.

As an important setting for the administration of vaccinations, the reasonable setting up and standardized management of vaccination clinics will enhance immunization service quality, public satisfaction, and improve the vaccination rate to protect people′s health. In recent years, various provinces in China are continuously promoting the standardized construction and management of vaccination clinics. However, the level of standardization management remains unbalanced, and the capacity of vaccination services needs to be further improved. This paper reviews the standardized management process of vaccination clinics, summarizes the practice and achievements in various regions, and analyzes the challenges and issues during these processes, to provide reference for improving the standardized management level of vaccination clinics in the future.

Vaccination is one of the most cost-effective measures for preventing and controlling infectious diseases.In recent years, there has been a growing public demand for knowledge about vaccines and vaccine-preventable diseases, which has placed higher requirements on the capacity and quality of immunization services. However, "vaccine hesitancy" has become an increasingly prominent issue. In 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) listed it as one of the top ten global health threats, and it is gradually becoming a major challenge for immunization programs worldwide. Therefore, current immunization programs need to actively innovate in publicity and communication strategies to enhance public willingness for voluntary vaccination, improve awareness and trust in vaccines, and further reinforce the understanding of their critical role in infectious disease prevention and control. This paper examines the challenges and circumstances faced by vaccination publicity and communication in the new era, and proposes relevant recommendations, aiming to provide reference for developing new models of publicity and communication.

Objective:To understand the incidence trend of meningococcal meningitis from 1990 to 2023 and major pathogenic serogroups of Neisseria ( N.) meningitidis from 2006 to 2023 in China and the time trend of the incidence of meningococcal meningitis caused by main pathogenic serogroups, and provide reference for the prevention and control of meningococcal meningitis. Methods:The study used the data from "National Epidemic Data Compile" from 1990 to 2003 and the data from China Notifiable Infectious Disease Reporting System from 2004 to 2023 to analyze the incidence trend of meningococcal meningitis in China from 1990 to 2023 by Joinpoint regression method. Based on the data of the national meningococcal meningitis surveillance information reporting and management system from 2006 to 2023, the incidence of meningococcal meningitis caused by different serogroups of N. meningitidis was described and analyzed, and the trend χ2 test was performed to analyze the change of the incidence of meningococcal meningitis caused by N. meningitidis A, B, and C. Results:The overall incidence of meningococcal meningitis in China showed a downward trend from 1990 to 2023 [average annual percent change (AAPC)=-14.80%, P<0.001], with the most obvious decline from 2005 to 2012 [annual percent change (APC)=-31.01%, P<0.001]. The incidence of meningococcal meningitis decreased in both men and women (AAPC=-14.69% and -15.05%, both P<0.001). A total of 1 178 serogroup specific cases of meningococcal meningitis were reported in China from 2006 to 2023, the proportion of serogroup C was highest (32.5%), followed by unclassified (22.3%), B (20.1%), A (18.4%), W (4.5%), Y (2.0%) and X (0.2%). The results of trend χ2 test indicated that the incidence of meningococcal meningitis caused by N. meningitidis A and C showed downward trends (both P<0.001) and the incidence of meningococcal meningitis caused by N. meningitidis B showed an upward trend in general population and young children (0-4 years old group) from 2006 to 2023 (both P<0.05). Conclusion:The incidence of meningococcal meningitis showed a downward trend in China from 1990 to 2023, but it is still necessary to pay more attention to the incidence of meningococcal meningitis caused by N. meningitidis B in age group aged 0-4 years and by multi serogroups at same time in general population.

Objective:To analyze epidemiological characteristics and spatiotemporal clustering of hepatitis A in China from 2005 to 2023.Methods:The incidence data of hepatitis A in China during 2005-2023 were collected from the China Disease Control and Prevention Information System .Results:From 2005 to 2023, a total of 605 509 cases of hepatitis A were reported in China. The average annual reported incidence rate was 2.32/100 000, the incidence was 2.85/100 000 in men and 1.81/100 000 in women, and the incidence was 3.25/100 000 in age group 0-14 years, 2.10/100 000 in age group 15-64 years and 2.49/100 000 in age group ≥65 years , respectively. The case count in farmers was highest (40.57%, 245 639/605 509). The proportion of the cases in jobless or the unemployed increased most obviously (347.32%), and the proportion of the cases in students decreased most significantly (90.27%). The average annual reported incidence rate in the western China was highest (4.45/100 000), followed by that in northeastern China (2.02/100 000), central China (1.89/100 000) and eastern China (1.16/100 000). From 2020 to 2023, the incidence of hepatitis A showed no spatial clustering. From 2005 to 2019, the obvious hot spots and high-high clustering areas mainly distributed in provinces, such as, Sichuan, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Xizang and Gansu. The low-low clustering areas were mainly distributed in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian, Henan, Anhui, Jiangxi, Jilin and Liaoning. An independent high-low clustering was found in Shanxi during 2014-2019. A total of 5 high incidence clustering areas were detected through spatiotemporal scanning analysis.Conclusions:The incidence rate of hepatitis A in China declined significantly from 2005 to 2023. The reported incidence rate in the elderly showed no obvious decrease, and the reported cases accounted for the highest proportion in the whole population. Before 2020, the reported incidence rate of hepatitis A showed high-high clustering in western China, the spatiotemporal clustering disappeared from 2020 to 2023, but the reported incidence rate of hepatitis A in western China was still high. It is suggested to pay attention to the prevention and control of hepatitis A in populations at high risk and areas with high incidence of hepatitis A.