Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD）， as one of the three major causes of death， is a complex systemic disease with high prevalence， high mortality， high disability， frequent acute exacerbations， and a variety of pulmonary complications. The pathogenesis is complex. Western medicine has no effective specificity scheme for a complete cure. However， multiple-component and multiple-target characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） demonstrate significant advantages in COPD treatment through multi-link， multi-pathway， and multi-mechanism intervention. Therefore， exploring the essence of COPD pathogenesis and discovering effective TCM treatment drugs through the application of TCM principles and prescriptions is a key focus of modern research. Animal models are of paramount importance in medical research. It is the first consideration to select appropriate animals， adopt reasonable modeling methods to replicate stable animal models that closely resemble the clinical manifestations and pathophysiological characteristics of COPD， and use appropriate evaluation methods to determine the success of COPD animal models in experimental research. The core of experimental research lies in observing the intervention effect of TCM on COPD animal models， exploring the specific pathways and regulatory mechanisms of TCM on COPD disease， and finding TCM monomers， single herbs， and TCM formulas with definite curative effects. At present， animal model research on COPD mainly involves model establishment， model evaluation， efficacy observation， mechanism exploration， and other aspects. In recent years， there has been no systematic organization， update， and reflection on the relevant research on TCM intervention in COPD animal models. This study reviewed the selection of animals for the COPD model， methods for establishing COPD animal models， model evaluation methods， and the intervention effects of TCM on COPD animal models. It aims to grasp the current research status and identify existing problems for further improvement， in order to provide evidence and support for scientific research and clinical treatment of COPD.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD）， as one of the three major causes of death， is a complex systemic disease with high prevalence， high mortality， high disability， frequent acute exacerbations， and a variety of pulmonary complications. The pathogenesis is complex. Western medicine has no effective specificity scheme for a complete cure. However， multiple-component and multiple-target characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） demonstrate significant advantages in COPD treatment through multi-link， multi-pathway， and multi-mechanism intervention. Therefore， exploring the essence of COPD pathogenesis and discovering effective TCM treatment drugs through the application of TCM principles and prescriptions is a key focus of modern research. Animal models are of paramount importance in medical research. It is the first consideration to select appropriate animals， adopt reasonable modeling methods to replicate stable animal models that closely resemble the clinical manifestations and pathophysiological characteristics of COPD， and use appropriate evaluation methods to determine the success of COPD animal models in experimental research. The core of experimental research lies in observing the intervention effect of TCM on COPD animal models， exploring the specific pathways and regulatory mechanisms of TCM on COPD disease， and finding TCM monomers， single herbs， and TCM formulas with definite curative effects. At present， animal model research on COPD mainly involves model establishment， model evaluation， efficacy observation， mechanism exploration， and other aspects. In recent years， there has been no systematic organization， update， and reflection on the relevant research on TCM intervention in COPD animal models. This study reviewed the selection of animals for the COPD model， methods for establishing COPD animal models， model evaluation methods， and the intervention effects of TCM on COPD animal models. It aims to grasp the current research status and identify existing problems for further improvement， in order to provide evidence and support for scientific research and clinical treatment of COPD.

BACKGROUND:Apoptosis plays an important role in secondary brain injury.Therefore,to explore the pathophysiological mechanism of promoting nerve cell survival after traumatic brain injury provides a new direction and theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of traumatic brain injury. OBJECTIVE:To explore the expression changes of Lnx1 molecule in mammalian cortical neurons after brain injury and the possible mechanism involved in secondary brain injury. METHODS:Eighty adult SD rats were divided into 20 male and 20 female mice in sham operation group and 20 male and 20 female mice in traumatic brain injury group.The traumatic brain injury rat model was established by heavy falling method.At 6,12,24,48,and 72 hours after brain injury,the expression of related molecules in damaged cortical neurons was analyzed by RT-qPCR,western blot assay,and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The brain tissue of traumatic brain injury group was bleeding and obvious tissue injury could be observed.Water content of brain tissue increased after traumatic brain injury.(2)Compared with the sham operation group,the expression of Lnx1 in cortical neurons after traumatic brain injury increased significantly at 24 hours after injury.(3)After traumatic brain injury,the expression of PBK and BCR protein decreased,and the pro-survival factor ctgf increased.(4)These findings suggest that after traumatic brain injury,the expression of Lnx1 is up-regulated in neurons,which may be due to the decrease of the expression of its target molecules PBK and BCR,and further promote the expression of living factor ctgf,which has a protective effect on the damaged neurons.

[Objective] To explore the temperature parameters affecting the polybrene test and determine the optimal temperature conditions for detecting unexpected antibodies of the Rh system. [Methods] The reaction of IgG human anti-D antibody with different dilutions (undiluted, 1∶2, 1∶4, 1∶8, 1∶16, 1∶32，1∶64) with D antigen-positive red blood cells was detected by manual polybrene test (MPT). Different temperatures (25℃ and 37℃) were set, and the reaction time with low ionic medium was 4 minutes. The agglutination integral value of anti-D and red cell depolymerization time were compared to observe the effect of enhanced agglutination reaction, thereby establishing the test temperature reaction conditions for enhancing the MPT. The same reaction condition was applied to 36 blood samples containing unexpected antibodies of the Rh system, and the effect of enhanced MPT was observed in comparison with the polybrene method and the antiglobulin test (column agglutination). [Results] With all other conditions held constant, when low ionic medium was added, the incubation temperature of 25℃ and 37℃ resulted in different total agglutination integral values for anti-D (20.9±2.025 vs 25.5±2.635), and the comparison showed a significant difference (P<0.05). When the antibody dilution was 1∶16, the incubation temperature of 25℃ and 37℃ resulted in different agglutination integral values (3.9±0.738 vs 5.8±0.632), and the comparison showed a significant difference (P<0.05). Erythrocyte depolymerization time (62.8±8.149 vs 90.1±10.713) was significantly different (P<0.05). At a dilution of 1∶32, the incubation temperatures of 25℃ and 37℃ resulted in different agglutination integral values (2.5±0.527 vs 4.3±0.675), as well as different red blood cell dissociation times (35.4±7.792 vs 57.4±10.885)(P<0.05), and the comparison showed a significant difference (P<0.05), with no differences observed in the other groups. In the detection of 36 Rh system unexpected antibody samples, when the antibody titer was ≤2, the enhanced polybrene method had a higher positive rate, and when the antibody titer was ≥4, the detection rates of the three methods were consistent. [Conclusion] The reference temperature condition for the modified MPT is incubation at 37℃ for 4 min after the addition of low ionic medium. The application of this temperature condition to unexpected antibody samples of Rh system could achieve a significant enhancement effect, thereby increasing transfusion safety for the treatment of emergency patients, and is worth popularizing.

Intraoperative cell salvage (IOCS) has been widely applied as an important blood conservation measure in surgical operations. However, there is currently a lack of clinical practice guidelines for the implementation of IOCS in patients with malignant tumors. This report aims to provide clinicians with recommendations on the use of IOCS in patients with malignant tumors based on the review and assessment of the existed evidence. Data were derived from databases such as PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library and Wanfang. The guideline development team formulated recommendations based on the quality of evidence, balance of benefits and harms, patient preferences, and health economic assessments. This study constructed seven major clinical questions. The main conclusions of this guideline are as follows: 1) Compared with no perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion (NPABT), perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion (PABT) leads to a more unfavorable prognosis in cancer patients (Recommended); 2) Compared with the transfusion of allogeneic blood or no transfusion, IOCS does not lead to a more unfavorable prognosis in cancer patients (Recommended); 3) The implementation of IOCS in cancer patients is economically feasible (Recommended); 4) Leukocyte depletion filters (LDF) should be used when implementing IOCS in cancer patients (Strongly Recommended); 5) Irradiation treatment of autologous blood to be reinfused can be used when implementing IOCS in cancer patients (Recommended); 6) A careful assessment of the condition of cancer patients (meeting indications and excluding contraindications) should be conducted before implementing IOCS (Strongly Recommended); 7) Informed consent from cancer patients should be obtained when implementing IOCS, with a thorough pre-assessment of the patient's condition and the likelihood of blood loss, adherence to standardized internally audited management procedures, meeting corresponding conditions, and obtaining corresponding qualifications (Recommended). In brief, current evidence indicates that IOCS can be implemented for some malignant tumor patients who need allogeneic blood transfusion after physician full evaluation, and LDF or irradiation should be used during the implementation process.

Enhancing transparency is an important means of reforming public health services in modern society， and its significance in the field of healthcare is self-evident （especially in terms of resource allocation）. In the construction and practice of an ethical review system， improving transparency is an important measure to solve problems such as low efficiency， formalism， inconsistent review decisions， and the lack of a complaint mechanism， and is also the key to ensuring the ethical compliance of research and promote the development of scientific research. Therefore， the international academic community and various countries have begun to emphasize the principle of transparency in ethical review， but its specific implementation still faces challenges. By analyzing the concept and content of transparency and arguing its ethical value and specific dimensions in ethical review work， this paper demonstrated that improving the transparency of ethical review can not only prevent violations and strengthen the accountability mechanism， but also balance information asymmetry， enhance public trust， and improve review efficiency. Finally， potential measures to enhance transparency in ethical review were explored， including formulating detailed transparency strategies， establishing an online information disclosure system， constructing a “precedent” system， setting up a supervisory appeal procedure， and other measures. These measures aim to optimize the ethical review system， providing solid ethical support for scientific research while enhancing public trust and understanding of ethical review work， with a view to further improving the practice of ethical review and promoting the interests of multiple stakeholders.

BackgroundMetabolic syndrome （MetS） is highly prevalent in patients with mental disorders， including elevated diastolic or systolic blood pressure， elevated fasting glucose， hypercholesterolemia， abdominal obesity and so on. As an important component of MetS， the relationship between hypercholesterolemia and mental disorder has been extensively reported， whereas few genome-wide association studies （GWAS） have been conducted to identify the causal role of mental disorders in hypercholesterolemia. ObjectiveTo explore the potential causal relationship between mental disorders and hypercholesterolemia by two-sample Mendelian randomization （MR） method. MethodsSummary data from GWAS were analyzed. Single nucleotide polymorphisms （SNPs） strongly associated with mental disorders were chosen as instrumental variables， and hypercholesterolemia was used as outcome variable. MR analysis utilized inverse-variance weighted （IVW）， MR-Egger regression and weighted median estimation （WME） as the primary analytical tool， and supplemented by simple mode （SM） and weighted mode （WM）. The causal relationship between mental disorders and the risk of hypercholesterolemia was illustrated in terms of odds ratio （OR）. ResultsA total of 36 SNPs associated with mental disorders were identified as instrumental variables. The primary findings from IVW revealed existence of a causal relationship between mental disorders and hypercholesterolemia （IVW： OR=1.067， 95% CI： 1.026~1.109， P=0.001）. Findings from the additional methods （MR-Egger regression， WME， SM， WM） were basically consistent with those reported in IVW method. Further verification indicated that the causal relationship between mental disorders and the risk of hypercholesterolemia was not affected by genetic polymorphism （P>0.05）. The absence of heterogeneity was confirmed through Cochran's Q test and MR-Egger regression （P>0.05）. Furthermore， no causal association in the reverse direction was found （P>0.05）. ConclusionThere is a causal relationship between mental disorders and hypercholesterolemia， and patients with mental disorders may have an increased probability of suffering from hypercholesterolemia.

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) is a cytosolic pattern recognition receptor that recognizes multiple pathogen-associated molecular patterns and damage-associated molecular patterns. It is a cytoplasmic immune factor that responds to cellular stress signals, and it is usually activated after infection or inflammation, forming an NLRP3 inflammasome to protect the body. Aberrant NLRP3 inflammasome activation is reportedly associated with some inflammatory diseases and metabolic diseases. Recently, there have been mounting indications that NLRP3 inflammasomes play an important role in liver injuries caused by a variety of diseases, specifically hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury, hepatitis, and liver failure. Herein, we summarize new research pertaining to NLRP3 inflammasomes in hepatic injury, hepatitis, and liver failure. The review addresses the potential mechanisms of action of the NLRP3 inflammasome, and its regulation in these liver diseases.
Humans ; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/metabolism* ; Inflammasomes/physiology* ; Animals ; Liver Diseases/metabolism* ; Liver/metabolism* ; Reperfusion Injury/metabolism*

BACKGROUND: Parental myopia is an important risk factor for myopia in Chinese children and adolescents. This study aimed to assess the influence of parental myopia and the severity of myopia on offspring and to evaluate whether adopting healthy lifestyles can mitigate the effects of parental myopia on offspring. METHODS: This cross-sectional study analyzed data from children and adolescents aged 6-17 years with complete vision assessments and parental history of myopia from six provinces in China during 2013-2014. Parental demographic information, children's outdoor activity time, sleep time, and sedentary time were collected via questionnaire. Parental myopia was classified as no myopia, paternal myopia, maternal myopia, and both. The offspring were categorized into 10 groups based on parental myopia prescription. Associations of the above factors with myopia in children and adolescents were evaluated by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Among 40,864 children and adolescents (50.3% boys and 49.7% girls), 22,537 (55.2%) were diagnosed with myopia. In comparison to offspring devoid of parental myopia, children with one parent affected by myopia exhibited odds ratio (OR) of 1.75 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.62-1.88) for myopia, while those with both parents affected showed OR of 2.27 (95% CI: 2.02-2.55) after adjusted for lifestyle factors. The likelihood of myopia in offspring increased with increasing severity of parental myopia, with a 3.08-fold increase in risk observed when both parents presented high myopia. Nonetheless, children adhering to two or more healthy lifestyle factors demonstrated a diminished risk of myopia compared with those with fewer than two lifestyle factors, especially among offspring of non-myopic or mildly myopic parents. CONCLUSIONS Parental myopia has a dose-dependent association with their offspring. Healthy lifestyles may reduce the impact of parental factors on myopia in offspring. The observed associations suggest that although the genetic burden of parental myopia cannot be ignored, healthy lifestyles and nurturing are also very important.
Humans ; Myopia/epidemiology* ; Child ; Male ; Female ; Adolescent ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; China/epidemiology* ; Parents ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Risk Factors