AIM:To compare the effects and effi-cacy of methoxyamine and norepinephrine on sub-lingual microcirculation in patients with high-alti-tude septic shock.METHODS:A total of forty-six patients with septic shock from the Xining area of Qinghai Province were randomized into two groups:the M-hydroxylamine group(Group M,n=22)and the norepinephrine group(Group N,n=24).Baseline data as well as the incidence of acute kid-ney injury(AKI),distal limb necrosis/ischemia,and 28-day survival rates were documented.Sublingual microcirculation parameters were monitored and recorded at four time points:before treatment(T0),24 hours post-treatment(T1),48 hours post-treatment(T2),and 72 hours post-treatment(T3)using side-flow dark-field(SDF)imaging.The pa-rameters included total vascular density(TVD),per-fused vascular density(PVD),perfused vessel ratio(PPV),microvascular flow index(MFI),and hetero-geneity index(HI).Additionally,changes in heart rate(HR),mean arterial pressure(MAP),blood urea nitrogen(BUN),serum creatinine(Cr),and lac-tate(Lac)levels were also recorded.RESULTS:There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of baseline data,incidence of AKI,distal limb necrosis/ischemia,and 28-day sur-vival rate.Additionally,there were no significant differences in HR,MAP,and Lac indices between the two groups at any time point.However,within-group comparisons showed that HR,MAP,and Lac indices improved over the course of treatment,with statistically significant differences.The BUN level at the T3 time point was significantly lower in the mehydroxyamine group compared to the nor-epinephrine group(P<0.05).Similarly,Cr levels were significantly lower at both T2 and T3 time points(P<0.05).There were no significant differenc-es in sublingual microcirculation indices between the two groups at any time point.However,TVD,PVD,PPV,MIF,and HI in both groups improved over the course of treatment,with statistically sig-nificant differences.CONCLUSION:Both methoxy-amine and norepinephrine can enhance both the macrocirculation and sublingual microcirculation in patients with septic shock at high altitudes.Addi-tionally,methoxyamine leads to a faster recovery of creatinine levels within 72 hours.

AIM:To compare the effects and effi-cacy of methoxyamine and norepinephrine on sub-lingual microcirculation in patients with high-alti-tude septic shock.METHODS:A total of forty-six patients with septic shock from the Xining area of Qinghai Province were randomized into two groups:the M-hydroxylamine group(Group M,n=22)and the norepinephrine group(Group N,n=24).Baseline data as well as the incidence of acute kid-ney injury(AKI),distal limb necrosis/ischemia,and 28-day survival rates were documented.Sublingual microcirculation parameters were monitored and recorded at four time points:before treatment(T0),24 hours post-treatment(T1),48 hours post-treatment(T2),and 72 hours post-treatment(T3)using side-flow dark-field(SDF)imaging.The pa-rameters included total vascular density(TVD),per-fused vascular density(PVD),perfused vessel ratio(PPV),microvascular flow index(MFI),and hetero-geneity index(HI).Additionally,changes in heart rate(HR),mean arterial pressure(MAP),blood urea nitrogen(BUN),serum creatinine(Cr),and lac-tate(Lac)levels were also recorded.RESULTS:There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of baseline data,incidence of AKI,distal limb necrosis/ischemia,and 28-day sur-vival rate.Additionally,there were no significant differences in HR,MAP,and Lac indices between the two groups at any time point.However,within-group comparisons showed that HR,MAP,and Lac indices improved over the course of treatment,with statistically significant differences.The BUN level at the T3 time point was significantly lower in the mehydroxyamine group compared to the nor-epinephrine group(P<0.05).Similarly,Cr levels were significantly lower at both T2 and T3 time points(P<0.05).There were no significant differenc-es in sublingual microcirculation indices between the two groups at any time point.However,TVD,PVD,PPV,MIF,and HI in both groups improved over the course of treatment,with statistically sig-nificant differences.CONCLUSION:Both methoxy-amine and norepinephrine can enhance both the macrocirculation and sublingual microcirculation in patients with septic shock at high altitudes.Addi-tionally,methoxyamine leads to a faster recovery of creatinine levels within 72 hours.

Objective To observe the clinical manifestations of elderly patients with acute infectious purpura fulminant(AIPF)and septic shock caused by Streptococcus pyogenes(GAS),analyze the changes in indicators and treatment processes,and provide clinical references for the diagnosis and treatment of such diseases.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the case data,clinical manifestations,signs,examination indexes and treatment process of an elderly patient who presented with GAS-induced AIPF combined with septic shock and was treated by the department of critical care medicine of Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital on June 17th,2021.This study also involved a discussion on the pathophysiological characteristics and treatment measures for these diseases as well as observation of patient prognosis.Results The 80-year-old male patient,who was previously in good health,underwent knee surgery one year ago and was admitted to the hospital on June 17,2021 due to"pain and swelling of the left face with difficulty opening the mouth for the past 2 days".Upon admission,a complete set of laboratory tests including blood routine,blood biochemistry and coagulation function were conducted.A head CT revealed swelling of the masseter muscle on the left side,subcutaneous exudation of the cheek,non-cyanotic space on the left parapharyngeal space,poor display of eustachian tube opening,and narrow throat.Color ultrasound showed soft tissue swelling and interstitial edema in the left maxillofacial region and eyelid.Six hours after admission,the patient gradually developed purple spots,blood scars and necrosis on the right side neck shoulder and upper chest accompanied by tenderness and high fever mainly on his face.The heart rate fluctuated around 150 times per minute while blood pressure was at 108/71 mmHg(1 mmHg≈0.133 kPa,Metaraminol 6.67 μg·kg-1·min-1).The patient was diagnosed with septic shock and transferred to intensive care unit(ICU)for emergency treatment.With timely comprehensive monitoring in place,the patient received active treatment focused on maintaining respiratory circulation stability.After plasma infusion,early wound treatment,reasonable anti-infection measures as well as inflammation clearance,organ function protection,and supportive therapy,the patient eventually recovered from hospitalization without recurrence after 6 months follow-up.Conclusion The onset of acute GAS infection is characterized by its rapid and severe progression,high mortality,and challenging treatment.However,timely and effective refined comprehensive monitoring,evaluation,and treatment can still yield favorable outcomes.

Objective Combined with domestic and foreign guidelines,to explore the individualized treatment strategy of urosepsis,and to provide reference for standardized diagnosis and treatment of urosepsis patient.Methods To analyze the diagnosis and treatment process of a patient with urogenic sepsis who was admitted to the department of critical care medicine of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University in April 15,2021.During the diagnosis and treatment process,we performed puncture drainage fluid and urine culture as soon as possible to confirm the diagnosis from the perspective of etiology.Considering the possible pathogenic bacteria at the infection site,the drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria in medical units,and drug safety,imipenem and cilastatin was chosen for anti-infective therapy.A two-step approach was used for drug administration based on drug pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamic(PK/PD)characteristics,and drug concentration monitoring.The patients were followed up after discharge.Results The patient was critically ill on admission and was diagnosed with urosepsis.We optimize the empirical use of antimicrobials based on their PK/PD characteristics.Ultrasound-guided percutaneous nephrostomy of the left renal pelvis was performed to adequately drain the infection.Urine culture returned as extended-spectrum β-lactamase(ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli,confirming the etiological diagnosis.After 7 days of treatment,the patient's condition improved,the antibacterial drugs were downgraded to piperacillin-tazobactam,and the total course of anti-infection was 14 days.The patient was in good condition 2 months after discharge,and underwent left ureteral calculus and lithotripsy in the local hospital,and the left nephrostomy tube was removed.After discharge,the patient's condition was stable,no recurrence was found after 7 months of follow-up,and daily life was not affected.Conclusions Management of infection foci in urosepsis patient is critical.Diagnosis and treatment should refer to domestic and foreign guidelines,and formulate treatment strategies based on the distribution of local pathogens,drug resistance,and the actual clinical conditions of patients.Optimize the use of antibiotics based on drug PK/PD characteristics,monitor the concentration of therapeutic drugs,and realize individualized treatment.

Objective:To evaluate the changes in the systemic circulation and microcirculation in the patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery under general anesthesia in Xining area.Methods:A total of 27 patients, aged 18-60 yr, underwent gastrointestinal surgery under general anesthesia in Xining area (2 260 m), of long lived (more than two generations) Han nationality, with no alternating life between plateau and plain, with no cardiopulmonary abnormalities, were enrolled.Anesthesia was induced with midazolam, sufentanil, etomidate, and cisatracurium and maintained with propofol, remifentanil and cisatracurium.At 5 min before induction of anesthesia (T 1), 10 min after induction of anesthesia (T 2), 1 h after start of operation (T 3), immediately after the end of operation (T 4), and 30 min after recovery from anesthesia (T 5), systemic circulation indexes including cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), stroke volume variability (SVV), systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded, and sublingual microcirculation indexes including total vascular density (TVD), perfused vessel density (PVD), portion of perfused vessels (PPV), and microvascular flow index (MFI) were determined by sidestream dark field imaging. Results:Systemic circulation Compared with the baseline at T 1, CO and HR were significantly decreased at T 2-4, SVV was decreased at T 5, SVRI was increased at T 3 and T 4, and MAP was decreased at T 2 ( P<0.05). Compared with those at T 2, CO and SV were significantly increased at T 5, SVV was decreased at T 5, SVRI was increased at T 3 and T 4, and MAP was increased at T 4 and T 5 ( P<0.05). Compared with those at T 3, SV was significantly decreased at T 4, CO was increased at T 5, and SVV and SVRI were decreased at T 5 ( P<0.05); Compared with those at T 4, CO, SV and HR were significantly increased at T 5, and SVV and SVRI were decreased at T 5 ( P<0.05). Microcirculation Compared with those at T 1, TVD, PVD, PPV and MFI were significantly decreased at T 2-4, and PPV and MFI were decreased at T 5 ( P<0.05). Compared with those at T 2, TVD was significantly increased at T 5, PVD was increased at T 4 and T 5, and PPV was increased at T 3 and T 4 ( P<0.05). TVD was significantly higher at T 5 than at T 3( P<0.05). TVD was significantly higher at T 5 than at T 4 ( P<0.05). Conclusions:The density of microcirculation and blood flow rate are decreased after induction of general anesthesia and during anesthesia operation, which are most significant at the initial stage after induction, and decoupling between systemic circulation and microcirculation occurs during operation and anesthesia resuscitation in the patients at high altitude.

Objective To observe the changes in microcirculation after induction of anesthesia in patients in plateau region. Methods Ten patients of both sexes, aged 35-58 yr, weighing 52-87 kg, of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical statusⅠ or Ⅱ, were enrolled in this study. Anesthesia was induced with intravenous etomidate 0. 3 mg∕kg, sufentanil 0. 75 μg∕kg and vecuronium 0. 10 mg∕kg. Me-chanical ventilation was performed after tracheal intubation. Fluid was replaced by intravenously infusing lactated Ringer′s solution 500 ml over 30-45 min after completion of anesthesia induction. At 5 min before anesthesia induction, 5 min after induction and after the end of fluid replacement, the hemodynamic pa-rameters such as heart rate (HR), SpO2and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were recorded, and microcir-culatory indices such as total vascular density (TVD), perfused vessel density (PVD), proportion of per-fused small vessels (PPV) and microvascular flow index (MFI) were measured. Results Compared with the baseline value before anesthesia induction, HR was significantly increased, SpO2and MAP were de-creased, TVD, PVD, PPV and MFI were decreased at 5 min after anesthesia induction (P＜0. 05). Com-pared with the baseline value at 5 min after anesthesia induction, HR was significantly decreased, and SpO2and MAP were increased immediately after fluid replacement (P＜0. 05), and no significant change was found in TVD, PVD, PPV or MFI immediately after fluid replacement (P＞0. 05). Conclusion Mi- crocirculatory disturbance is obvious after induction of general anesthesia in patients undergoing operation in plateau region, and no marked improvement is found in microcirculation after rapid fluid replacement, which may be the main cause of metabolic disorders such as acidosis after operation.