Malaria is an infectious disease caused by Plasmodium through the bite of female mosquitoes, posing a significant threat to global public health. Since 2000, humans have adopted various measures to prevent and control malaria, but due to the impact of COVID-19, the number of malaria cases has increased rather than decreased, making malaria vaccines one of the focal points for controlling the disease. The Plasmodium that infects humans mainly includes Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. The life cycle of Plasmodium includes the pre-erythrocytic stage, the blood stage, and the mosquito stage. Two vaccines, RTS,S/AS01E, and R21/Matrix-M, which have been pre-qualified by the World Health Organization to target the pre-erythrocytic proteins of Plasmodium falciparum. The clinical trial data show reduction in malaria mortality rates among children, and mass vaccination is currently underway in Africa. However, no malaria vaccines targeting other stages or antigens have yet entered phase III clinical trials. This article describes the hazards and prevention of malaria, summarizes malaria vaccines designed in recent years for the three stages of the Plasmodium life cycle: the pre-erythrocytic stage, the blood stage, and the mosquito stage, and demonstrates the challenges and ideas in the field of malaria vaccine research and development, aiming to provide some reference for the development of novel malaria vaccines.

This study reviews recent publications on the biomechanical causes and treatment of flat foot,through searching PubMed,Web of Science,CNKI,Wanfang and other databases.The reasons for the formation of flat foot include congenital factors and acquired factors,while the treatment methods mainly include orthopedic insoles,physical therapy,surgical therapy and exercise therapy.These methods,to a certain extent,can correct foot structural abnormalities,optimize biomechanical properties and improve foot stability and range of motion.For future research,the advanced imaging and simulation technology will be used for accurate assessment,the application of novel materials and non-surgical therapies will relieve long-term symptoms,genetic researches will promote the development of early diagnosis and personalized treatment,and the use of intelligent orthosis will realize real-time monitoring and dynamic adjustment,to provide more and more effective methods and means for the evaluation,intervention and treatment of flat foot.

This study reviews recent publications on the biomechanical causes and treatment of flat foot,through searching PubMed,Web of Science,CNKI,Wanfang and other databases.The reasons for the formation of flat foot include congenital factors and acquired factors,while the treatment methods mainly include orthopedic insoles,physical therapy,surgical therapy and exercise therapy.These methods,to a certain extent,can correct foot structural abnormalities,optimize biomechanical properties and improve foot stability and range of motion.For future research,the advanced imaging and simulation technology will be used for accurate assessment,the application of novel materials and non-surgical therapies will relieve long-term symptoms,genetic researches will promote the development of early diagnosis and personalized treatment,and the use of intelligent orthosis will realize real-time monitoring and dynamic adjustment,to provide more and more effective methods and means for the evaluation,intervention and treatment of flat foot.

Background:Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome(KTS)is a rare vascular malformation syndrome that can involve the gastrointestinal tract,and the characteristics of the disease are still not fully understood,and there is no clinical research data about the disease in the gastrointestinal tract in China.Aims:To summarize and analyze the clinical characteristics of Chinese patients with KTS involving the digestive tract.Methods:Relevant literature was searched using English keywords such as"Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome"and"K-T syndrome",and Chinese subject terms including"Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome"and"KTS".Each study reporting cases of KTS involving the digestive tract in China was reviewed,and clinical data of patients were collected and summarized for analysis.Results:A total of 17 Chinese patients with KTS involving the digestive tract were identified through the search.After data compilation and analysis,it was found that the majority of patients were females,with the age group of 20-29 being the most affected.60.0％of the patients presented with the typical triad of symptoms,usually affecting the right lower limb unilaterally,with cutaneous capillary malformations and limb hypertrophy as the primary clinical signs.The clinical manifestations of gastrointestinal involvement in KTS patients mainly include symptoms such as rectal bleeding,abdominal pain,and melena,with 58.9％of patients experiencing rectal bleeding within 10 years after birth,and some patients being initially misdiagnosed as having hemorrhoidal bleeding.The most commonly affected sites were the rectum and sigmoid colon,with rare cases involving the entire gastrointestinal tract.Most patients also presented with vascular abnormalities in other abdominal organs,leading to complications such as hematemesis and liver failure.Abdominal CT findings showed thickening of the affected intestinal wall and the presence of venous stones or vascular tumor lesions.Endoscopic examination revealed submucosal bluish or purplish vascular lesions and dilated vascular structures,along with disrupted mucosal vascular patterns.The majority of patients had their condition managed through conservative treatment,while severe bleeding or extensive lesions required surgery.Sclerotherapy,embolization,and other treatments have also been proven effective.Conclusions:KTS involving the digestive tract is a rare disease,commonly characterized by abdominal pain and gastrointestinal bleeding,which can be misdiagnosed as hemorrhoids.Abdominal CT or endoscopy may present specific features.Treatment mainly focuses on symptomatic management,with a subset of patients requiring surgical or interventional procedures.

Background:Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome(KTS)is a rare vascular malformation syndrome that can involve the gastrointestinal tract,and the characteristics of the disease are still not fully understood,and there is no clinical research data about the disease in the gastrointestinal tract in China.Aims:To summarize and analyze the clinical characteristics of Chinese patients with KTS involving the digestive tract.Methods:Relevant literature was searched using English keywords such as"Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome"and"K-T syndrome",and Chinese subject terms including"Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome"and"KTS".Each study reporting cases of KTS involving the digestive tract in China was reviewed,and clinical data of patients were collected and summarized for analysis.Results:A total of 17 Chinese patients with KTS involving the digestive tract were identified through the search.After data compilation and analysis,it was found that the majority of patients were females,with the age group of 20-29 being the most affected.60.0％of the patients presented with the typical triad of symptoms,usually affecting the right lower limb unilaterally,with cutaneous capillary malformations and limb hypertrophy as the primary clinical signs.The clinical manifestations of gastrointestinal involvement in KTS patients mainly include symptoms such as rectal bleeding,abdominal pain,and melena,with 58.9％of patients experiencing rectal bleeding within 10 years after birth,and some patients being initially misdiagnosed as having hemorrhoidal bleeding.The most commonly affected sites were the rectum and sigmoid colon,with rare cases involving the entire gastrointestinal tract.Most patients also presented with vascular abnormalities in other abdominal organs,leading to complications such as hematemesis and liver failure.Abdominal CT findings showed thickening of the affected intestinal wall and the presence of venous stones or vascular tumor lesions.Endoscopic examination revealed submucosal bluish or purplish vascular lesions and dilated vascular structures,along with disrupted mucosal vascular patterns.The majority of patients had their condition managed through conservative treatment,while severe bleeding or extensive lesions required surgery.Sclerotherapy,embolization,and other treatments have also been proven effective.Conclusions:KTS involving the digestive tract is a rare disease,commonly characterized by abdominal pain and gastrointestinal bleeding,which can be misdiagnosed as hemorrhoids.Abdominal CT or endoscopy may present specific features.Treatment mainly focuses on symptomatic management,with a subset of patients requiring surgical or interventional procedures.

Objective To investigate the preparation of influenza virus vaccine without thimerosal for children dose and its sta-bility .Methods H1N1 ,H3N2 ,B-type influenza virus were inoculated into allantoic fluid to prepare three batches of influenza virus vaccine without thimerosal for children dose and the vaccine stability test was performed .Single radial immunodiffusion(SRID) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) were used to detect the concentration of hemagglutinin and egg albumin .Total protein concentration ,appearance ,sterility test ,endotoxin ,free formaldehyde and the pH value of vaccine were also measured .Results The pH value of vaccine was 7 .2 ,with total protein concentration of 182-189 mg/mL .Hemagglutinin concentrations of H1N1 ,H3N2 and B-type influenza virus decreased when they had been placed in 2-8 ℃ for 3 ,6 ,9 ,12 ,18 months or (37 .0 ± 2 .0) ℃ for 7 ,14 days ,however ,they maintained at 6 .0 μg/0 .25 mL or more at last .Conclusion Influenza virus vaccine without thimerosal for chil-dren dose shows improved safty and is accord with the standard of Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2010 edition) .

Objective To clarify the position,figure and connections with adjacencies in the pallial thickening(Pth),and provide essential parameters for its function study. Methods The coronal serial sections of 60?m thickness in gekko gecko brain were made by cryo-microtome,and Nissl staining was used.Pictures were taken in each coronal section containing the Pth and the size of Pth in each section was measured.One of them was chosen for the three-dimensional reconstruction.3D MAX was used as the tool software to rebuild the nucleus. Results 1.The Pth was located in the rostral part of the telencephalon,the lateral part of anterior dorsal ventricular ridge,the medial part of the lateral cortex and the ventral part of the dorsal cortex.The length of Pth from the rostral to the caudal end was(912.67?110.96)?m(n=10),the cubage of Pth was about(0.1430?0.0414)?m~3(n=10).2.The Pth could be divided into four segments,the anterior,the middle,the posterior and the terminal segments from the rostral to the caudal end.In the posterior segment,its dorsoventral axis was the longest,and could be divided into two parts: the dorsal and the ventral parts.The boundary of the two parts was clear.Conclusion The Pth is a long,narrow and flat structure;its rostrocaudal axis is longer than its dorsoventral axis,and its dorsal edge is smoother than its ventral edge.In the Pth,its caudal region is larger than its rostral region,and the posterior segment in the caudal region is divided into the dorsal and the ventral cell populations.