Objective To explore the effects of exosomes loaded with ginsenoside Rh2 on the biological functions of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Methods Both Huh7 and PLC/PRF/5 cell were equally divided into control group, exosome group (Exos group), drug group (G-Rh2 group), and exosomes-loaded-with-ginsenoside Rh2 group (Exos@G-Rh2 group). The effects of each group on the viability, clonogenic ability, migration ability, invasion ability, and apoptotic level of hepatocellular carcinoma cells were detected through CCK-8 assay, colony formation assay, cell scratch assay, Transwell assay, and flow cytometry. Results Compared with the control group, the Exos@G-Rh2 group and G-Rh2 group showed significantly decreased cell viability, clonogenic ability, and migration and invasion capabilities, along with a markedly increased cell apoptosis rate (P<0.05). These changes were more pronounced in the Exos@G-Rh2 group than in the G-Rh2 group (P<0.05). Conclusion Exos@G-Rh2 can effectively inhibit the viability and clonogenic, migration, and invasion abilities of liver cancer cells and induce cell apoptosis. This effect is stronger than that of free G-Rh2 at the same concentration.

Objective: To explore the association between mental health and muscle strength among Chinese adolescents aged 13- 18, providing a theoretical foundation and intervention strategies for mental health promotion. Methods: Data were obtained from the 2019 Chinese National Survey on Students Constitution and Health, including 98 631 Chinese adolescents aged 13- 18. Psychological distress was assessed by using the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10), and mental well being was measured with the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well being Scale (WEMWBS). Based on the gender and age specific Z scores of various test items [grip strength, standing long jump, pull ups (for males), and sit ups (for females)], muscle strength index (MSI) was constructed to evaluate the comprehensive level of muscle strength in adolescents. According to the Dual factor Model (DFM) of mental health, participants were categorized into four groups:troubled, symptomatic but content, vulnerable, and complete mental health. Gender differences were analyzed by using Chi-square tests, trends were tested with Cochran-Armitage tests, and multinomial Logistic regression models were applied to assess associations between muscle strength and mental health among adolescents. Results: In 2019, 37.4% of Chinese adolescents aged 13-18 were reported of high mental distress, and 59.9% were reported of low mental well being. Boys had significantly lower rates of high mental distress (35.3%) and low mental well being (55.6%) compared to girls (39.4%, 64.3%), and the differences were of statistical significance ( χ 2=176.13, 780.42, both P <0.05). In 2019, the rate of complete mental health among adolescents showed a downward trend with increasing age ( χ 2 trend = 258.47) and a gradual upward trend with increasing muscle strength levels ( χ 2 trend =123.14)，and both boys and girls exhibited similar trends ( χ 2 trend =103.83, 168.46; 57.00 , 67.34) (all P <0.05). The results of the unordered multiclass Logistic regression model showed that after controlling for confounding factors such as age and gender, when the completely pathological group as a reference, for every 1 unit increase in MSI in adolescents, the likelihood of being in a completely mental health state increased by 29% ( OR = 1.29); for every unit increase in the Z-score for pull ups, the likelihood of being in a completely mental health state increased by 6% ( OR =1.06) among boys; for every 1 unit increase in sit up Z score, the likelihood of being in a completely mental health state increased by 19% ( OR =1.19) among girls (all P <0.05). Conclusions The mental health status of Chinese adolescents is not good enough. Muscle strength is positively associated with mental health.

Objective: To systematically review the development and changes in mental health policies within the National Outline for Children s Development in China from 1992 to 2030, providing a reference basis for future formulation of mental health policies among children and adolescent in China. Methods: Based on the four editions of the National Outline for Children s Development in China across different periods from 1992 to 2030, word frequency analysis was used to reveal shifts in policy priorities, and an internationally recognized framework for adolescent health policy analysis was applied to conduct a textual review. Results: Word frequency analysis revealed that the term "psychological" appeared 6 times in the National Outline for Children s Development in China (2001-2010) but increased to 20 times in the National Outline for Children s Development in China (2021-2030) (abbreviated as the National Outline of 2021), while the term "health" rose from 4 times in the National Outline for Children s Development Plan in China in the 1990s to 68 times in the National Outline of 2021. The scope of mental health policy interventions expanded to encompass five key areas:health, safety, education, welfare and legal protection. Textual analysis highlighted that the policies of the National Outline for Children s Development in China were demand driven, prioritized vulnerable groups and continuously broadened their coverage, emphasizing sustainability and appropriateness, and monitoring/evaluation mechanisms. By 2023, 42.3% of primary schools and 64.8% of secondary schools employed full time mental health education teachers. However, the National Outline for Children s Development in China lacked direct evidence of children and adolescents participation in policy formulation, and publicly available mental health data disaggregated by age and gender remained limited. Conclusion Mental health policies of children and adolescents in China have evolved from nonexistence to gradual refinement, yet institutionalized channels for youth involvement in policy development and evaluation remain insufficient, and transparency in age and gender specific mental health data needs improvement.

Objective: To apply network analysis for exploring the relationship of maltreatment experiences and peer relationships with school bullying among middle school students, so as to provide empirical evidences for the development of targeted intervention programs. Methods: From March to April 2024, a total of 2 119 middle school students aged 12-18 in Shantou City were selected through stratified cluster random sampling. Self administered questionnaire was used to collect data on bullying experiences, maltreatment, and peer relationships. The Glasso network model was employed to estimate network structure. Results: The strongest edge in the network of maltreatment experiences, peer relationships and school bullying was the connecting line connecting peer acceptance and peer terrorized low self esteem (edge weight=0.59) among middle school students. The network faked fraudulent victimization was the most central node in the whole network (strength=7.98). The bridge symptoms of the network were sexual abuse, property bullying of others, relational bullying victimization, and verbal bullying of others, with the strongest bridge node being sexual abuse (bridge strength=1.07). In the accuracy estimation of centrality indices, closeness centrality demonstrated the highest accuracy, followed by strength and betweenness, with coefficient of stability of 0.60, 0.44 and 0.21, respectively. The stability of the network was good. Conclusion Peer acceptance has the strongest correlation with peer fear and inferiority, and is closely related to emotional abuse and emotional neglect.

Cancer immunotherapy is currently a very promising therapeutic strategy for treating tumors. However, its effectiveness is restricted by insufficient antigenicity and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (ITME). Pyroptosis, a unique form of programmed cell death (PCD), causes cells to swell and rupture, releasing pro-inflammatory factors that can enhance immunogenicity and remodel the ITME. Nanomaterials, with their distinct advantages and different techniques, are increasingly popular, and nanomaterial-based delivery systems demonstrate significant potential to potentiate, enable, and augment pyroptosis. This review summarizes and discusses the emerging field of nanomaterials-induced pyroptosis, focusing on the mechanisms of nanomaterials-induced pyroptosis pathways and strategies to activate or enhance specific pyroptosis. Additionally, we provide perspectives on the development of this field, aiming to accelerate its further clinical transition.

Objective:To describe the current distribution of daily physical activity time among ele-mentary and junior high school students in Beijing,and to analyze the influencing factors and pathways at the individual,family,school and community levels.Methods:Data were drawn upon from a cross-sectional investigation in Beijing in 2023,and a total of 3 157 elementary and junior high school students were included in the final analysis.Questionnaire was used to collect data on basic characteristics,over-all and in-school physical activity time per day,the number of sports mastered,perceived physical activi-ty benefits and barriers scales,perceived family,school,and community physical activity supportive en-vironment scales.Log-binomial regression model was used to analyze the associations between physical activity time and influencing factors,and structural equation modeling was used for the path analysis of the influencing factors.Results:The reported rates of ≥ 2 hours of overall physical activity per day and≥1 hour of physical activity in school per day among elementary and junior high school students in Beijing in 2023 were 33.1％and 64.8％,respectively.The associations between the number of sports mastered by students and the reported rate of ≥2 hours of overall physical activity per day showed a typical dose-response relationship(P-trend＜0.001).The perceived physical activity benefits-to-barriers ratio(PR=1.24,95％CI:1.20-1.28),scores of perceived family,school,and community physical acti-vity supportive environment scales were all positively associated with the reported rate of≥2 hours of overall physical activity per day(PR=1.51,95％CI:1.38-1.66;PR=1.50,95％CI:1.37-1.64;PR=1.21,95％CI:1.16-1.27).The structural equation modeling showed that the number of sports mastered by the students(β=0.11,P＜0.001),perceived physical activity benefits-to-barriers ratios(β=0.15,P＜0.001),and scores of supportive environment scales consisting of family,school,and community(β=0.13,P＜0.001)were associated with the reported rates of ≥2 hours of overall physi-cal activity per day directly.In addition,the scores of supportive environment scales could indirectly in-fluence the reported rates of ≥2 hours of overall physical activity per day by influencing the number of sports mastered by the students(β=0.21,P＜0.001)and the perceived physical activity benefits-to-barriers ratio(β=0.56,P＜0.001),while the number of sports mastered by the students could indi-rectly influence the reported rates of ≥2 hours of overall physical activity per day by influencing the per-ceived physical activity benefits-to-barriers ratios(β=0.05,P=0.003).The influencing factors and pathways of the reported rates of ≥ 1 hour of physical activity in school per day were similar with those of the reported rates of ≥2 hours of overall physical activity per day described above.Conclusion:The dai-ly physical activity time among elementary and junior high school students in Beijing in 2023 fell short of meeting the national requirement.There was a need to build a supportive environment consisting of fami-ly,school,and community for physical activity,to promote the students'sports skills,to establish the idea of independent physical activity,and to ensure that primary and secondary school students were given one hour of physical activity time every day,both inside and outside the school.

Objective To observe the effect of Buyang Huanwu Decoction on hippocampal tissue structure and blood perfusion in rats with focal cerebral ischemia using multi-modal MRI;To analyze the mechanism of Buyang Huanwu Decoction on hippocampal neuroplasticity combined with the expression changes of neuroplasticity proteins and glucose metabolism related transporters.Methods Focal cerebral ischemia rat model induced by right middle cerebral artery occlusion were established.The rats were divided into sham-operation group,sham-operation+Buyang Huanwu Decoction group,model group and model+Buyang Huanwu Decoction group.The rats in the sham-operation group and model group were given normal saline for 30 days,and those in the sham-operation+Buyang Huanwu Decoction group and model+Buyang Huanwu Decoction group were given Buyang Huanwu Decoction for 30 days.T2 mapping imaging was used to detect the changes in hippocampal tissue structure,the changes of cerebral blood perfusion in hippocampus were detected by arterial spin labeling imaging,Western blot was used to detect the protein expressions of SYN,GAP-43,glucose transporters and MCT.Results Compared with the sham-operation group,the T2 relaxation time of the right and left hippocampus in the model group rats significantly increased(P<0.01,P<0.001),the blood flow in the right hippocampus was significantly reduced(P<0.05),the protein expressions of SYN,GAP-43,MCT4 and MCT2 in the right hippocampus were significantly decreased(P<0.01,P<0.001),the protein expressions of GLUT1 and GLUT3 in bilateral hippocappal tissue significantly decreased(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.001).Compared with the model group,the T2 relaxation time in the right hippocampus of rats in model+Buyang Huanwu Decoction group was significantly reduced(P<0.05),the blood flow in the right hippocampus significantly increased(P<0.05),the protein expressions of SYN,GAP-43,GLUT1 and GLUT3 in bilateral hippocampal tissues significantly increased(P<0.01,P<0.001),and the protein expressions of MCT4 and MCT2 in right hippocampal tissue significantly increased(P<0.01,P<0.001).Conclusion Buyang Huanwu Decoction can alleviate hippocampal injury in rats with focal cerebral ischemia,which may be related to improving blood perfusion,up-regulating neuroplasticity-related proteins,promoting hippocampal axon regeneration and synaptic remodeling,regulating energy metabolism of nerve cells.

Objective:To establish an automatic potentiometric method for determination of fluoride in urine.Methods:The fluorine level in human urine was determined by an automatic potentiometric titrator. Methodological experimental analysis of the linear range, detection limit, precision, and accuracy (quality control sample testing and actual sample spiking recovery experiment) of the method were carried out. The determination results of 33 urine samples were compared with those of the national health industry standard Determination of Fluoride in Urine - Ion Selective Electrode Method (WS/T 89-2015).Results:The linear range of the standard curve of urine fluoride in the automatic potentiometric determination method was 0.1 - 10.0 mg/L. The range of linear correlation coefficient ( r) was 0.999 6 to 0.999 9. The minimum detection limit of urine fluoride was 0.01 mg/L (sampling volume was 10.0 ml). The relative standard deviation ( RSD) range for precision experiments was 0.00% to 3.45%. The quality control samples of the national urine fluoride external quality control assessment in 2022 were determined, and the results were within the range of the consensus value. The spiked recovery experiment was carried out, the recovery rate ranged from 100.0% to 104.4%, with a total average recovery rate of 102.1%. The method comparison experiment showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the test results of automatic potentiometric method and the standard method recommended by the national urine fluoride health industry ( t = - 0.90, P = 0.375). Conclusions:A method has been successfully established, achieving automation of the reagent addition and detection process of urine fluoride samples after sampling. It has the characteristics of wide linear range, low detection limit, good precision, and high accuracy, and is suitable for rapid and automatic determination fluoride level of large quantities of urine samples.

Red blood cells(RBCs)are the primary mediators of oxygen transport in the human body,and their function is mainly achieved through conformational changes of hemoglobin(Hb).Hb is a tetramer composed of four subunits,with HbA being the predominant Hb in healthy adults,existing in two forms:tense state(T state)and relaxed state(R state).Endogenous regulators of Hb conformation include 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid,carbon dioxide,protons,and chloride ions,while exogenous regulators include inositol hexaphosphate,inositol tripyrophosphate,benzabate,urea derivative L35,and vanillin,each with different mechanisms of action.The application of Hb conformational regulators provides new insights into the study of hypoxia oxygen supply issues and the treatment of sickle cell disease.

Temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis(TMJOA)is characterized by progressive cartilage degeneration,subchondral bone remodeling,chronic inflammation in the synovial tissue and osteophyte formation.Chondrocyte apoptosis is one of the main factors of cartilage degeneration.Prevention and treatment of TMJOA can be achieved by inhibiting premature or excessive chondrocyte apoptosis.Primary cilia protruding from the surface of chondrocytes can sense mechanical stimulation and induce chondrocyte differentiation.Stud-ying the role of primary cilia in TMJOA will help us understand the pathogenesis of TMJOA and construct a reasonable and effective treatment strategy.