BACKGROUND:The repair process of myocardial injury involves complex cellular and molecular mechanisms,especially mitochondrial calcium homeostasis,macrophage autophagy and pyroptosis pathways.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has shown significant clinical efficacy in improving myocardial injury,but its mechanism of action needs to be thoroughly investigated. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the role of mitochondrial calcium homeostasis-mediated macrophage autophagy and pyroptosis pathways in myocardial injury,and to summarize the progress of TCM in this field. METHODS:A computerized search was performed for relevant literature from the database inception to March 2024 in the Web of Science,PubMed and CNKI.The search terms were"mitochondrial calcium homeostasis,macrophage autophagy,macrophage pyroptosis,traditional Chinese medicine,myocardial injury,myocardial injury reperfusion"in Chinese and English.Through literature review,we analyzed the relationship between mitochondrial calcium homeostasis and macrophage autophagy and pyroptosis,explored the mechanism of their roles in myocardial injury,and summarized the pathways of multi-targeted,multi-pathway effects of TCM. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The maintenance of mitochondrial calcium homeostasis has been found to be closely related to the normal function of cardiomyocytes.Macrophages can participate in the repair process of myocardial injury through autophagy and pyroptosis pathways.Autophagy contributes to cell clearance and regulation of inflammatory response,while pyroptosis affects myocardial repair by releasing inflammatory factors.TCM regulates mitochondrial calcium homeostasis and macrophage function through multiple mechanisms.For example,astragalosid regulates calcium homeostasis by lowering mitochondrial membrane potential and inhibiting cytochrome C,and epimedium glycoside plays a role in reducing β-amyloid deposition.In addition,herbal compounds and single drugs promote myocardial repair by activating or inhibiting specific signaling pathways,such as PI3K/AKT and nuclear factor-κB signaling pathways.Future studies should focus on the interactions between mitochondrial calcium homeostasis,autophagy and pyroptosis pathways,as well as how TCM can exert therapeutic effects through these pathways to provide new strategies and drugs for the treatment of myocardial injury.

Objective: To explore the current status and influencing factors of eating behaviors in adolescents, so as to provide a theoretical foundation for health promotion education among adolescents. Methods: Based on the database from Survey of Chinese Family Health Index (2021), by a random number table method, 1 065 teenagers were selected from the provincial capitals of 22 provinces and 5 autonomous regions in China, as well as 4 municipalities directly under the central government. A general characteristic questionnaire, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Short Form of the Family Health Scale (FHS-SF), 10-item Short Version of the Big Five Personality(BFP-10), Content-based Media Exposure Scale (CM-E) and Sakata Eating Behavior Scale Short Form(EBS-SF) were used to collect information. Multivariate stepwise linear regression analysis was employed to identify and analyze related factors of eating behaviors among adolescents. Receiver operating characteristic was used to validate the predictive ability of the EBS-SF score for overweight and obesity among adolescents. Results: The average scores of BFI-10,C-ME, FHS-SF, PHQ-9 and EBS-SF were (33.08±4.64)(19.20±4.55)(38.48±6.65)(6.09±5.63)(16.75±4.36), respectively. Multivariate linear regression showed that family type (other types), agreeableness, conscientiousness, family health and depression were the main related factors of EBS-SF scores among adolescents( B =2.61,-0.42,0.20,-0.11,0.23, P <0.05).The analysis of receiver operating characteristic curve showed that the EBS-SF scores had a good ability in predicting obesity among male adolescents ( AUC= 0.73, P <0.01). Conclusions Family type, big five personality, family health,depression are the related factors of eating behaviors among adolescents. EBS-SF scores are predictive of obesity in adolescents, which would provide a new perspective for promoting healthy eating habits among adolescents.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the role of ferroptosis in diquat-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) and its molecular mechanisms. METHODS: Transgenic zebrafish models with Tg (Eco.Tshb:EGFP) labeling of the renal tubules and Tg (lyz:dsRed2) labeling of the neutrophils were both divided into control group, gentamicin (positive control) group, diquat poisoning group, ferroptosis inhibitor group. The indicators of kidney injury, inflammatory response, and ferroptosis were examined in the zebrafish, and the changes in expressions of voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 (VDAC1) and mitochondrial ferritin (FTMT) were detected using Western blotting. RESULTS: AKI induced by diquat exhibited a significant dose-effect relationship, and the severity of injury was proportional to the exposure concentration. Diquat also caused marked oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in the zebrafish models. Rhodamine metabolism assay and HE staining revealed significantly declined glomerular filtration function of the zebrafish as diquat exposure concentration increased. Immunofluorescence staining highlighted significant changes in the expressions of ferroptosis markers GPX4 and FTH1 in zebrafish renal tissues following diquat exposure. In diquat-exposed zebrafish, treatment with ferrostatin-1, a ferroptosis inhibitor, obviously upregulated GPX4 and downregulated FTH1 expressions and improved the metabolic rate of glucan labeled with rhodamine B. Diquat exposure significantly upregulated the expression of VDAC1 and FTMT in zebrafish, and the application of ferrostatin-1 and VBIT-12 (a VDAC1 inhibitor) both caused pronounced downregulation of FTMT expression. CONCLUSIONS Ferroptosis is a critical mechanism underlying diquat-induced AKI, in which VDAC1 and FTMT play important regulatory roles, suggesting their potential as therapeutic target for AKI caused by diquat.
Animals ; Zebrafish ; Ferroptosis/drug effects* ; Acute Kidney Injury/chemically induced* ; Diquat/toxicity* ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Voltage-Dependent Anion Channel 1/metabolism* ; Ferritins/metabolism* ; Oxidative Stress

Osteoporosis is a prevalent skeletal condition characterized by reduced bone mass and strength, leading to increased fragility. Buqi-Tongluo (BQTL) decoction, a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription, has yet to be fully evaluated for its potential in treating bone diseases such as osteoporosis. To investigate the mechanism by which BQTL decoction inhibits osteoclast differentiation in vitro and validate these findings through in vivo experiments. We employed MTS assays to assess the potential proliferative or toxic effects of BQTL on bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) at various concentrations. TRAcP experiments were conducted to examine BQTL's impact on osteoclast differentiation. RT-PCR and Western blot analyses were utilized to evaluate the relative expression levels of osteoclast-specific genes and proteins under BQTL stimulation. Finally, in vivo experiments were performed using an osteoporosis model to further validate the in vitro findings. This study revealed that BQTL suppressed receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast resorption activity in vitro in a dose-dependent manner without observable cytotoxicity. The inhibitory effects of BQTL on osteoclast formation and function were attributed to the downregulation of NFATc1 and c-fos activity, primarily through attenuation of the MAPK, NF-κB, and Calcineurin signaling pathways. BQTL's inhibitory capacity was further examined in vivo using an ovariectomized (OVX) rat model, demonstrating a strong protective effect against bone loss. BQTL may serve as an effective therapeutic TCM for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis and the alleviation of bone loss induced by estrogen deficiency and related conditions.
Animals ; NFATC Transcription Factors/genetics* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology* ; Ovariectomy ; Osteoclasts/metabolism* ; Female ; Osteogenesis/drug effects* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Rats ; NF-kappa B/genetics* ; Osteoporosis/genetics* ; Signal Transduction/drug effects* ; Bone Resorption/genetics* ; Cell Differentiation/drug effects* ; Humans ; RANK Ligand/metabolism* ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/genetics* ; Transcription Factors

Objective: To investigate the second-hand smoke behavior at home among smokers, so as to provide the reference for developing home tobacco control strategies. Methods: Permanent residents who were smokers and at the ages of 15 years and above were sampled from 10 streets (townships) in Xuhui District, Shanghai Municipality using the multi-stage random sampling and population-size proportional sampling methods in 2022. Demographic information, smoking status, awareness of second-hand smoke hazards and second-hand smoke behavior at home were collected by questionnaire surveys. Factors affecting second-hand smoke behavior at home were identified using a multivariable logistic regression model. Results: A total of 1 024 smokers were surveyed, including 769 males (75.10%) and 255 females (24.90%). The awareness of hazards of second-hand smoke was 33.59%; the awareness rate of second-hand smoke causing lung cancer in adults was the highest at 76.76%, while the awareness rate of second-hand smoke leading to premature birth and low birth weight in newborns was the lowest at 39.45%. There were 459 smokers with second-hand smoke behavior at home, accounting for 44.82%. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that occupation (the retired, OR=2.320, 95%CI: 1.276-4.218), frequency of smoking (often, OR=5.722, 95%CI: 3.977-8.231), smoking duration (a year and above, OR=10.089, 95%CI: 5.508-18.480), electronic cigarette use (occasionally, OR=2.994, 95%CI: 1.283-6.986), living with pregnant women or infants (no, OR=2.171, 95%CI: 1.367-3.448), family indoor smoking restrictions (no restriction, OR=13.926, 95%CI: 7.538-25.727) and awareness of second-hand smoke hazards (unknown, OR=1.562, 95%CI: 1.067-2.287) were the influencing factors for second-hand smoke behavior at home. Conclusion There were 44.82% smokers in Xuhui District with second-hand smoke behavior at home, which was influenced by occupation, living situation, smoking status, family indoor smoking restriction and awareness of second-hand smoke hazards.

Objective:To discuss the effect of azathioprine(AZA)on ferroptosis in spermatocytes of the mice induced by reduced glutathione(GSH)peroxidase 4 inhibitor RSL3,and to clarify the potential mechanism.Methods:The spermatogonia GC-2 cells of the mice were randomly divided into control group(no treatment),RSL3 group(treated with 10 nmol·L-1 RSL3 for 24 h),RSL3+ferroptosis inhibitor(Ferrostatin-1,Fer-1)group(treated with 10 nmol·L-1 RSL3 for 24 h+2 μmol·L-1 Fer-1 for 12 h),RSL3+low dose of AZA group(treated with 10 nmol·L-1 RSL3 for 24 h+5 μmol·L-1 AZA for 12 h),RSL3+medium dose of AZA group(treated with 10 nmol·L-1 RSL3 for 24 h+10 μmol·L-1 AZA for 12 h),and RSL3+high dose of AZA group(treated with 10 nmol L-1 RSL3 for 24 h+20 μmol·L-1 AZA for 12 h).The MTT method was used to detect the activities of the GC-2 cells in various groups after treated with different concentrations of AZA and RSL3;the GSH and GSSG levels in the GC-2 cells were detected by GSH and oxidized glutathione(GSSG)detection kits;the malondialdehyde(MDA)levels in the GC-2 cells in various groups were detected by MDA detection kit;Western blotting method was used to detect the expression levels of long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 4(ACSL4),heme oxygenase-1(HO-1),and glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4)proteins in the cells in various groups;immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the expressions of ACSL4 protein in the cells in various groups.Results:Compared with control group,the differences in activities of the GC-2 cells in 5,10,and 20 μmol·L-1 AZA groups had no significant differences(P＞0.05),while the activities of the GC-2 cells in 30 and 40 μmol·L-1 AZA groups were significantly decreased(P＜0.01);therefore,the AZA concentration was selected to be within 20 μmol·L-1.Compared with control group,the differences of the activities of the GC-2 cells in 1,5,and 10 nmol·L-1 RSL3 groups had no significant differences(P＞0.05),while the activities of the GC-2 cells in 50,100,500,and 1 000 nmol·L-1 RSL3 groups were significantly decreased(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01);therefore,the RSL3 concentration was set to be within 10 nmol·L-1.The GSH and MDA detection kits results showed that compared with control group,the levels of GSSG and MDA in the GC-2 cells in RSL3 group were significantly increased(P＜0.05),while the GSH levels were significantly decreased(P＜0.05);compared with RSL3 group,the levels of GSSG and MDA in the GC-2 cells in RSL3+Fer-1 group and RSL3+AZA group were significantly decreased(P＜0.01),while the GSH levels were significantly increased(P＜0.01).The Western blotting results showed that compared with control group,the expression levels of ACSL4 and HO-1 proteins in the GC-2 cells in RSL3 group were significantly increased(P＜0.05),while the expression level of GPX4 protein was significantly decreased(P＜0.01);compared with RSL3 group,the expression levels of GPX4 protein in the GC-2 cells in RSL3+Fer-1 group and RSL3+AZA group were significantly increased(P＜0.05),while the expression levels of ACSL4 and HO-1 proteins were significantly decreased(P＜0.01).The immunofluorescence staining results showed that compared with control group,the expression amount of ACSL4 protein in the GC-2 cells in RSL3 group was significantly increased,and compared with RSL3 group,the expression amounts of ACSL4 protein in the cells in RSL3+Fer-1 group and RSL3+AZA group were significantly decreased.Conclusion:AZA can alleviate the ferroptosis-induced by RSL3 in spermatocytes of the mice.

Objective To explore the value of artificial intelligence federated learning system based on chest X-ray films for pathogen diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia(CAP)in children.Methods Totally 900 cases of CAP children from 2 hospitals were retrospectively enrolled,including bacterial,viral and mycoplasma CAP(each n=300),and chest posteroanterior X-ray films were collected.Meanwhile,chest posteroanterior X-ray films of 5856 children from the publicly available dataset GWCMCx were collected,including 4273 CAP images and 1583 healthy chest images.All above 6756 images were divided into training set(n=5359)and validation set(n=1397)at the ratio of 8∶2.Then a pathogen diagnosis model of children CAP was established based on attention mechanism.Binary and ternary diagnostic algorithms were designed,and federated deployment training was performed.The efficacy of this system for pathogen diagnosis of children CAP was analyzed and compared with DenseNet model.Results Based on all data,the accuracy of the obtained artificial intelligence federated learning system model for diagnosing children CAP was 97.00%,with the area under the curve(AUC)of 0.990.Based on hospital data,the AUC of this system using single imaging data and clinical-imaging data for pathogen diagnosis of children CAP was 0.858 and 0.836,respectively,both better than that of DenseNet model(0.740,both P＜0.05).Conclusion The artificial intelligence federated learning system based on chest X-ray films could be used for pathogen diagnosis of children CAP.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects and molecular mechanism of ursolic acid on the proliferation and apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells. MethodThe proliferation inhibition rate of human colorectal cancer RKO cells treated with different concentrations of ursolic acid （0， 5， 10， 15， 20， 25， 30 μmol·L^-1） was detected by cell counting kit-8 （CCK-8）， and the half maximal inhibitory concentration （IC₅₀） at 24 h and 48 h was calculated. According to the IC₅₀ of RKO cells treated with ursolic acid for 24 h， two concentrations were selected for subsequent experiments. The colony formation assay was used to detect the proliferation ability of the cells and flow cytometry was used to detect the apoptosis rate and cell cycle arrest after treatment of RKO cells with ursolic acid. After treatment of RKO cells with ursolic acid for 24 hours， the expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 （Bcl-2）-associated X protein （Bax） in RKO cells， Bcl-2 in Raji cells， PMA responsive gene in T lymphocyte （Noxa）， cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A （p21）， cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B （p27）， cyclin-dependent kinase 4 （CDK4）， protein kinase B （Akt）， phosphorylated Akt （p-Akt）， forkhead transcription factor O3a （FoxO3a）， and phosphorylated FoxO3a （p-FoxO3a） was determined by Western blot. ResultCompared with the blank group， the ursolic acid groups could inhibit the viability of RKO cells （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and the colony formation rates of RKO cells in the ursolic acid groups were reduced （P<0.05， P<0.01） in a concentration-dependent manner. The cells in the ursolic acid group （20 μmol·L^-1） experienced cell cycle arrest， which increased in the early stage of synthesis， ie， the G₀/G₁ phase （P<0.05） as compared with the results in the blank group. Compared with the blank group， the ursolic acid groups （15 and 20 μmol·L^-1） showed increased protein expression of p21 and p27， decreased expression of CDK4 protein （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and increased apoptosis rate， and the ursolic acid group （20 μmol·L^-1） showed increased protein expression of Bax and Noxa and decreased expression of Bcl-2 （P<0.05， P<0.01）. In terms of mechanism， compared with the blank group， the ursolic acid group （20 μmol·L^-1） down-regulated the expression of p-Akt protein and up-regulated the expression of p-FoxO3a （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and there was no significant change in the total protein of Akt and FoxO3a. ConclusionUrsolic acid can effectively inhibit the proliferation of colorectal cancer RKO cells and promote cell apoptosis， which may be related to the Akt/FoxO pathway.

【Objective】 To estimate the prevalence, associated factors and patterns of multimorbidity of non-communicable diseases among adults in Shaanxi Province so as to provide evidence for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases. 【Methods】 We used the data of adults aged 18 years and older collected in the baseline survey of Shaanxi Project in the Regional Ethnic Cohort Study in Northwest China. Multinomial logistic regression was used to explore the associated factors for multimorbidity. Exploratory factor analysis was used to extract patterns of multimorbidity. 【Results】 The prevalence of multimorbidity was 10.7% among the 44 442 participants. Age increase, being males, urban residence, and being overweight or obesity were positively associated with multimorbidity. Compared with women, men had a higher risk of multimorbidity. The OR and 95% CI was 1.25 (1.12-1.39). The risk of multimorbidity increased with age among adults. Compared with participants aged 18.0-34.9 years, the ORs and 95% CIs of those aged 35.0-44.9, 45.0-54.9, 55.0-64.9, and ≥65.0 years were 4.73 (3.47-6.46), 15.61 (11.60-21.00), 41.39 (30.76-55.70) and 90.04 (66.58-121.77), respectively. The primary multimorbidity patterns among adults in Shaanxi were cardiovascular-metabolic multimorbidity (5.4%), viscero-articular multimorbidity (1.0%), and respiratory multimorbidity (0.3%). 【Conclusion】 More than one in ten adults in Shaanxi Province had multimorbidity, and the predominant pattern of multimorbidity was cardiovascular-metabolic multimorbidity. The prevention and control of non-communicable diseases should be reinforced in middle-aged and older people, males, people living in the urban, and overweight or obese people. More attention should be paid to the prevention and control of cardiovascular-metabolic diseases.

A reversed phase HPLC method for determination of hydroxylsafflower yellow A in safflower W/O cream was established. The column was Zorbax Eclipse C18 column(4. 6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm), and the mobile phase was composed of methanol, acetonitrile and 0. 02% phosphoric acid solution(26 ∶2〓 ∶72). The flow rate of mobile phase was set at 1. 0 mL/min, and the column temperature was kept at 55 °C. The detection wavelength was 403 nm. Safflower W/O cream was successively demulsified with methanol at high temperature and followed by the addition of purified water for the extraction. The results showed that the excipients did not interfere with the chromatographic peak of hydroxylsafflower yellow A. Hydroxylsafflower yellow A presented a good linear relationship in the range of 1. 236- 12. 36 μg/mL(y=156. 17x+1. 198 3, r=0. 999 5), and the detection limit was 23. 6 ng/mL with the quantitative limit of 118 ng/mL. The percentage of extracting recovery was in the range of 99. 7% to 103. 3%. The precision RSD was 0. 12%(n=6), and the sample stability was acceptable when being stored at room temperature for 24 h. The developed method in this study was simple, rapid, accurate and reproducible, and can be used for the determination of hydroxylsafflower yellow A in safflower W/O cream.