Objective: To compare the biological characteristics of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived platelet exosomes (hiPSC-Plt-Exos) with those of conventional apheresis platelet exosomes (Plt-Exos), specifically focusing on their differential abilities to enhance the proliferation and migration of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs). Methods: Exosomes were isolated from hiPSC-derived Plt and apheresis Plt concentrate using size exclusion chromatography. These exosomes were then characterized through nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Western blotting. Co-culture experiments into hUC-MSCs were conducted with hiPSC-Plt-Exos and apheresis Plt-Exos, respectively. Their effects on the proliferation and migration of hUC-MSCs were assessed via cell proliferation assays and scratch tests. Results: hiPSC-Plt-Exos and apheresis Plt-Exos exhibited comparable particle sizes, morphological features (such as the characteristic cup-shaped structure), and surface markers (including CD9 and HSP70). Notably, hiPSC-Plt-Exos demonstrated a significantly greater ability to enhance the proliferation and migration of hUC-MSCs compared to apheresis Plt-Exos (P<0.05). These differences provide critical comparative data for their application in various clinical contexts. Conclusion: This study establishes a theoretical foundation for developing precise therapeutic strategies based on hiPSC-Plt-Exos. Furthermore, it underscores the necessity of selecting the appropriate type of exosomes according to the specific disease microenvironment to achieve optimal therapeutic outcomes.

Traditionally, platelets, which are anucleate cell fragments derived from blood cells, have been primarily associated with their pivotal functions in hemostasis and thrombosis. However, recent research has elucidated their significant role in immune regulation, highlighting their expression of various immune receptors, involvement in numerous immune-related signaling pathways, and activation of diverse effector functions. This paper elaborates on the fundamental biological characteristics and immune functions of platelets, the involvement of activated platelets in immune regulation, and their prospective applications in clinical therapy. Furthermore, the paper discusses future directions in platelet immune research, as well as the prospects and developmental trends in immunotherapy, aiming to furnish a thorough reference for the investigation and clinical utilization of platelets within the domain of immune regulation.

AIM: To prepare a nanodrug MMC-ATS-@PLGA using polylactic acid hydroxyacetic acid copolymer(PLGA)as a carrier and mitomycin C(MMC)loaded on PLGA, and to analyse the biological safety and treatment effect of this nanodrug on inhibiting the proliferation of filtering bleb scarring after glaucoma surgery in vivo.METHODS: The thin-film dispersion hydration ultrasonic method was used to prepare the MMC-ATS-@PLGA, and its physical and chemical properties were detected. The effect of MMC-ATS@PLGA on rabbit corneas was analysed through corneal fluorescence staining and HE staining, and tear film rupture time(BUT), Schirmer test and intraocular pressure data were collected to analyse ocular surface biosafety. A slit lamp was used to observe and calculate the filtration bubble size, and the tissue morphological changes were analysed by conjunctival HE staining. In addition, immunohistochemistry and Elisa were used to compare the anti-inflammatory effects of Flumiolone Eye Drops(FML), MMC, and MMC-ATS-@PLGA nanoparticles on inhibiting the formation of filtering bleb scarring after glaucoma surgery from multiple perspectives via comparative proteomic analysis.RESULTS: The average particle size and zeta potential of MMC-ATS-@PLGA were 128.78±2.54 nm and 36.49±4.25 mV, respectively, with an encapsulation efficiency and a drug loading rate of(78.49±2.75)% and(30.86±1.84)%, respectively. At 33°C(the ocular surface temperature), the cumulative release rate of the MMC-ATS-@PLGA nanoparticles reached(76.58±2.68)% after 600 min. Moreover, corneal fluorescence staining, HE, BUT, Schirmer, and intraocular pressure results showed that MMC-ATS-@PLGA had good biocompatibility with the ocular surface of rabbits. At 3 wk after surgery, the area of filtering blebs in the MMC-ATS-@PLGA group was significantly larger than that in the FML group and MMC group, and the filtering blebs in the control group had basically disappeared. Pathological tissue analysis of the conjunctiva in the filtering blebs area of the eyes of the rabbits revealed that compared with that in the normal group, the morphology of the collagen fibres in the MMC-ATS-@PLGA group was relatively regular, the fibres were arranged neatly, and the tissue morphology was similar to that of the normal group. Immunohistochemistry and Elisa confirmed that compared with those in the normal group, the expression levels of α-SMA, CTGF, and type Ⅲ collagen fibre antibodies were significantly increased in the control group. After FML, MMC, or MMC-ATS-@PLGA treatment for 3 wk, the expression of inflammatory factors gradually decreased. Among the groups, the MMC-ATS-@PLGA group showed the most significant decrease(P<0.05).CONCLUSION: This study successfully synthesized a nanomedicine(MMC-ATS-@PLGA)that inhibits scar proliferation after glaucoma filtration surgery. The drug had stable physicochemical properties, good biocompatibility, and better anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the expression of α-SMA, CTGF, and type Ⅲ collagen fibres, which can prevent the formation of scarring in the filtering blebs area, thereby improving the success rate of glaucoma filtering surgery.

Objective: To establish a novel classification system for predicting the risk of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) events in surgically-treated patients with kyphotic deformity. Methods: Patients with kyphotic deformity who underwent surgical correction of cervicothoracic, thoracic, or thoracolumbar kyphosis in our center from July 2005 to December 2020 were recruited. We proposed a classification system to describe the morphology of the spinal cord on T2-weighted sagittal magnetic resonance imaging: type A, circular/symmetric cord with visible cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) between the cord and vertebral body; type B, circular/oval/symmetric cord with no visible CSF between the cord and vertebral body; type C, spinal cord that is fattened/deformed by the vertebral body, with no visible CSF between the cord and vertebral body. Furthermore, based on type C, the spinal cord compression ratio (CR) < 50% was defined as the subtype C-, while the spinal cord CR ≥ 50% was defined as the subtype C+. IONM event was documented, and a comparative analysis was made to evaluate the prevalence of IONM events among patients with diverse spinal cord types. Results: A total of 294 patients were reviewed, including 73 in type A; 153 in type B; 53 in subtype C- and 15 in subtype C+. Lower extremity transcranial motor-evoked potentials and/or somatosensory evoked potentials were lost intraoperatively in 41 cases (13.9%), among which 4 patients with type C showed no return of spinal cord monitoring data. The 14 subtype C+ patients (93.3%) had IONM events. Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that patients with a type C spinal cord (subtype C-: odds ratio [OR], 10.390; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.215–48.735; p = 0.003; subtype C+, OR, 497.000; 95% CI, 42.126– 5,863.611; p < 0.001) are at significantly higher risk of a positive IONM event during deformity correction compared to those with a type A. In further multiple logistic regression analysis, the spinal cord classification (OR, 5.371; 95% CI, 2.966–9.727; p < 0.001) was confirmed as an independent risk factor for IONM events. Conclusion We presented a new spinal cord classification system based on the relative position of the spinal cord and vertebrae to predict the risk of IONM events in patients with kyphotic deformity. In patients with type C spinal cord, especially those in C+ cases, it is essential to be aware of potential IONM events, and adopt standard operating procedures to facilitate neurological recovery.

Objective:To investigate the effect of Hounsfield Units (HU) at the upper instrumented vertebra (UIV) on postoperative proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) after pelvic fixation with second sacral alar-iliac (S 2AI) screws in patients with degenerative spinal deformity. Methods:A total of 66 patients with degenerative spinal deformity who underwent pelvic fixation with S 2AI screws from August 2015 to April 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. The cohort included 4 males and 62 females, aged 61.9±7.3 years (range, 43-78 years), with a follow-up period of 18.4±14.3 months (range, 6-60 months). The prevalence of PJK was 26%. Patients were divided into two groups based on the occurrence of PJK during postoperative follow-up: the PJK group (17 cases) and the non-PJK group (49 cases). HU measurements were taken at the UIV, the vertebral body cephalad to the UIV (UIV+1), and the L 3 and L 4 vertebral bodies. The following sagittal radiographic parameters were measured: thoracic kyphosis (TK), lumbar lordosis (LL), sacral slope (SS), pelvic tilt (PT), pelvic incidence (PI), PI minus LL (PI-LL), and sagittal vertical axis (SVA) at preoperative, postoperative, and final follow-up. General information and HU values of the two groups were compared, and Pearson correlation analysis was performed on HU values, bone mineral density (BMD), and T scores. Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the risk factors for PJK. Results:The HU values of L 3 and L 4 were significantly positively correlated with the BMD and T scores respectively ( r=0.530, P<0.001; r=0.537, P<0.001). Age, gender, follow-up time, fixation levels, bone mineral density (BMD) and T-score were not significantly different between PJK and non-PJK group. The average HU values of UIV and UIV+1 in PJK group was 104.3±32.9, whlie the average HU values of UIV and UIV+1 in non-PJK group was 133.7±29.5. The difference of HU between the two groups was statistically significant ( t=3.441, P=0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that average HU values of UIV and UIV+1 [ OR=0.960, 95% CI(0.933, 0.987), P=0.004] and changes of lumbar lordosis [ OR=1.049, 95% CI(1.007, 1.092), P=0.023] were independent risk factors for PJK, with an optimal cutoff obtained by ROC that 106 for average HU values of UIV and UIV+1 and 22.5° for changes of LL. Conclusion:The average HU values of UIV and UIV+1 < 106 and changes of lumbar lordosis > 22.5° are independent risk factors for PJK after pelvic fixation with second sacralalar-iliac in patients with degenerative spinal deformity.

Objective: To establish a novel classification system for predicting the risk of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) events in surgically-treated patients with kyphotic deformity. Methods: Patients with kyphotic deformity who underwent surgical correction of cervicothoracic, thoracic, or thoracolumbar kyphosis in our center from July 2005 to December 2020 were recruited. We proposed a classification system to describe the morphology of the spinal cord on T2-weighted sagittal magnetic resonance imaging: type A, circular/symmetric cord with visible cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) between the cord and vertebral body; type B, circular/oval/symmetric cord with no visible CSF between the cord and vertebral body; type C, spinal cord that is fattened/deformed by the vertebral body, with no visible CSF between the cord and vertebral body. Furthermore, based on type C, the spinal cord compression ratio (CR) < 50% was defined as the subtype C-, while the spinal cord CR ≥ 50% was defined as the subtype C+. IONM event was documented, and a comparative analysis was made to evaluate the prevalence of IONM events among patients with diverse spinal cord types. Results: A total of 294 patients were reviewed, including 73 in type A; 153 in type B; 53 in subtype C- and 15 in subtype C+. Lower extremity transcranial motor-evoked potentials and/or somatosensory evoked potentials were lost intraoperatively in 41 cases (13.9%), among which 4 patients with type C showed no return of spinal cord monitoring data. The 14 subtype C+ patients (93.3%) had IONM events. Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that patients with a type C spinal cord (subtype C-: odds ratio [OR], 10.390; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.215–48.735; p = 0.003; subtype C+, OR, 497.000; 95% CI, 42.126– 5,863.611; p < 0.001) are at significantly higher risk of a positive IONM event during deformity correction compared to those with a type A. In further multiple logistic regression analysis, the spinal cord classification (OR, 5.371; 95% CI, 2.966–9.727; p < 0.001) was confirmed as an independent risk factor for IONM events. Conclusion We presented a new spinal cord classification system based on the relative position of the spinal cord and vertebrae to predict the risk of IONM events in patients with kyphotic deformity. In patients with type C spinal cord, especially those in C+ cases, it is essential to be aware of potential IONM events, and adopt standard operating procedures to facilitate neurological recovery.

Objective: To establish a novel classification system for predicting the risk of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) events in surgically-treated patients with kyphotic deformity. Methods: Patients with kyphotic deformity who underwent surgical correction of cervicothoracic, thoracic, or thoracolumbar kyphosis in our center from July 2005 to December 2020 were recruited. We proposed a classification system to describe the morphology of the spinal cord on T2-weighted sagittal magnetic resonance imaging: type A, circular/symmetric cord with visible cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) between the cord and vertebral body; type B, circular/oval/symmetric cord with no visible CSF between the cord and vertebral body; type C, spinal cord that is fattened/deformed by the vertebral body, with no visible CSF between the cord and vertebral body. Furthermore, based on type C, the spinal cord compression ratio (CR) < 50% was defined as the subtype C-, while the spinal cord CR ≥ 50% was defined as the subtype C+. IONM event was documented, and a comparative analysis was made to evaluate the prevalence of IONM events among patients with diverse spinal cord types. Results: A total of 294 patients were reviewed, including 73 in type A; 153 in type B; 53 in subtype C- and 15 in subtype C+. Lower extremity transcranial motor-evoked potentials and/or somatosensory evoked potentials were lost intraoperatively in 41 cases (13.9%), among which 4 patients with type C showed no return of spinal cord monitoring data. The 14 subtype C+ patients (93.3%) had IONM events. Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that patients with a type C spinal cord (subtype C-: odds ratio [OR], 10.390; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.215–48.735; p = 0.003; subtype C+, OR, 497.000; 95% CI, 42.126– 5,863.611; p < 0.001) are at significantly higher risk of a positive IONM event during deformity correction compared to those with a type A. In further multiple logistic regression analysis, the spinal cord classification (OR, 5.371; 95% CI, 2.966–9.727; p < 0.001) was confirmed as an independent risk factor for IONM events. Conclusion We presented a new spinal cord classification system based on the relative position of the spinal cord and vertebrae to predict the risk of IONM events in patients with kyphotic deformity. In patients with type C spinal cord, especially those in C+ cases, it is essential to be aware of potential IONM events, and adopt standard operating procedures to facilitate neurological recovery.

Objective: To establish a novel classification system for predicting the risk of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) events in surgically-treated patients with kyphotic deformity. Methods: Patients with kyphotic deformity who underwent surgical correction of cervicothoracic, thoracic, or thoracolumbar kyphosis in our center from July 2005 to December 2020 were recruited. We proposed a classification system to describe the morphology of the spinal cord on T2-weighted sagittal magnetic resonance imaging: type A, circular/symmetric cord with visible cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) between the cord and vertebral body; type B, circular/oval/symmetric cord with no visible CSF between the cord and vertebral body; type C, spinal cord that is fattened/deformed by the vertebral body, with no visible CSF between the cord and vertebral body. Furthermore, based on type C, the spinal cord compression ratio (CR) < 50% was defined as the subtype C-, while the spinal cord CR ≥ 50% was defined as the subtype C+. IONM event was documented, and a comparative analysis was made to evaluate the prevalence of IONM events among patients with diverse spinal cord types. Results: A total of 294 patients were reviewed, including 73 in type A; 153 in type B; 53 in subtype C- and 15 in subtype C+. Lower extremity transcranial motor-evoked potentials and/or somatosensory evoked potentials were lost intraoperatively in 41 cases (13.9%), among which 4 patients with type C showed no return of spinal cord monitoring data. The 14 subtype C+ patients (93.3%) had IONM events. Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that patients with a type C spinal cord (subtype C-: odds ratio [OR], 10.390; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.215–48.735; p = 0.003; subtype C+, OR, 497.000; 95% CI, 42.126– 5,863.611; p < 0.001) are at significantly higher risk of a positive IONM event during deformity correction compared to those with a type A. In further multiple logistic regression analysis, the spinal cord classification (OR, 5.371; 95% CI, 2.966–9.727; p < 0.001) was confirmed as an independent risk factor for IONM events. Conclusion We presented a new spinal cord classification system based on the relative position of the spinal cord and vertebrae to predict the risk of IONM events in patients with kyphotic deformity. In patients with type C spinal cord, especially those in C+ cases, it is essential to be aware of potential IONM events, and adopt standard operating procedures to facilitate neurological recovery.

Objective: To establish a novel classification system for predicting the risk of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) events in surgically-treated patients with kyphotic deformity. Methods: Patients with kyphotic deformity who underwent surgical correction of cervicothoracic, thoracic, or thoracolumbar kyphosis in our center from July 2005 to December 2020 were recruited. We proposed a classification system to describe the morphology of the spinal cord on T2-weighted sagittal magnetic resonance imaging: type A, circular/symmetric cord with visible cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) between the cord and vertebral body; type B, circular/oval/symmetric cord with no visible CSF between the cord and vertebral body; type C, spinal cord that is fattened/deformed by the vertebral body, with no visible CSF between the cord and vertebral body. Furthermore, based on type C, the spinal cord compression ratio (CR) < 50% was defined as the subtype C-, while the spinal cord CR ≥ 50% was defined as the subtype C+. IONM event was documented, and a comparative analysis was made to evaluate the prevalence of IONM events among patients with diverse spinal cord types. Results: A total of 294 patients were reviewed, including 73 in type A; 153 in type B; 53 in subtype C- and 15 in subtype C+. Lower extremity transcranial motor-evoked potentials and/or somatosensory evoked potentials were lost intraoperatively in 41 cases (13.9%), among which 4 patients with type C showed no return of spinal cord monitoring data. The 14 subtype C+ patients (93.3%) had IONM events. Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that patients with a type C spinal cord (subtype C-: odds ratio [OR], 10.390; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.215–48.735; p = 0.003; subtype C+, OR, 497.000; 95% CI, 42.126– 5,863.611; p < 0.001) are at significantly higher risk of a positive IONM event during deformity correction compared to those with a type A. In further multiple logistic regression analysis, the spinal cord classification (OR, 5.371; 95% CI, 2.966–9.727; p < 0.001) was confirmed as an independent risk factor for IONM events. Conclusion We presented a new spinal cord classification system based on the relative position of the spinal cord and vertebrae to predict the risk of IONM events in patients with kyphotic deformity. In patients with type C spinal cord, especially those in C+ cases, it is essential to be aware of potential IONM events, and adopt standard operating procedures to facilitate neurological recovery.

【Objective】 To analyze the data of clinical blood transfusion quality control supervision in Shanghai, so as to provide reference for the improvement of clinical blood transfusion quality management in hospitals at all levels. 【Methods】 The data of clinical blood transfusion quality control supervision in hospitals at all levels from 2016 to 2021 were retrospectively analyzed to obtain the characteristics and indicators in the quality management. 【Results】 The overall level of clinical blood transfusion quality management in Shanghai steadily improved from 2016 to 2021 (F=3.82, P<0.01), and the management level of different hospitals varied significantly (F=9.00, P<0.01). In 2021, the full compliance rates of housing facilities, instruments and equipment, diagnostic reports and medical record writing among the third-level indicators of clinical blood transfusion quality management in hospitals at all levels were as follows: 86.49%(32/37), 100% (37/37)and 43.24%(16/37) for tertiary comprehensive hospitals; 61.11%(11/18), 88.89%(16/18) and 50.00% (9/18)for tertiary specialized hospitals; 60.87%(14/23), 78.26%(18/23)and 47.83%(11/23) for secondary comprehensive hospitals, ; 60.00%(9/15), 66.67%(10/15), 40.00%(6/15) for secondary specialized hospitals; 52.38%(11/21), 38.10%(8/21), 42.86%(9/21) for private hospitals. 【Conclusion】 The characteristics of clinical blood transfusion quality management in hospitals at all levels in Shanghai differed significantly, with different strengths and weaknesses. Hospitals should improve blood transfusion management in terms of housing facilities, personnel management, system process as well as diagnostic reports and medical record writing, in order to enhance the clinical blood transfusion quality management.