ObjectiveTo explore the possible mechanism of Tongbian Decoction （通便汤， TD） in treating slow transit constipation （STC）. MethodsTwenty-four SD rats were randomly divided into normal group， model group， TD group， and mosapride group， with 6 rats per group. Except for the normal group， STC models were established by intragastric administration of loperamide hydrochloride combined with normal saline. On the day following successful model establishment， rats in the TD group received 18.63 g·kg⁻¹ of TD by gavage， while those in the mosapride group received 1.605 mg·d⁻¹ of mosapride， and those in the normal group and the model group received 10 ml·kg⁻¹ of normal saline by gavage. All treatments were administered once daily for 7 consecutive days. Twenty-four hours after the last administration， fecal pellet number and fecal water content were measured. After intragastric administration of a 10% activated charcoal suspension， the small intestinal transit rate was calculated 30 minutes later. Serum levels of gastrin （GAS） and motilin （MTL） were measured by ELISA. Colonic histopathology was observed by HE staining， and mucus secretion by Alcian blue-periodic acid-Schiff （AB-PAS） staining. Ultrastructure of colon tissue was examined using transmission electron microscopy. Protein expression levels of C-kit， stem cell factor （SCF）， autophagy-related protein 5 （ATG5）， Beclin1， vesicle-associated membrane protein B （VAPB）， and protein tyrosine phosphatase interacting protein 51 （VAPB-PTPIP51） were measured by Western Blot， and the mRNA levels were detected by real-time PCR. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect SCF， C-kit， Beclin1， and ATG5 expression. The calcium content in colon tissue was determined by ELISA. ResultsCompared to the normal group， rats in the model group showed significantly reduced fecal pellet number， fecal water content， small intestinal transit rate， and serum GAS and MTL levels （P＜0.01）； the number of goblet cells decreased， and the mucosal and muscular layers of the colon became thinner； mRNA and protein expression levels of ATG5 and Beclin1 in colon tissue significantly increased， while calcium content decreased （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）； and electron microscopy revealed vacuolar degeneration and increased autophagosomes in colonic cells. Compared to the model group， both TD group and mosapride group showed increased fecal pellet number， fecal water content， small intestinal transit rate， serum GAS and MTL levels， and colonic calcium content， along with decreased Beclin1 and ATG5 protein levels （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）； the mucosal thickness and goblet cell number increased significantly， and autophagosomes decreased； in the TD group， ATG5 and Beclin1 mRNA levels decreased； in the mosapride group， SCF， VAPB， and PTPIP51 mRNA levels increased， while Beclin1 mRNA decreased （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. Compared to the mosapride group， the TD group showed higher fecal pellet number， fecal water content， serum GAS levels， colonic calcium content， and C-kit expression， along with lower ATG5 and Beclin1 levels （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. ConclusionTD may improve constipation symptoms by upregulating the VAPB-PTPIP51 complex during mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum interactions， reducing autophagy of interstitial cells of Cajal， and promoting intestinal motility.

ObjectiveTo explore the possible mechanism of Tongbian Decoction （通便汤， TD） in treating slow transit constipation （STC）. MethodsTwenty-four SD rats were randomly divided into normal group， model group， TD group， and mosapride group， with 6 rats per group. Except for the normal group， STC models were established by intragastric administration of loperamide hydrochloride combined with normal saline. On the day following successful model establishment， rats in the TD group received 18.63 g·kg⁻¹ of TD by gavage， while those in the mosapride group received 1.605 mg·d⁻¹ of mosapride， and those in the normal group and the model group received 10 ml·kg⁻¹ of normal saline by gavage. All treatments were administered once daily for 7 consecutive days. Twenty-four hours after the last administration， fecal pellet number and fecal water content were measured. After intragastric administration of a 10% activated charcoal suspension， the small intestinal transit rate was calculated 30 minutes later. Serum levels of gastrin （GAS） and motilin （MTL） were measured by ELISA. Colonic histopathology was observed by HE staining， and mucus secretion by Alcian blue-periodic acid-Schiff （AB-PAS） staining. Ultrastructure of colon tissue was examined using transmission electron microscopy. Protein expression levels of C-kit， stem cell factor （SCF）， autophagy-related protein 5 （ATG5）， Beclin1， vesicle-associated membrane protein B （VAPB）， and protein tyrosine phosphatase interacting protein 51 （VAPB-PTPIP51） were measured by Western Blot， and the mRNA levels were detected by real-time PCR. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect SCF， C-kit， Beclin1， and ATG5 expression. The calcium content in colon tissue was determined by ELISA. ResultsCompared to the normal group， rats in the model group showed significantly reduced fecal pellet number， fecal water content， small intestinal transit rate， and serum GAS and MTL levels （P＜0.01）； the number of goblet cells decreased， and the mucosal and muscular layers of the colon became thinner； mRNA and protein expression levels of ATG5 and Beclin1 in colon tissue significantly increased， while calcium content decreased （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）； and electron microscopy revealed vacuolar degeneration and increased autophagosomes in colonic cells. Compared to the model group， both TD group and mosapride group showed increased fecal pellet number， fecal water content， small intestinal transit rate， serum GAS and MTL levels， and colonic calcium content， along with decreased Beclin1 and ATG5 protein levels （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）； the mucosal thickness and goblet cell number increased significantly， and autophagosomes decreased； in the TD group， ATG5 and Beclin1 mRNA levels decreased； in the mosapride group， SCF， VAPB， and PTPIP51 mRNA levels increased， while Beclin1 mRNA decreased （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. Compared to the mosapride group， the TD group showed higher fecal pellet number， fecal water content， serum GAS levels， colonic calcium content， and C-kit expression， along with lower ATG5 and Beclin1 levels （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. ConclusionTD may improve constipation symptoms by upregulating the VAPB-PTPIP51 complex during mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum interactions， reducing autophagy of interstitial cells of Cajal， and promoting intestinal motility.

OBJECTIVE To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of 6 kinds of GLP-1RAs in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM） patients with overweight or obesity， and to provide evidence-based reference for clinical practice. METHODS A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed， Embase， Web of Science， the Cochrane Library， CNKI， VIP， Wanfang Data， and CBM from the inception to December 1， 2025. Randomized controlled trials （RCTs） were screened according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data extraction and risk of bias assessment were performed on the included studies. Network meta-analysis was conducted using Stata 17.0 software. RESULTS A total of 29 eligible RCTs were included， involving 7 404 patients. Six GLP-1RAs were evaluated： semaglutide， liraglutide， exenatide， dulaglutide， polyethylene glycol loxenatide， and beinaglutide. In terms of glycemic control， semaglutide had the highest probability of ranking first in reducing glycated hemoglobin （HbA1c） and fasting plasma glucose levels， followed by polyethylene glycol loxenatide. In terms of weight management， semaglutide showed the highest probability of ranking first， followed by liraglutide and exenatide. Regarding safety， dulaglutide had the highest probability of ranking first in reducing the incidence of gastrointestinal adverse events； none of the GLP-1RAs significantly increased the risk of severe hypoglycemia. Subgroup analysis revealed that liraglutide 1.8 mg， qd and exenatide extend-release 2.0 mg， qw demonstrated superior efficacy in reducing HbA1c and body weight compared with other doses/dosage forms of the same agents. CONCLUSIONS For T2DM patients with overweight or obesity， semaglutide offers the greatest benefits in glycemic control and weight reduction， while dulaglutide demonstrates superior gastrointestinal tolerability. Liraglutide 1.8 mg， qd and exenatide extend-release 2.0 mg， qw show relatively better overall efficacy in glycemic control and weight reduction among the same agents.

Objective To establish a technical system for allogeneic kidney transplantation surgery in pigs using the Banna miniature pig inbred strain,and to evaluate it through routine blood tests,liver and kidney function tests,thus providing reference data for the preparation of allogeneic kidney transplantation models.Methods A total of 4 cases of allogeneic kidney transplantation surgeries were performed,including 1 case of single kidney transplantation in a healthy pig,2 cases of kidney transplantation after unilateral nephrectomy,and 1 case of kidney transplantation after bilateral nephrectomy.Before kidney transplantation,cross-matching and complement-dependent cytotoxicity(CDC)tests were used for matching between donor and recipient pigs.After kidney transplantation,peripheral blood samples were regularly collected from pigs for routine blood tests,liver function tests,and kidney function tests,and color Doppler ultrasound technology was used to detect blood supply to the transplanted kidneys.After reaching the experimental endpoint,both kidneys of pig DR1 and the left kidney of pig DR3 were collected and hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining was performed to evaluate pathological changes in the transplanted kidneys.Results Recipient pigs DR1 and DR3 died at 17 days and 30 days after surgery respectively,while recipient pigs R and DR2 remained in good condition during the 30-day observation period.The results of liver and kidney function test showed that in pig DR1,alanine aminotransferase(ALT)levels increased on postoperative day 1(＞1 000 U/L),peaked on postoperative day 7(1 300 U/L),and aspartate aminotransferase(AST)levels peaked on postoperative day 1(＞3 000 U/L).On postoperative day 17,ALT and AST levels remained high(ALT,500 U/L;AST,700 U/L).In pigs R,DR2,and DR3,ALT and AST levels returned to normal around day 17.Serum creatinine(Crea)levels in pig R remained stable without postoperative increase.Crea levels in pigs DR1 and DR2 showed transient elevation on postoperative day 1,then gradually returned to normal(＜100 μmol/L).Crea levels in pig DR3 remained below 500 μmol/L from postoperative days 2-10,but increased between days 11-28,reaching up to 1 500 μmol/L,indicating gradual loss of kidney function.Ultrasound results showed that the preoperative resistive index(RI)of recipient pig R was 0.91.On postoperative day 24,renal cortex and medulla showed abundant blood flow signals with RI value of 0.88,which was close to the pre-transplantation RI value.For pig DR2,the RI value on postoperative day 17 was 0.89,with poor renal cortex blood flow and relatively good renal medulla blood flow.In pig DR1 on postoperative day 17,no blood flow signals were detected in the transplanted kidney.HE staining results showed that the non-transplanted healthy right kidney of pig DR1 had normal structure,while the transplanted left kidney showed blurred glomerular structure and nuclear dissolution,indicating that the left kidney had lost function before removal.In the transplanted left kidney of pig DR3,large numbers of red blood cells and lymphocyte infiltration were observed in glomeruli and renal tubules,indicating possible coagulation dysfunction and rejection reactions after kidney transplantation.Conclusion Banna miniature pig inbred strain is used as experimental animals to perform four cases of allogeneic pig-to-pig kidney transplantation.The physiological parameters of the recipient pig and the function of the transplanted kidney are monitored after surgery using routine blood tests,liver and kidney function tests,color Doppler ultrasound,and pathological examinations.The allogeneic pig-to-pig kidney transplantation technical system established in the study can provide a foundation for clinicians to conduct kidney transplantation surgeries.

Objective To systematically summarize the best evidence for the prevention of peripherally inserted central venous catheter(PICC)-associated infection,and provide evidence-based basis for healthcare workers to for-mulate management strategies for the prevention of PICC-associated infection.Methods According to the"6S"model of the evidence pyramid,relevant literatures on the prevention of PICC-related infection were systematically retrieved from top to bottom from UpToDate,websites of World Health Organization,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,Infusion Nurses Society,Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario,New South Wales Agency for Clinical Innovation,National Health Commission of the People'Republic of China,Medlive,PubMed,Web of Sci-ence,Cochrane Library,Embase,China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),Wanfang,VIP,and SinoMed Database.The types of included literatures were clinical decision-making,guidelines,consensus,evidence summa-ries,and systematic reviews.The retrieval search window was from the establishment of the database to August 2024.Two researchers independently evaluated the quality of literatures and extracted evidence.Results A total of 19 papers were included in the analysis,including 2 clinical decisions,9 guidelines,6 expert consensuses,1 evi-dence summary,and 1 systematic review.Ultimately,28 pieces of evidence covering 6 topics including manage-ment,tools,catheterization,maintenance,infusion,and removal were formed.Conclusion This study summarizes the best evidence for preventing PICC-related infection,and recommends that clinical healthcare workers apply rele-vant evidence rationally and prudently,so as to reduce the incidence of PICC-related infections.

Corneal neovascularization(CNV)is a pathological condition characterized by the invasion of new blood vessels into the normally avascular corneal area from the corneal periphery,leading to severe vision loss and potentially blindness.Currently,surgical,physical,and pharmacological therapies are the main clinical approaches for treating CNV.Surgical treatment aims to remove abnormal vascular tissue or perform corneal trans-plantation to inhibit angiogenesis;however,it carries a risk of postoperative rejection.Physical therapy involves the direct application of non-invasive modalities,such as laser treatment,to the neovascularized area to suppress vascular growth.Nevertheless,this approach may cause damage to surrounding healthy tissues.Pharmacotherapy has recently become a research hotspot in CNV treatment due to its convenient administration.Clinically,the drugs used for CNV treatment mainly include anti-inflammatory agents,anti-VEGF drugs,and immunosuppressants,which inhibit CNV progression by targeting angiogenesis-related signaling pathways.However,these drugs often lead to drug resistance and toxic side effects.Therefore,there is an urgent need to develop more effective and safer therapeutic agents for CNV.This article reviews the current clinical treatment status of CNV and highlights recent advances in the use of small molecule extracts from traditional Chinese medicine for CNV therapy,aiming to provide potential candidate drugs and a scientific theoretical basis for clinical management of CNV.

Objective To compare the clinical efficacy of different urinary diversions,specifically exploring whether the flap embedding technique can improve bladder cancer patients'quality of life and reduce the incidence of related complications.Methods 63 bladder cancer patients undergoing radical cystectomy with urinary diver-sion,between December 2022 and December 2023,were divided into three groups:Ileal conduit group(n=21),flap embedding technique group(n=21),and traditional cutaneous ureterostomy group(n=21).General clini-cal data,surgical data,preoperative and postoperative renal function indicators,incidence of complications within 6 months postoperatively,and quality of life scores were compared among the groups.Results The operative time in the ileal conduit group was longer than that in the other two groups(P<0.05).The quality of life scores in the flap embedding technique group were superior to those in the traditional cutaneous ureterostomy group(P<0.05),but no significant difference was found compared to the ileal conduit group(P>0.05).In terms of postoperative complications,the incidence of intestinal obstruction in the flap embedding technique group was lower than that in the ileal conduit group(P<0.05),and the rate of reinsertion of a single-J stent for hydronephrosis in the flap embedding technique group was lower than that in the traditional cutaneous ureterostomy group(P<0.05).Postop-erative serum creatinine levels in the traditional cutaneous ureterostomy group were significantly higher than preop-erative levels(P<0.05),while no significant differences in renal function indicators were observed in the other two groups(P>0.05).Conclusion The flap embedding technique significantly improves patients'quality of life and reduces the incidence of postoperative complications.It is worthy of further promotion in clinical practice.

Objective Using event-related potentials(ERPs)technology to study the effect of long term emotional distress on selective attention distraction inhibition function in college students and its neuroelectrophysiological mechanism.Methods The Eysenck personality questionnaire(EPQ)adult version was used to screen the high and low neuroticism groups among college students,and 35 subjects in each group were included in the long term emotional distress group and the emotional smoothness control group,respectively,and the response time,correct rate,N2 and P3 amplitude and latency results of the participants to complete the negative priming paradigm task were collected and analyzed.Results Compared with the control group,① the long term emotional distress group showed a prolonged response trend(P=0.072).② the long term emotional distress group had a prolonged N2 and P3 latency(P<0.05).Conclusion Selective attention distraction inhibition in college students with long term emotional distress decreased,and the decline mechanism may be related to the decline of inhibition processing and attention resource allocation ability.

The complement component 4 binding protein alpha(C4BPA)gene is the alpha chain of complement binding protein 4.As a plasma protein involved in the complement and coagulation systems,it can influence immune responses and lipid metabolism.In order to study the polymor-phism of C4BPA gene and its correlation with milk quality traits in Chinese Holstein cows,genom-ic DNA was extracted from blood samples of 92 Chinese Holstein cows,and the target fragment of C4BPA gene was amplified by PCR,and the association analysis was performed by using direct se-quencing to obtain the SNP loci and milk quality traits.The results showed that among the four SNPs found at the third intron of the C4BPA gene,I3-11 G＞A was highly significantly correlated with milk protein and urea nitrogen(P＜0.05),I3-291 T＞G was significantly correlated with lac-tose(P＜0.05),I3-374 C＞T was highly significantly correlated with lactose and urea nitrogen(P＜0.05),and I3-375 T＞G was highly significantly correlated with lactose(P＜0.05),milk pro-tein and urea nitrogen.The chi-square test values for each point indicated that the population was in genetic equilibrium.Individuals of haplotype combination H1 H1 had the highest lactose content,and haplotype combination H1H2 can be used as the best haplotype combination in the molecular selection work of dairy cows.

This study constructed a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV)NADC30-like strain GP3 recombinant adenovirus vector vaccine through in vitro homologous re-combination to explore its immunological efficacy evaluation at the mouse level.Using type 5 ade-novirus as a vector,a recombinant adenovirus expressing PRRSV GP3 protein was prepared and i-dentified in vitro by fluorescence observation,PCR,and Western blot analysis.Immunize mice with recombinant adenovirus and detect humoral and cellular immune responses induced by recombi-nant adenovirus using indirect ELISA and ELISpot methods.The recombinant adenovirus rAdGP3 was identified by enzyme digestion,PCR,fluorescence and Western blot,indicating that the recom-binant adenovirus rAdGP3 was successfully constructed and packaged.After immunizing mice,spe-cific antibodies and neutralizing antibodies were produced,indicating that the recombinant adenovi-rus could elicit strong humoral immunity.ELISpot and lymphocyte proliferation assays showed that the recombinant adenovirus vaccine could stimulate the secretion of IFN-γ-specific T lymphocytes and induce the proliferation of lymphocytes,indicating that the recombinant adenovi-rus could enhance the level of cellular immune response.In this study,rAdGP3 recombinant adeno-virus was successfully constructed and had good immunogenicity at the mouse level,which provid-ed a reference for the development of novel PRRSV vaccines.