The chapter Zhouyu in Guoyu says "Qi of the heaven and the earth moves without losing its order." With lucidity ascending and turbidity descending， Qi moves in a normal state， and Yin and Yang consolidate the foundation of the body. The mutual interference between lucidity and turbidity leads to the disorder of Qi movement， thus causing diseases. It is a pathological state of disorder between ascending and descending， as well as between entering and exiting， gradually evolving into a state of turbidity affecting lucidity and transforming into pathogen， which can be used to interpret and analyze the core of disease pathogenesis. The theory of lucidity and turbidity is connected with the harmony of nutrient and defensive aspects， Qi circulation， and sweat pore associating with Qi movement， and it has common implications with immune responses and nutrient metabolism system， intestinal mucosal barrier function， and mitochondrial energy synthesis. Modern studies have shown that intestinal flora imbalance， bile acid receptor inactivation， macrophage polarization imbalance， epithelial-mesenchymal transition， ferroptosis and other related microscopic pathological mechanisms are involved in the development and progression of ulcerative colitis. By delving into the common meaning of the classic theory of mutual interference between lucidity and turbidity in traditional Chinese medicine and modern medical pathological mechanisms， this paper summarizes the correspondence between the micropathological mechanism and the theory of mutual interference between lucidity and turbidity in the regulation and mamagement of ulcerative colitis. The combined use of sweet and warm medicinal materials consolidates the middle Qi and activates Qi circulation， thus ascending lucidity and descending turbidity. The combined use of pungent medicinal materials for dispersing and bitter medicinal materials for descending simultaneously raises warm and clear Qi. Wind-extinguishing medicinal materials facilitate the ascending of Qi and the opening of sweat pores. Accordingly， turbidity descends and lucidity ascends. The prescriptions incorporating these medication principles are in agreement with the therapeutic approach of following the normal flow of lucidity and turbidity. This paper clarifies the scientific connotation and micropathologic mechanism of ulcerative colitis from the perspective of mutual interference between lucidity and turbidity， providing new theories and prescriptions for the clinical diagnosis， treatment， and prevention of ulcerative colitis.

Hepatic fibrosis is a common complication of chronic liver disease， seriously affecting patients' quality of life and leading to severe consequences such as cirrhosis and liver cancer. Modern medicine has made progress in the treatment of hepatic fibrosis， while it still faces certain challenges and limitations. Therefore， seeking new therapeutic strategies is of great clinical significance. The nuclear factor-κB （NF-κB） signaling pathway plays a role in regulating inflammation and immune responses. Recent studies have shown that the NF-κB signaling pathway plays a key role in the occurrence and development of hepatic fibrosis. The abnormal activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway leads to the overexpression of genes related to liver inflammation and fibrosis， thereby promoting the development of hepatic fibrosis. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） is a traditional treatment method with unique advantages and potential. In recent years， increasing studies have proved that TCM can treat hepatic fibrosis by regulating the NF-κB signaling pathway. The active ingredients in Chinese herbal medicines can intervene in the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway to inhibit inflammatory responses， thereby reducing the severity of hepatic fibrosis. This article reviews the mechanisms of TCM in treating hepatic fibrosis via the NF-κB signaling pathway and evaluates the efficacy and discusses the clinical application prospects of relevant Chinese herbs and formulae， aiming to provide references for further research and clinical practice.

Objective To establish analytical method for the determination of tramadol and its metabolite O - demethyltramadol in human plasma and urine by RP - HPLC. Methods Separation was carried out ons a zorbax RP - select B column and the mobile phase was a mixture of 0. 05 mol · L~(-1) potassium dihydrogen phosphate ( adjusted to pH 4. 0 with phosphoric acid)-acetonitrile (90: 10). The flow rate was 1 mL · min~(-1). Fluormetric detection was performed at excitation and emission wavelengths of 216 run and 308 nm, respectively. Results In plasma, the calibration curve was linear within 12. 5 - 800. 0 ng · mL~(-1) for tramadol and 5 -320 ng · mL~(-1) for O - demethyltramadol. The absolute recoveries were all higher than 86% , and the relative recoveries were from 93% to 105%. The RSD of the within - day and between - day variations were lower than 9% and 8% , respectively. In urine, the calibration curve was linear within 12. 5 -4 000 ng · mL~(-1) for tramadol and 5 -1 280 ng · mL~(-1) for O -demethyltramadol. The absolute recoveries were all higher than 80% , and the relative recoveries were from 91% to 107%. The RSD of the within-day and between-day variations were lower than 9%. For stability test in plasma and urine, the difference of the results was within 10%. Conclusion This RP - HPLC method is simple, sensitive, accurate and specific.