At present,with the development of new diagnostic technologies,the detection rate of aortic dissection has been increasing year by year,but its mortality rate still remains high.Cardiovascular disease is a chronic inflammato-ry disease,and vascular inflammation plays a major role in the progression of aortic dissection.Therefore,this article sys-tematically describes the specific roles and mechanisms of inflammatory cells,inflammatory factors,and inflammasomes in the development of aortic dissection.

At present,with the development of new diagnostic technologies,the detection rate of aortic dissection has been increasing year by year,but its mortality rate still remains high.Cardiovascular disease is a chronic inflammato-ry disease,and vascular inflammation plays a major role in the progression of aortic dissection.Therefore,this article sys-tematically describes the specific roles and mechanisms of inflammatory cells,inflammatory factors,and inflammasomes in the development of aortic dissection.

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli（ETEC）infection can induce watery diarrhea，leading to dehydration，electrolyte disturbance，and even death in severe cases. Recombinant B subunit/inactivated whole-cell cholera（rBS/WC）vaccine is effective in preventing ETEC infectious diarrhea. On the basis of the latest evidence on etiology and epidemiology of ETEC，as well as the effectiveness，safety，and health economics of rBS/WC vaccine，National Clinical Research Center for Child Health（The Children’s Hospital，Zhejiang University School of Medicine）and Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention invited experts to develop expert consensus on rBS/WC vaccine in prevention of ETEC infectious diarrhea. It aims to provide the clinicians and vaccination professionals with guidelines on using rBS/WC vaccine to reduce the incidence of ETEC infectious diarrhea.

Objective To investigate whether problem-based learning (PBL) is suitable for medical imaging and whether PBL is more enlightening than lecture-based learning (LBL) mode in teaching of medical imaging.Methods Thirty-two students of clinical medicine specialty in Sun Yat-sen University were selected as teaching objects and were divided into 6 groups (5 students in four groups and 6students in 2 groups).Chapters of urinary and digestive system were taught by PBL mode while the rest chapters by LBL mode.Questionnaires were handed out to teachers and students by Email after class and the valid questionnaires were analyzed qualitatively.Results Thirty-one students and 5 teachers thought they were suitable for PBL teaching; 30 students and 5 teachers were willing to continue PBL.Thirty-one students and 5 teachers thought that PBL mode could let students learn more knowledge and was more revealing.Twenty-three students thought PBL teaching spent too much time can not promote in all chapters.Three teachers worried that PBL mode would cause poor organization form and teaching plans.Conclusions PBL is suitable for medical imaging teaching.PBL could let students learn more knowledge and is more revealing compared with LBL,however,PBL is time-consuming and laborious,therefore LBL and PBL should be combined.

Objective To study on transcatheter closure of membranous ventricular septal defect (VSD) with pseudoaneurysm by patent ductus arteriosus(PDA) occlusion devices in children and summarize the skill and clinical experience. Methods The study included 20 membranous VSD cases in children.According to the finding of the left ventricular angiography, various kinds of the PDA occlusion devices was implanted. The mean diameter of the waist of the occluder was ( 10.4 ± 2.6) mm. Examination by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) immediately and left ventricular angiography after the occluder was implanted 15minutes later to evaluate the efficacy. Results In the 20 patients, one of the Ⅳ type VSD patient was quitted because of the significant residual shunts(≥2 mm). Slightly residual shunts ( ＜ 2 mm) was found in one Ⅲ type VSD patient with multi-outlet. And disappeared in 1 month after the procedure, which VSD patient was confirmed by TTE. Thirteen cases were normal by EKG examination (or the same before procedure).Incomplete right bundle branch block was found in 4 cases. First degree atrioventricular block was found in 1 case and paroxysmal junctional tachycardia was found in 1 case. All of them were recovered in 1 week.Conclusions Transcatheter interventional therapy with PDA occlusion devices for membranous VSD with pseudoaneurysm is safe and effective. The key of the procedure is to select suitable occluder and suitable position to plant them according to the membranous morphologic characteristics,size and position of the pseudoaneurysm. It is a facultative method for transcatheter therapy this kind of congenital heart disease.

Objective To evaluate the prevalence of low bone mineral density in patients with inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) and to identify its risk factors. Methods A cross-sectional survey was carried out in IBD patients. Anthropemetric measures, biochemical markers of nutrition and bone mineral density measurement were completed for these patients as well as healthy control subjects. Results Seventy-seven Crohn's disease (CD) and 43 ulcerative colitis(UC) patients were enrolled, and 37 healthy volunteers were recruited as healthy controls(HC). The T value of CD patients, UC patients and HC was -1.72±1.20,-1.26±1.12 and-0.62±0.87 respectively and the T value of CD patients was significantly lower than that of HC (P=0.000). The prevelance of osteoporosis in CD, UC and HC was 23.3%, 14.0% and 0 respectively. The prevelance of osteoporosis in CD was higher than that in HC (P=0.003). Logistic regression analysis indicated that low BMI(BMI≤18.4 kg/m~2) was an independent risk factor for osteoporosis both in CD (OR=11.25,95% CI 3.198-39.580, P=0.000) and in UC (OR= 14. 50,95% CI 1.058-88.200, P=0.045) patients. Age, disease duration, clinical activity active index (CDAI), oral steroid therapy, immunosuppressant treatment and serum vitamin D concentration were not found to be correlated with osteoperosis in IBD patients. Conclusions Low bone mineral density is common in both CD and UC patients and low BMI is an independent risk factor for osteoporosis in IBD patients.