OBJECTIVE To analyze the differences in chemical components of Gardenia jasminoides before and after processing with ginger， and to evaluate the quality differences among different producing areas. METHODS Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used to analyze the compositional differences of G. jasminoides before and after processing with ginger. The water content， total ash， and ethanol-soluble extract content of ginger- processed G. jasminoides were determined according to the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia. High performance liquid chromatography was adopted to determine the contents of genipin gentiobioside， geniposide， crocin Ⅰ and crocin Ⅱ in ginger- processed G. jasminoides. RESULTS A total of 49 chemical components were identified from raw G. jasminoides and ginger- processed G. jasminoides， including 14 flavonoids， 15 iridoids， 10 organic acids， 2 alkaloids and 8 other compounds. Among them， 42 components were detected in raw G. jasminoides， 28 in ginger-processed G. jasminoides， and 21 components were common to both. After processing with ginger， raw G. jasminoides lost 21 components （including iridoids， flavonoids， alkaloids， and others）， while 7 chemical components were added （including coumarins， organic acids， organic acid esters， and flavonoids）. For the 15 batches of ginger-processed G. jasminoides， the water content ranged from 5.64% to 7.11%， total ash from 2.92% to 4.87%， and ethanol-soluble extract from 40.61% to 58.02%. The average contents of genipin gentiobioside， geniposide， crocin Ⅰ and crocin Ⅱ were 0.108 7， 0.542 2， 0.565 0， and 0.012 5 mg/g， respectively. CONCLUSIONS After processing with ginger， G. jasminoides loses 21 components， while 7 new components are added. Differences are observed in the water content， total ash， ethanol-soluble extract， and the contents of genipin gentiobioside， geniposide， crocin Ⅰ， and crocin Ⅱ of ginger-processed G. jasminoides from different producing areas. Notably， samples from Fujian exhibit high contents of genipin gentiobioside and ethanol-soluble extract， while samples from Jiangxi have a high content of crocin Ⅰ.

BACKGROUND:Meningeal lymphatic vessels can drain cerebral spinal fluid and amyloid β-protein,promoting T lymphocyte to transport and home to deep cervical lymph nodes.A simple,quick and definite method of dural separation and accurate localization of deep cervical lymph nodes can provide strong support for the study of neurodegenerative diseases.OBJECTIVE:To establish a convenient and practical method for exfoliating dural and deep cervical lymph nodes.METHODS:ICR mice,3 months old,were taken,anesthetized and injected with Evans blue and tracer in the occipital pool for localizing deep cervical lymph nodes.A midline incision of about 3 cm in length was made about 5 mm above the clavicle,the superficial fat and fascia were bluntly separated,and the lateral sternocleidomastoid muscle was pulled to expose the deep cervical lymph nodes,which were removed under a stereomicroscope and frozen at-80℃.Subsequently,the mouse head was cut and the skin and muscles of the head were separated to expose the entire skull structure.The skull and brain tissue were separated from the foramen magnum along the lower parietal bone with scissors,and the complete skull top was obtained.The skull was sequentially fixed in 40 g/L paraformaldehyde solution for 24 hours,120 g/L paraformaldehyde for 24 hours,and 120 g/L paraformaldehyde for 10,20,30,and 40 minutes,and the dural structure was stripped.The drainage capacity of meningeal lymphatic vessels and deep cervical lymphatic vessels was verified by tracer,and the meningeal lymphatic vessels were identified by the lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1 using the immunofluorescence method.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Obvious blue staining was observed in deep cervical lymph nodes 15 minutes after Evans blue staining.(2)The skull was sampled and fixed in 120 g/L paraformaldehyde for 24 hours,resulting in a less tight connection between the dura mater and the skull,and easier stripping of the dural structures with an intact shape.The dura mater fixed at 120 g/L concentration was more resilient and remained more intact during peeling compared with the conventional 40 g/L concentration;120 g/L paraformaldehyde fixed meninges for a short time,and 30-40 minutes was preferred.(3)The frozen section of deep cervical lymph nodes showed the presence of the tracer,complete meningeal lymphatic vessels were visible in the dura mater,and the tracer was observed at the tail of lymphatic vessels.Immunofluorescence staining for endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1 was positive in the deep cervical lymph nodes and dural lymphatics.In summary,the best peeling concentration and time is 120 g/L paraformaldehyde fixed for 24 hours.At this concentration,the dura mater has a stretched morphology,a better toughness,and is more intact after peeling,which is conducive to later use.Verified by Evans blue,tracers and immunofluorescence,deep cervical lymph nodes are located accurately,which can be used as a basis for the study of various neurodegenerative diseases.

Working memory is an executive memory process that includes encoding, maintenance, and retrieval. These processes can be modulated by transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) with sinusoidal waves. However, little is known about the impact of the rate of current change on working memory. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of two types of tACS with different rates of current change on working memory performance and brain activity. We applied a randomized, single-blind design and divided 81 young participants who received triangular wave tACS, sinusoidal wave tACS, or sham stimulation into three groups. Participants performed n-back tasks, and electroencephalograms were recorded before, during, and after active or sham stimulation. Compared to the baseline, working memory performance (accuracy and response time) improved after stimulation under all stimulation conditions. According to drift-diffusion model analysis, triangular wave tACS significantly increased the efficiency of non-target information processing. In addition, compared with sham conditions, triangular wave tACS reduced alpha power oscillations in the occipital lobe throughout the encoding period, while sinusoidal wave tACS increased theta power in the central frontal region only during the later encoding period. The brain network connectivity results showed that triangular wave tACS improved the clustering coefficient, local efficiency, and node degree intensity in the early encoding stage, and these parameters were positively correlated with the non-target drift rate and decision starting point. Our findings on how tACS modulates working memory indicate that triangular wave tACS significantly enhances brain network connectivity during the early encoding stage, demonstrating an improvement in the efficiency of working memory processing. In contrast, sinusoidal wave tACS increased the theta power during the later encoding stage, suggesting its potential critical role in late-stage information processing. These findings provide valuable insights into the potential mechanisms by which tACS modulates working memory.
Humans ; Memory, Short-Term/physiology* ; Male ; Female ; Young Adult ; Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation/methods* ; Brain/physiology* ; Adult ; Electroencephalography ; Single-Blind Method

OBJECTIVE To investigate the current status of infection control departments setting,allocation of in-fection control professionals and their position competence in the secondary,tertiary traditional Chinese medi-cine institutions of Beijing.METHODS The questionnaire survey was conducted for all of the secondary and tertiary traditional Chinese medicine institutions in Beijing by Beijing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Infection Man-agement Quality Control Center from Feb.17,2023 to Apr.11,2023.The content of the survey involved the in-formation of the hospitals,setting information of infection control departments and allocation of infection control professionals.RESULTS Totally 59 traditional Chines medicine medical institutions were involved in the survey,35(59.32％)were tertiary hospitals.The median of opened beds was 331(155,479)in the first quarter of 2023.The median of equipped infection control professionals was 4(3,5).The number of infection control professional e-quipped in 67.80％of the medical institutions conformed to requirements of"Notice regarding to further strength-en the management of infection control professionals allocation in medical institutions"released by The Joint Pre-vention and Control Mechanism of the State Council for the Response to the Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Epi-demic in Aug.2021,with the ratio of infection control professionals to beds 1∶94.20.The principals in charge of the infection control department who had the qualifications for senior professional and technical position and en-gaged in infection control for more than 5 years accounted for 20.00％.Among the infection control professionals,nurses accounted for 49.17％,doctors 41.67％,other professionals 9.17％.CONCLUSIONS There is relatively adequate quantity of the infection control professional equipped in the secondary and tertia-ry medical institutions of Beijing,however,the principals in charge of the infection control department who had the qualifications for senior professional and technical position and engaged in infection control for more than 5 years are very scarce.It is necessary to further optimize the structure of the infection control professionals.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the current status of infection control departments setting,allocation of in-fection control professionals and their position competence in the secondary,tertiary traditional Chinese medi-cine institutions of Beijing.METHODS The questionnaire survey was conducted for all of the secondary and tertiary traditional Chinese medicine institutions in Beijing by Beijing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Infection Man-agement Quality Control Center from Feb.17,2023 to Apr.11,2023.The content of the survey involved the in-formation of the hospitals,setting information of infection control departments and allocation of infection control professionals.RESULTS Totally 59 traditional Chines medicine medical institutions were involved in the survey,35(59.32％)were tertiary hospitals.The median of opened beds was 331(155,479)in the first quarter of 2023.The median of equipped infection control professionals was 4(3,5).The number of infection control professional e-quipped in 67.80％of the medical institutions conformed to requirements of"Notice regarding to further strength-en the management of infection control professionals allocation in medical institutions"released by The Joint Pre-vention and Control Mechanism of the State Council for the Response to the Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Epi-demic in Aug.2021,with the ratio of infection control professionals to beds 1∶94.20.The principals in charge of the infection control department who had the qualifications for senior professional and technical position and en-gaged in infection control for more than 5 years accounted for 20.00％.Among the infection control professionals,nurses accounted for 49.17％,doctors 41.67％,other professionals 9.17％.CONCLUSIONS There is relatively adequate quantity of the infection control professional equipped in the secondary and tertia-ry medical institutions of Beijing,however,the principals in charge of the infection control department who had the qualifications for senior professional and technical position and engaged in infection control for more than 5 years are very scarce.It is necessary to further optimize the structure of the infection control professionals.

BACKGROUND:Meningeal lymphatic vessels can drain cerebral spinal fluid and amyloid β-protein,promoting T lymphocyte to transport and home to deep cervical lymph nodes.A simple,quick and definite method of dural separation and accurate localization of deep cervical lymph nodes can provide strong support for the study of neurodegenerative diseases.OBJECTIVE:To establish a convenient and practical method for exfoliating dural and deep cervical lymph nodes.METHODS:ICR mice,3 months old,were taken,anesthetized and injected with Evans blue and tracer in the occipital pool for localizing deep cervical lymph nodes.A midline incision of about 3 cm in length was made about 5 mm above the clavicle,the superficial fat and fascia were bluntly separated,and the lateral sternocleidomastoid muscle was pulled to expose the deep cervical lymph nodes,which were removed under a stereomicroscope and frozen at-80℃.Subsequently,the mouse head was cut and the skin and muscles of the head were separated to expose the entire skull structure.The skull and brain tissue were separated from the foramen magnum along the lower parietal bone with scissors,and the complete skull top was obtained.The skull was sequentially fixed in 40 g/L paraformaldehyde solution for 24 hours,120 g/L paraformaldehyde for 24 hours,and 120 g/L paraformaldehyde for 10,20,30,and 40 minutes,and the dural structure was stripped.The drainage capacity of meningeal lymphatic vessels and deep cervical lymphatic vessels was verified by tracer,and the meningeal lymphatic vessels were identified by the lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1 using the immunofluorescence method.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Obvious blue staining was observed in deep cervical lymph nodes 15 minutes after Evans blue staining.(2)The skull was sampled and fixed in 120 g/L paraformaldehyde for 24 hours,resulting in a less tight connection between the dura mater and the skull,and easier stripping of the dural structures with an intact shape.The dura mater fixed at 120 g/L concentration was more resilient and remained more intact during peeling compared with the conventional 40 g/L concentration;120 g/L paraformaldehyde fixed meninges for a short time,and 30-40 minutes was preferred.(3)The frozen section of deep cervical lymph nodes showed the presence of the tracer,complete meningeal lymphatic vessels were visible in the dura mater,and the tracer was observed at the tail of lymphatic vessels.Immunofluorescence staining for endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1 was positive in the deep cervical lymph nodes and dural lymphatics.In summary,the best peeling concentration and time is 120 g/L paraformaldehyde fixed for 24 hours.At this concentration,the dura mater has a stretched morphology,a better toughness,and is more intact after peeling,which is conducive to later use.Verified by Evans blue,tracers and immunofluorescence,deep cervical lymph nodes are located accurately,which can be used as a basis for the study of various neurodegenerative diseases.

In recent years,with in-depth study of bladder sensation related mechanisms,numerous ion channels,neurotransmitters and nerve receptors have been found to participate in the regulation of bladder sensation,including TRPV,P2X and Piezo,as well as CBR and HCN.Thanks to the relevant research on the neural signal pathway from the cerebral cortex to the bladder wall and the maturity of clinical measurement methods for bladder sensation,we can further study the abnormal bladder sensation in patients with overactive bladder(OAB),so as to explore its mechanism.Bladder hypersensitivity,as one of the current research hotspots,is receiving increasing attention from researchers.This article reviews the mechanism of bladder hypersensitivity from the aspects of clinical measurement methods of bladder sensation,ion channel,neurotransmitters and nerve receptors related to bladder sensation,in order to explore its significance in the pathogenesis of OAB.

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and underactive bladder (UAB) are common types of lower urinary tract dysfunction in women.As the treatment mechanisms of the two conditions are contradictory, the treatment of SUI patients complicated with UAB remains a difficult clinical problem.In order to improve the treatment rate of such patients and promote research, this paper reviews the latest domestic and overseas diagnostic criteria of UAB, summarizes the treatment experience of conventional midurethral sling (tension-free vaginal tape or outside-in transobturator tape) and adjustable sling procedures (transobturator adjustable tape or Remeex system) combined with medication or intermittent catheterization, and the application prospects of cutting-edge technologies such as stem cell injection, cytokine therapy and gene therapy, so as to provide reference for clinicians and researchers.

Objective To investigate the progression of breast cancer in mice induced by chronic binding stress and the regulatory mechanism of Xiaoyao SAN based on TGF-β1/CD147 signal pathway.Methods 40 BABL/c mice were randomly divided into tumor group,model group,Xiaoyaosan group and Mifepristone group,and then 4T1 cell line was inoculated into the armpits of each group of mice.After Tumor formation,mice in all groups except tumor group were subjected to chronic restraint stress for 21 days.Meanwhile,mice in Xiaoyaosan and Mifepristone groups were gavaged with the corresponding drugs,and mice in the other two groups were gavaged with normal saline.After the modeling,the mice were sacrificed after anaesthesia.The weight and volume of the tumors and visceral index of the mice were measured.The contents of serum tumor markers(CA199,CEA,VEGF),serum neurotransmitters(DA and CORT),and inflammatory mediators(TGF-β1 and IL-10)in tumor tissues were detected by Elisa.The expressions of iNOS and Arg-1,the polarization markers of macrophages,and the expressions of CD147 and its downstream signaling molecules MMP2,MMP9 and VEGF in tumor tissues were all detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot.Results Compared with tumor group,in model group,tumor weight and volume,serum CA199,CEA,VEGF,CORT content,tumor TGF-β1 and IL-10 content were significantly increased;visceral index and serum DA content were significantly reduced;the expression of M2-type polarization marker Arg-1 in tumor macrophages was significantly increased,while the expression of M1-type polarization marker iNOS was significantly decreased;the expressions of CD147 and its downstream signaling molecules MMP2,MMP9 and VEGF were significantly increased.Both Xiaoyaosan and mifepristone could effectively reverse the above changes.Conclusion The mechanism of chronic restraint stress promoting breast cancer progression in mice is related to the increased release of TGF-β1 from M2-type polarization of tumor-associated macrophages,which activates CD147 and its downstream related signals.Xiaoyaosan could relieve the M2-type polarization of macrophages caused by increased corticosterone under stress conditions,reduce the production of TGF-β1,inhibit CD147 and its downstream signal,and thus inhibit the progression of breast cancer caused by chronic restraint stress in mice.