OBJECTIVE To systematically investigate the changes of volatile components in Euphorbia wallichii after milk and wine processing， and preliminarily elucidate the material basis for reducing toxicity. METHODS Using headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technology， the volatile components in raw E. wallichii， milk-processed E. wallichii， and wine- processed E. wallichii were isolated and identified， and the relative percentage content of each component was calculated by the peak area normalization method. Combining chemometric methods such as principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least- squares discriminant analysis， changes in volatile components in samples after milk and wine processing were compared. Differential components were screened. RESULTS A total of 66 volatile components were identified from the three samples， with the types of compounds primarily comprising alkanes， olefins， heterocycles and esters， among others. A total of 39， 24 and 36 volatile components were identified from raw E. wallichii， milk-processed E. wallichii， and wine-processed E. wallichii， respectively， with 10 components common to all three preparations. Compared with raw E. wallichii， the relative percentage of other components in milk-processed E. wallichii decreased， except for alkanes and esters. The relative percentage of alkanes， olefins， aldehydes and esters in wine-processed E. wallichii increased， but the contents of heterocyclic compounds， ketones， ethers and alcohols decreased. The results of chemometric analysis showed that the volatile components of raw and processed products were significantly different. A total of 5 kinds of differential components in milk-processed products and 3 kinds of differential components in wine-processed products were screened out. Among them， the relative percentage of potential toxic components such as linalool， octanal and 3-pentanone decreased significantly after processing（P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS Milk and wine processing may exert a toxicity-reducing effect by reducing the contents of toxic components such as linalool， octanal and 3-pentanonein E. wallichii.

Objective:To investigate the relationship between the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and homocysteine (Hcy) in serum and diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic nephropathy (DN).Methods:A total of 211 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who were treated in Beijing Tongren Hospital from February to July 2019 were selected as the case group, including 72 patients with T2DM (T2DM group), 45 patients with DR (DR group), 49 patients with DN (DN group), 45 patients with DR and DN (DR+DN group); 76 healthy people were selected as the control group. The levels of serum VEGF and Hcy were measured in all subjects. The course of diabetes, body mass index, waist to hip ratio, fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA 1c), triglyceride(TG), total cholesterol(TC), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol(LDL-C), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol(HDL-C), urinary microalbumin/creatinine (ACR), urinary immunoglobulin G/creatinine (IGU/CR), urinary transferrin/creatinine (TRU/CR), urinary α1-microglobulin/creatinine (α1/CR), serum urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hCRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were also observed in the case group. Results:The VEGF level of the T2DM group, DR group, DN group and DR+DN group was 90.02(61.24, 118.52), 124.38(81.50, 170.28), 133.19(78.84, 168.49), 124.08(79.82, 187.33)ng/ml respectively, which were significantly higher than that of the control group 50.31(21.10,67.74)ng/ml(all P<0.05); Compared with the T2DM group, the VEGF level in the DR group, DN group and DR+DN group increased significantly (all P<0.05). The level of Hcy in the DN group and DR+DN group [(12.58±3.66), (11.91±2.42) μmol/L, respectively] was higher than that in the control group [(10.44±2.09) μ mol/L], and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in VEGF and Hcy levels in different stages of DR ( U=264.00, t=-0.43, P>0.05). The Hcy level of DN patients in the group of massive proteinuria was higher than that in the group of microalbuminuria [(15.00±1.87) vs (11.79±3.76) μmol/L, t=-2.82, P=0.01].VEGF was positively correlated with ACR, TRU/CR and IGU/CR ( r=0.23, 0.19, 0.17, all P<0.05),while Hcy was positively correlated with serum urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, ACR, TRU/CR, IGU/CR and α 1/CR ( r=0.35, 0.44, 0.22, 0.19, 0.21, 0.29, all P<0.05). Conclusions:The level of VEGF in the serum of DR and DN patients increased, suggesting that VEGF may play a role in the development of DR and DN, but there was no significant difference in the level of VEGF in patients with different stages of DR and different urinary albumin excretion rate of DN.The level of serum Hcy in DN patients increased, and that was higher in massive proteinuria group, suggesting that serum Hcy may have clinical significance in the diagnosis and monitoring of DN.

BACKGROUND:Current research data have shown that patients with epilepsy are often accompanied by complications such as cognitive impairment. Recent studies have demonstrated that melatonin has an inhibitory effect on epilepsy, but its underlying mechanism is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of melatonin on the cognitive function and GluR2 expression in the hippocampus of rat models of epilepsy, and further study the mechanism of melatonin against epilepsy. METHODS: Rat models of chronic epilepsy were established by intraperitoneal injection of lithium chloride-pilocarpine, and intraperitonealy injected with sufficient amount of physiological saline and melatonin respectively. Control group was set for observation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:At 4 and 6 weeks after modeling, the GluR2 expression level in the hippocampus of rats in the epilepsy + melatonin group was significantly higher than that in the epilepsy group (P < 0.05); the GluR2 expression level in the synaptic membrane of hippocampal CA1 region of rats in the control and epilepsy + melatonin groups was significantly higher than that in the epilepsy group (P < 0.05). At 4 days after modeling, compared with epilepsy group and epilepsy + physiological saline group, the escape latency, operation time, active avoidance latency, passive avoidance latency of rats in the epilepsy + melatonin group were significantly decreased (P< 0.05), the correct rate and active avoidance number were significantly increased (P < 0.05). These results demonstrate that melatonin can improve the cognitive function of rat models of epilepsy by up-regulating the expression of GluR2 in the synaptic membrane of hippocampal CA1 region.

Breeding and quality control of SPF nude mice involves many links and works .The quality and quantity of animals are directly affected by breeding management and quality control .A standardized breeding system of SPF BALB/c nude mice were gradually established at the center after 2007.This paper introduces specific practices and experience in facilities, stock, breeding management , and quality control of SPF BALB/c nude mice, in order to provide the reference for related breeding and study in SPF BALB/c nude mice.