Objective To explore the causal association between immune cells and allergic rhi-nitis using Mendelian randomization(MR)approach.Methods GWAS data for 731 types of im-mune cells and allergic rhinitis were obtained from genome-wide association study(GWAS)databas-es.A two-sample bidirectional MR analysis was conducted,with the inverse-variance weighted(IVW)method as the primary analytical approach,and the weighted median method,MR-Egger re-gression,simple mode method,and weighted mode method as supplementary approaches.Sensitivity analyses,including heterogeneity tests,pleiotropy tests,and the leave-one-out method,were per-formed.Bonferroni correction was applied to the preliminary results to enhance their reliability and rigor.Results The two-sample forward MR analysis revealed correlations between 67 immune cell phenotypes and allergic rhinitis.After Bonferroni correction,four immune cell phenotypes were finally identified.Among them,the expression of CD3 on CD39-positive activated CD4 regulatory T cells(OR=0.953,95％CI,0.931 to 0.978,P＜0.001,Padj=0.007),the expression of herpesvirus entry mediator(HVEM)on CD45RA-negative CD4+T cells(OR=0.965,95％CI,0.948 to 0.983,P＜0.001,Padj=0.008),and the percentage of human leukocyte antigen class DR(HLA-DR)-high-expressing monocytes among leukocytes(OR=0.929,95％CI,0.885 to 0.974,P=0.002,Padj=0.157)were protective factors for allergic rhinitis.In contrast,the percentage of transitional B cells among B cells(OR=1.094,95％CI,1.032 to 1.161,P=0.003,Padj=0.183)was a risk factor for allergic rhinitis.The reverse MR analysis showed no causal relationship between allergic rhinitis and the four immune cell phenotypes.Conclusion The two-sample forward MR analysis confirms a caus-al link between immune cells and allergic rhinitis.MR analysis has the advantages of reducing con-founding factor interference and avoiding reverse causation,providing a theoretical basis for in-depth research on immune mechanisms,sensitive biomarkers,and drug treatment targets of allergic rhinitis.

Bilateral medial medullary infarction(MMI)was a rare subtype of stroke.The clinical manifestations of bilateral MMI were complicated,which leaded to misdiagnosis.Patients with bilateral MMI could progress rapidly,and were easy to progress to respiratory failure and even death.Patients with this type of cerebral infarction did not respond well to medication.One case data of a patient with bilateral MMI was reviewed and analyzed.The weakness on the right side of the body was presented,accompanied by slurred speech,and was finally diagnosed with atherosclerosis of the large arteries through cranial MR examination.The patient had occlusion of the left posterior inferior cerebellar artery distal to the left vertebral artery V4 segment on the left side.The patient was treated with stent thrombectomy and balloon angioplasty,and the follow-up phone call at 3 months after discharge was showed good prognosis.Through a review of the literature,combined with the clinical and imaging features of this case,a preliminary analysis suggested that atherosclerosis of the large arteries may be the most common cause of bilateral MMI.Cranial MR imaging is an important method for diagnosing this condition.For patients with bilateral MMI accompanied by occlusion of the vertebral artery V4 segment,endovascular intervention may be attempted.

Objective:To explore the detection rate of non-caseating granuloma under endoscopy in patients with Crohn′s disease and its influencing factors, in order to improve the pathological diagnosis rate of Crohn′s disease.Methods:From July 2016 to April 2021, at the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 199 patients who met the clinical diagnostic criteria for Crohn′s disease and underwent endoscopic biopsy were collected. The detection rates of non-caseating granulomas in all patients with Crohn′s disease, in different types (primary and recurrent) and whether the biopsy site included the colon were analyzed. According to whether non-caseating granulomas were detected by endoscopic biopsy, the patients were divided into the detected group and the undetected group. The clinical data of the two groups of patients were compared, which included gender, age, course of disease, body mass index, smoking status, clinical manifestations (abdominal pain, diarrhea, gastrointestinal bleeding, perianal lesions, weight loss, fever, intestinal obstruction), therapeutic medication (5-aminosalicylic acid, immunosuppressants, glucocorticoid, biological agents, exclusive enteral nutrition), history of bowel surgery, laboratory examination results (hemoglobin, platelet count, neutrophil count, C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, albumin), endoscopic manifestation (ulcer, fistula, stricture), simplified Crohn′s disease activity index (CDAI), total number of biopsy samples, and site of biopsy. Chi-square test, continuity correction chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher exact test were used for statistical analysis, and logistic regression analysis was used to analyzed the influencing factors of detection of non-caseating granulomas under endoscopy. Results:Among the 199 patients with Crohn′s disease, 67 cases were detected with non-caseating granuloma (detected group), and the overall detection rate was 33.7% (67/199); 132 cases were not detected with non-caseating granuloma (undetected group). The detection rate of non-caseating granulomas in patients with primary Crohn′s disease was higher than that of recurrent patients (39.9%, 59/148 vs. 15.7%, 8/51), and the detection rate of non-caseating granulomas in patients with Crohn′s disease whose biopsy site included the colon was higher than that of patients whose biopsy site did not include colon (64.1%, 25/39 vs. 26.3%, 42/160), and the differences were statistically significant ( χ2=9.93 and 20.12 , P=0.002 and <0.001). The age of patients in the detected group was younger than that of the undetected group; the course of disease of the detected group was shorter than that of the undetected group; the proportions of patients with abdominal pain and history of biological treatment in the detected group were lower than those of the undetected group; the simplified CDAI score of the detected group was higher than that of the undetected group; and the total number of biopsy samples of the detected group was more than that of the undetected group (30.0 years old (25.0 years old, 37.00 years old) vs. 32.0 years old (28.0 years old, 41.0 years old); 1.0 year (0.0 year, 3.0 years) vs. 2.0 years (0.0 year, 5.0 years), 61.2%, 41/67 vs. 75.8%, 100/132; 0, 0/67 vs. 10.6%, 14/132; 5.00 (2.00, 7.00) vs. 4.00 (2.00, 6.00); 10 (8, 12) vs. 6 (3, 9)), and the differences were statistically significant ( Z=-2.29, -1.99, χ2=4.56, corrected χ2=6.11, Z=-2.05, -5.64, all P<0.05). The case number of biopsy location in terminal ileum, colon, ileocolon, upper gastrointestinal tract, terminal ileum+ upper gastrointestinal tract, ileocolon+ upper gastrointestinal tract in the detected group was 36, 4, 18, 1, 5 and 3, respectively, compared with those of undetected group (94, 4, 8, 11, 13 and 2), the difference was statistically significant (Fisher′s exact test, P<0.001). The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis suggested that the total number of biopsy samples, whether the biopsy site included the colon and disease type were independent influencing factors for the detection of non-caseating granulomas under endoscopy in patients with Crohn′s disease (regression coefficients=0.157, 0.979 and -0.960, OR=1.171, 2.662 and 0.383; 95% confidence interval 1.067 to 1.284, 1.140 to 6.214, 0.158 to 0.929; P=0.001, 0.024 and 0.034). Conclusions:For endoscopic examination in patients with suspected Crohn′s disease, the total number of biopsy samles should be increased as much as possible, and biopsy should be performed at the colonic lesions, in order to improve the detection rate of non-caseating granulomas under endoscopy thereby providing more pathological evidence for the diagnosis of Crohn′s disease.

To solve the problems of small one-time ablation range and easy charring of the tissue around the electrode associated with the tumor radiofrequency ablation needle, based on the multiphysical field coupling analysis software COMSOL, the effects of needle material, the number of sub needles and the bending angle of sub needles on the ablation effect of radiofrequency ablation electrode needle were studied. The results show that compared with titanium alloy and stainless steel, nickel titanium alloy has better radiofrequency energy transmission efficiency and it is the best material for electrode needle. The number of sub needles has a great influence on the average necrosis depth and the maximum necrosis diameter. Under the same conditions, the more the number of sub needles, the larger the volume of coagulation necrosis area. The bending angle of the needle has a great effect on the maximum diameter of the coagulated necrotic area, but has little effect on the average necrotic depth. Under the same other conditions, the coagulation necrosis area formed by ablation increased with the increase of the bending angle of the sub needle. For the three needles with bending angles of 60 °, 90 ° and 120 ° analyzed in this paper, the one with bending angle of 120 ° can obtain the largest coagulation necrosis area. In general, the design of nickel titanium alloy with 120 ° bending 8-pin is the optimal. The average depth of radiofrequency ablation necrosis area is 32.40 mm, and the maximum necrosis diameter is 52.65 mm. The above optimized design parameters can provide guidance for the structure and material design of tumor radiofrequency ablation needle.
Humans ; Needles ; Temperature ; Catheter Ablation/methods* ; Necrosis ; Neoplasms/surgery* ; Alloys