To develop a guideline terminology system and promote its standardization, thereby enhancing medical staff's accurate understanding and correct application of guidelines.

To introduce and analyze guideline terminology related to clinical question formulation, evidence retrieval and appraisal, and recommendation development.

OBJECTIVE: To accurately measure human energy metabolism with high temporal resolution, a respiratory gas analysis system was designed using a breath-by-breath approach. METHODS: Firstly, indirect calorimetry was employed in respiratory gas analysis to measure the respiratory flow and concentration signals in real-time. Secondly, oxygen consumption QO2 and carbon dioxide production QCO2 were calculated through respiratory characteristic alignment and respiratory signal segmentation. Finally, metabolic indexes were calculated according to the Weir formula. Furthermore, a controlled trial was formulated for validation comparisons with the MGC ULTIMA SYSTEM PFX CARDIO2. RESULTS: The results indicate that the data points of metabolic indexes measured by this system all fall within the confidence interval when compared with those of the MGC. CONCLUSION The system has high consistency with the MGC measurement results. Thus, the system can accurately measure metabolism in real-time and provide data support for clinical nutrition assessment and therapy.
Humans ; Energy Metabolism ; Breath Tests/instrumentation* ; Calorimetry, Indirect/instrumentation* ; Equipment Design

Objective:To study the effects of metformin on marginal bone resorption of implants in patients with type 2 diabetes melli-tus(T2DM)and exercise habit.Methods:63 cases with 73 implants were included.Among them,there were 41 cases(47 implants)without T2DM in group N,10 cases(13 implants)with T2DM and without exercise habit in group M,12 cases(12 implants)with T2DM and exercise habit in the MR group.The patients were followed up at 6 months,1 and 2 years after implantation.The marginal bone loss(MBL).Implantation success rate and peri-implantitis incidence rate were compared among the groups.Results:The bone resorption of the proximal and median margins of the long-term bone level of the implants in the N and MR groups were significantly lower than that in the M group(P=0.001 and P=0.000 5,respectively).The implant success rates of group N,MR and M were 95.74％,100％and 76.92％,respectively.The incidence of peri-implantitis of the three groups was 2.13％,0 and 15.38％,respec-tively.Conclusion:Metformin is more effective in the improvement of the long-term marginal bone resorption of implants,increase the success rate of implants,and reduce the incidence of peri-implantitis in patients with T2DM and exercise habit in the mandibular first molar area.

The essence of clinical practice guidelines lies in their recommendations. It is common to find strong recommendations supported by low-quality evidence in current published guidelines. There is a typical misunderstanding among medical professionals that without high-quality evidence, it is impossible to develop high-quality guidelines or only expert consensus can be developed. Based on the GRADE approach, this paper explains the concept and clinical significance of low-quality evidence, and introduces the methods for formulating recommendations based on low-quality evidence in guidelines, with the aim to provide reference for guideline developers and users in China.

Objective To analyze the risk factors influencing the occurrence of atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes, and to construct and evaluate a nomogram prediction model. Methods Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors of atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus, and R software was used to build a nomogram prediction model. The accuracy and clinical validity of the model were verified by using H-L fit curve, area under ROC curve and calibration curve. Results The prevalence rate of atherosclerosis was 56.37%. Independent risk factors for atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus (P<0.05) were body weight (OR=1.42，P<0.05), glycated serum protein (OR=1.35, P<0.05), lactate dehydrogenase (OR=1.17, P<0.05), alkaline phosphatase (OR=0.79, P<0.05), hyperlipidemia (OR=2.30, P<0.05), stroke (OR=4.20, P<0.05), coronary heart disease (OR=64.54, P<0.05), lower extremity artery disease (OR=24.52, P<0.05), and other endocrine diseases (OR=1.65 , P<0.05). The area under ROC curve was 0.91, the slope of the calibration curve was close to 1, and the H-L fit curve χ²=3.11. The internal verification result of the constructed nomogram prediction model was P=0.93. External verification of patients in the test set showed that the area under ROC curve was 0.91, indicating good differentiation and accuracy of the model. Conclusion The prediction model established by using the risk factors screened in this study has a high accuracy and differentiation, and medical staff can take effective prevention measures according to the individual factors of patients.

The implantation of a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) is an important therapeutic tool for patients with end-stage heart failure, which can either help patients transit to the heart transplantation stage or serve as destination therapy until the end of their lives. In recent years, the third generation of LVAD has evolved rapidly and several brands have been marketed both domestically and internationally. The number of LVAD implantations has been increasing and the long-term survival rate of implanted patients has improved, so this device has a broad development perspective. This article summarizes the current status, usage standards and precautions, and common complications after implantation of LVAD, as well as looks forward to the future development of LVAD, hoping to be helpful for researchers who are new to this field.

Objective:To establish an environmental management strategy for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia from the perspective of etiological characteristics and to verify its application effect.Methods:Based on a sampling survey, this study constructed preventive management strategies for ventilator-associated pneumonia by blocking pathogen characteristics from the perspective of both colonization and infection management in patients. From July 2021 to June 2023, a non-synchronous randomized controlled study was conducted, including a control group of 59 cases and an experimental group of 57 cases from ICU of Tianjin Teda Hospital, all of them were mechanically ventilated patients. The effectiveness of the strategy was confirmed.Results:In the control group, there were 35 males and 24 females, with an average age of (46.97 ± 18.84) years. In the experimental group, there were 39 males and 18 females, with an average age of (47.49 ± 13.85) years. During the study period, there were 9 cases of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in the control group and 2 cases in the experimental group, the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (exact odds ratio=0.031). The duration of mechanical ventilation in the experimental group (122.41 ± 18.36) h, which was shorter than that in the control group (187.62 ± 18.05) h, and the difference was statistically significant ( t=19.28, P<0.05). The length of ICU stay in the experimental group was (8.38 ± 0.79) d, in the control group was (10.99 ± 1.10) d, the difference between them was statistically significant ( t=14.66, P<0.05). On the 7th day, there were 7 cases of positive pathogenic bacteria in sputum culture in the experimental group, which was significantly different from the 29 cases in the control group ( χ2=16.73, P<0.05). Conclusions:The vector management strategy for preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia by blocking etiological characteristics can reduce the incidence of VAP, shorten the duration of mechanical ventilation and ICU stay, and reduce the pathogen load in the sputum of mechanically ventilated patients on the 7th day.

Expert evidence, expert opinion, and expert consensus are frequently mentioned and used in the process of guideline development. However, due to the lack of clear definitions and standards, there is confusion and misuse among the three in practice. This paper clarifies the meanings, current status, differences, and connections of expert evidence, expert opinion, and expert consensus in the development of guidelines, aiming to provide a reference for guideline developers in China.

Objective:To evaluate the safety and efficacy of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy(LPN)for multilocular cystic renal neoplasm(MCRN)in children.Methods:The clinical data of a case with MCRN admitted to Wuhan Children's Hospital affiliated to Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology in August 2020 was retrospectively analyzed. A 12-year-old boy was found with a left cystic renal mass and enlarged by ultrasound 1 year before admission. Ultrasound and CT examination showed a 5 cm MCRN in the lower pole of left kidney. The enhanced CT showed that the mass was about 10 HU, which showed septation and punctate calcification, and a wall thickness of one separated enhancement was > 4 mm. A preoperative diagnosis of left renal cystic lesion (grade Bonsiak Ⅲ, stage T 1bN 0M 0, R.E.N.A.L. score 9X). The lesion had an intermediate probability of being malignant. The patient underwent a laparoscopic left partial nephrectomy. During the operation, there was a 60 mm×50 mm cystic mass in the lower pole of left kidney, which was removed intact. Results:The pathological report of the mass was MCRN. Its morphological features showed multilocular cystic changes. No tumor component was found in its perirenal adipose tissue and incisional margin of its calyces. The expression of TFE3 was detected by immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization. It is consistent with renal cell carcinoma associated with Xp11.2 translocation/TFE3 gene fusion (Xp11.2 tRCC). After 3 years of follow-up, the shape of the left kidney was recovered partially without recrudescence and distant metastasis.His serum creatinine was 61.6 μmol/L.Conclusions:According to Bosniak classification of cystic renal masses(version 2019), benign and malignant MCRN in children were predicted. LPN is a safe and effective minimally invasive treatment for MCRN in children, which can preserve part of the renal function and improve the quality of life after operation.