Traumatic injuries represent the fifth leading cause of death in China and the primary cause of death among young adults. While facial fractures can lead to significant aesthetic and psychological consequences, fractures in the limbs and joints impair functional mobility. In traumatic incidents requiring forensic evaluation, such as traffic accidents or violent conflicts, the type and severity of fractures directly determine injury grading and disability assessment. Consequently, the accurate diagnosis of traumatic fractures is not only a critical medical issue impacting patient management and rehabilitation but also a significant social issue influencing judicial fairness. This article systematically reviews advancements in multi-modal imaging techniques. While conventional X-ray radiography remains a fundamental screening tool, it faces challenges in detecting occult fractures. Multi-slice spiral computed tomography (MSCT), utilizing 3D reconstruction, enables spatial analysis of complex fractures. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with its multi-sequence capabilities, plays an indispensable role in detecting bone marrow edema and assessing concomitant soft tissue injuries. Regarding innovative technologies, dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) employs virtual non-calcium (VNC) techniques for quantitative bone marrow edema analysis; ultra-high-resolution computed tomography (U-HRCT) breaks through imaging limitations of trabecular microarchitecture with a resolution of approximately 10 μm; and 7.0 T ultra-high-field MRI, alongside MRI-based CT-like imaging techniques, advances radiation-free bone structure evaluation. Artificial intelligence (AI) models significantly enhance diagnostic efficiency in fracture detection. Future developments will focus on multi-modal image fusion, the construction of intelligent decision-support systems, and the quantitative functional assessment of bone microstructure, facilitating a paradigm shift from anatomical description to prognostic prediction and realizing the principles of personalized medicine.

Traumatic injuries represent the fifth leading cause of death in China and the primary cause of death among young adults. While facial fractures can lead to significant aesthetic and psychological consequences, fractures in the limbs and joints impair functional mobility. In traumatic incidents requiring forensic evaluation, such as traffic accidents or violent conflicts, the type and severity of fractures directly determine injury grading and disability assessment. Consequently, the accurate diagnosis of traumatic fractures is not only a critical medical issue impacting patient management and rehabilitation but also a significant social issue influencing judicial fairness. This article systematically reviews advancements in multi-modal imaging techniques. While conventional X-ray radiography remains a fundamental screening tool, it faces challenges in detecting occult fractures. Multi-slice spiral computed tomography (MSCT), utilizing 3D reconstruction, enables spatial analysis of complex fractures. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with its multi-sequence capabilities, plays an indispensable role in detecting bone marrow edema and assessing concomitant soft tissue injuries. Regarding innovative technologies, dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) employs virtual non-calcium (VNC) techniques for quantitative bone marrow edema analysis; ultra-high-resolution computed tomography (U-HRCT) breaks through imaging limitations of trabecular microarchitecture with a resolution of approximately 10 μm; and 7.0 T ultra-high-field MRI, alongside MRI-based CT-like imaging techniques, advances radiation-free bone structure evaluation. Artificial intelligence (AI) models significantly enhance diagnostic efficiency in fracture detection. Future developments will focus on multi-modal image fusion, the construction of intelligent decision-support systems, and the quantitative functional assessment of bone microstructure, facilitating a paradigm shift from anatomical description to prognostic prediction and realizing the principles of personalized medicine.

Objective To investigate the CT and MRI findings of different types of small round cell tumor(SRCT)in the nasal cavity and sinuses.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the imaging data and clinical data of 35 SRCT patients confirmed by pathology.Thirty-one SRCT patients underwent CT examination,and 19 SRCT patients underwent MRI examination.Results There were 20 cases of tumors that invaded the nasal cavity and 19 cases involved the sinuses,including 11 cases of the maxillary sinus,7 cases of the ethmoid sinus,2 cases of the sphenoid sinus,and 1 case of the frontal sinus.CT findings of SRCT were all soft tissue masses.Lymphoma was relatively homogeneous with mild bone destruction,and usually involved nasal vestibular skin.Rhabdomyosarcoma(embryonic type)happened at an early age and easily caused bone destruction and metastasis.Melanoma generally occurred in the nasal septum and nasal cavity,which was prone to bleeding.Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma was heterogeneous,with moderate to significant enhancement,bone absorption and destruction were often noticed.The MRI manifestations of SRCT were equal or long signal on T1WI,high signal on T2WI,and significant diffusion limitation on diffusion weighted imaging(DWI)and apparent diffusion coefficient(ADC)except for melanoma.On contrast-enhanced images,lymphoma showed mild to moderate enhancement,rhabdomyosarcoma showed typical"grape sign",and small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma showed"sieve"and"map-like"obvious enhancement.Typical melanoma showed a high signal on T1WI and a low signal on T2WI and usually caused bleeding.The MRI findings were related to the presence of melanoma and hemorrhage within the lesion.Conclusion SRCT of the nasal cavity and sinuses have a high degree of malignancy and poor prognosis,CT and MRI have many similar manifestations.Combining clinical data,bone destruction,MRI enhancement,and DWI sequence can effectively distinguish different types of SRCT,as well as squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal cavity and sinuses and adenoid cystic carcinoma.

Objective To analyze the MRI features of hydrosalpinx and to investigate its clinical value.Methods MRI and ultrasound manifestations in 40 patients with hydrosalpinx in 53 fallopian tubes confirmed by operative and pathological findings were analyzed retrospectively,and these findings were also compared with the results of aparoscopy and pathology.Results Among 53 fallopian tubes with hydrosalpinx,bilateral tubes in 13 patients and 27 unilateral tubes in other patients were found.The tubes were botuliform in 32, retort-shaped in 1 6,pouch-shaped in 5.Incomplete separation of the lumen were found in 1 9.In 9 patients with acute salpingitis,1 5 tubes were found with empyema and expansion.In other 31 patients with chronic salpingitis,38 tubes were with hydrops and expansion,14 of whom were with hematocele.The sensibilities of MRI and ultrasound diagnosis for hydrosalpinx were 94.3%(50/53)and 88.7%(47/53)with no statistical differences(P >0.05),however the specificitis were 90.6%(48/53)and 77.6%(41/53)with obvious statistical differences(P <0.05).Conclusion The locating and qualitative diagnosis of MRI for hydrosalpinx is superior to ultrasound.MRI can discriminate the quality of cyst fluid and thus can definitely diagnose the hydrosalpinx caused by acute or chronic salpingitis.