The therapeutic concept of amblyopia has gradually shifted from improving the visual acuity of the amblyopic eye to restoring binocular visual function.Conventional occlusion therapy and routine visual training have issues such as long treatment cycles, insufficient entertainment value and poor patient compliance, which limits the stability of therapeutic effects. Virtual reality(VR)technology, characterized by immersion, interactivity, and adjustable stimulus parameters, has been increasingly applied to visual training for amblyopia.Current evidence suggests that VR-based training can improve visual acuity and binocular visual function in amblyopia patients to a certain extent.Moreover, its gamified interactions and feedback-driven design may also enhance patient motivation and treatment adherence. This review begins with the mechanisms and theoretical basis of VR training for amblyopia, proceeds to summarizeits advantages over conventional methods, current systems, training modes, clinical efficacy, commonly used outcome measures, as well as safety and acceptability, aiming to provide a reference for its standardization, clinical translation, and widespread adoption.

Objective: To investigate the clinical symptoms, laboratory tests, and treatment strategies of a case of fetal/neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT) complicated with piperacillin drug antibody. Methods: The platelet antibodies in the mother were screened and identified by ELISA. The HLA antigens of the newborn were genotyped through PCR-SSO, while the specificity of HLA antibodies in the mother was determined using a Single Antigen kit. The drug antibody was detected by a piperacillin kit. Results: Maternal antibodies against paternally-derived platelet antigens were detected. The HLA genotypes of the newborn were identified as HLA A 33∶03 and HLA B 58∶01. The mother exhibited strong positive antibodies against the specific platelet antigens of the newborn, namely anti-HLA-A33 and anti-HLA-B58 antibodies. The piperacillin antibody was detected in the newborn. Following treatment of continuous intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), platelet transfusions, red blood cell transfusions and discontinuation of piperacillin treatment, the platelet count and hemoglobin levels increased in the newborn. Conclusion: The newborn in this case was diagnosed with FNAIT complicated by the presence of anti-HLA-A33 and anti-HLA-B58 antibodies, as well as drug-induced hemolytic anemia caused by piperacillin drug antibody. The condition is more complicated under the influence of dual immune antibodies. Laboratory detection techniques such as platelet antibody and drug antibody tests can assist in early clinical diagnosis. At the same time, more active drug and blood transfusion treatments should be given in clinical practice to improve the prognosis.

Objective: To investigate the clinical symptoms, laboratory tests, and treatment strategies of a case of fetal/neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT) complicated with piperacillin drug antibody. Methods: The platelet antibodies in the mother were screened and identified by ELISA. The HLA antigens of the newborn were genotyped through PCR-SSO, while the specificity of HLA antibodies in the mother was determined using a Single Antigen kit. The drug antibody was detected by a piperacillin kit. Results: Maternal antibodies against paternally-derived platelet antigens were detected. The HLA genotypes of the newborn were identified as HLA A 33∶03 and HLA B 58∶01. The mother exhibited strong positive antibodies against the specific platelet antigens of the newborn, namely anti-HLA-A33 and anti-HLA-B58 antibodies. The piperacillin antibody was detected in the newborn. Following treatment of continuous intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), platelet transfusions, red blood cell transfusions and discontinuation of piperacillin treatment, the platelet count and hemoglobin levels increased in the newborn. Conclusion: The newborn in this case was diagnosed with FNAIT complicated by the presence of anti-HLA-A33 and anti-HLA-B58 antibodies, as well as drug-induced hemolytic anemia caused by piperacillin drug antibody. The condition is more complicated under the influence of dual immune antibodies. Laboratory detection techniques such as platelet antibody and drug antibody tests can assist in early clinical diagnosis. At the same time, more active drug and blood transfusion treatments should be given in clinical practice to improve the prognosis.

Objective To investigate the differences in radiation dose during chest CT examinations among children of different age groups and establish dose estimation regression models. Methods Chest CT data from 135 children aged 4 to 15 years were retrospectively collected from the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University between January 2022 and December 2023. The children were divided into three age groups: 4-5 years, 6-10 years and 11-15 years. CT scanning parameters (tube voltage, tube current, scan range) and dosimetry parameters including volume CT dose index (CTDI_vol) dose length product (DLP), and size-specific dose estimate (SSDE) were recorded. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare intergroup differences. A Pearson correlation analysis was performed to assess the relationship between age and dose indicators. Both linear and nonlinear regression models were constructed. Results Age showed a weak positive correlation with CTDI_vol (r = 0.27), a moderate positive correlation with DLP (r = 0.60), and a moderate negative correlation with SSDE (r = −0.55). Linear regression analysis revealed that DLP increased with age (y = 117.85 + 9.81x, R² = 0.36), while SSDE decreased with age (y = 12.4 − 0.18x, R² = 0.32). Using orthogonal distance regression, the goodness-of-fit of the nonlinear models for DLP and SSDE significantly improved (R² = 0.99 and 0.94, respectively). Conclusion In pediatric chest CT dose assessment, CTDI_vol underestimates radiation dose compared to SSDE and fails to account for patient body size. The dose estimation models constructed with orthogonal distance regression outperform those established using the least squares method, demonstrating higher fitting accuracy, and can serve as a reference for personalized dose management in pediatric CT examinations.

ObjectiveTo assess the efficiency of a Sophora flavescens Ait (S. flavescens, Ku Shen)-soluble microneedle (SFA-MN) for improving skin lesion symptoms in mice with psoriasis.MethodsSFA-MNs were prepared using a two-mold molding process with 20% w/v polyvinylpyrrolidone and 15% w/v polyvinyl alcohol. The SFA-MNs were assessed for morphology, mechanical properties, in vitro dissolution, identification of components, and skin lesion improvement in imiquimod-induced psoriasis mice.ResultsThe SFA-MNs demonstrated good mechanical properties for efficiently penetrating the dermis, facilitating efficient drug delivery. Furthermore, they effectively inhibited mast cell levels in the dorsal lesion area of psoriasis mice and reduced the expression of the T-lymphocyte factor cluster of differentiation 3 and tumor necrosis factor-α. In addition, this system alleviated skin inflammation, splenic swelling, and thymic atrophy in the psoriasis-like mouse model. Seven major components were detected from SFA-MNs by comparison of the mass-to-nucleus ratios (m/z) of the secondary fragments N-methylcytisine, 5α, 9α-dihydroxymatrine, sophoramine, matrine, oxysophocarpine, oxymatrine, and kushenol O.ConclusionThe drug delivery strategy combining traditional herbal S. flavescens with soluble microneedle technology provides more targeted and effective immune regulation for treating psoriasis-like mice models, enabling enhanced therapeutic effects compared with the control group.

Objective To analyze the endowment features of patients with primary angle-closure glaucoma(PACG)based on circuit-qi theory,thus to provide approaches for revealing the etiology,pathogenesis and prevalence of PACG.Methods From October 2023 to March 2024,a total of 204 patients with PACG admitted to the Eye Hospital,China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences were enrolled into the analysis.The natal day of the patients was used for the calculation of conception day,and then the conception day was used for the analysis of the features of five circuits and six qi based on the stem-branch lunar year of conception day.A database of information of five circuits and six qi on conception day was constructed,and then the features of their endowments at conception were statistically analyzed.Results No statistically significant differences were shown in the distribution of the dominant qi,guest qi,sitian(celestial control)and zaiquan(terrestrial effect)at conception in PACG patients(P＞0.05),but there were statistically significant differences in the distribution of yearly circuit,comprehensive circuit-qi,and combined circuit-qi at conception in PACG patients(P＜0.05).Most of PACG patients had the circuit-qi features of shaomu(deficiency of wood)-yangming dryness gold-shaoyin monarch fire,and taitu(excess of earth)-shaoyin monarch fire-yangming dryness gold at conception.Conclusion Those who are conceived at the date with circuit-qi features of shaomu and taitu,comprehensive circuit-qi features of shaomu-yangming dryness gold-shaoyin monarch fire and taitu-shaoyin monarch fire-yangming dryness gold,and combined circuit-qi features of shunhua(qi generating circuit)and celestial restriction(qi restricting circuit)are vulnerability to PACG.The development of the constitution of PACG patients may be related to the congenital circuit-qi features of pathogenic dryness attacking the lung,and metal exuberance restricting wood.

Intergenerational transmission exists within families, which is considered as key factor influencing individual health. Previous studies of intergenerational transmission were diverse and fragmented, in which the impacts of parental health-related characteristics and health risk behaviors on their children and grandchildren were reported, yet there is a lack of systematic reviews based on high-quality epidemiological research. From a population-based cohort perspective, this paper summarizes the theoretical foundations, designs and contents, outcomes, and statistical approaches of research of intergenerational transmission of health to provide theoretical support for the research in this field.

Pancreatic cancer is highly malignant and difficult to treat. The implantation of radioactive seed has opened up a new treatment option for pancreatic cancer. Although the implantation of radioactive seed in the treatment of pancreatic cancer has achieved good results, due to the special anatomical location of pancreatic cancer and the dense distribution of important tissues and organs around the tumor, the operation of seed implantation for pancreatic cancer has become a clinical treatment challenge. We applied the method of 3D printing template navigation and constraining the direction of the puncture needle. The puncture needle followed the safe puncture path designed in the preoperative treatment planning system, effectively avoiding important tissues and organs, and implanted radioactive seeds in the tumor. The operation of seed implantation was simplified, homogenized and made safe. In this group of cases, the proportion of successful particle implantation using 3D printing template navigation was 89.5%. All cases met the preoperative treatment plan in postoperative dose verification and achieved the purpose of radioactive seed implantation treatment.

Objective To establish a mouse model of bronchiectasis with acute infection and evaluate the immunogenicity and protective effect of a self-assembling Pseudomonas aeruginosa(PA)nanoparticle vaccine rePO-FN based on fusion of PcrV-OprI(rePO)protein with self-assembling ferritin(Ferritin).Methods ① SPF-grade female C57BL/6 mice(aged 6～8 weeks,weighing 18～20 g)were randomly allocated into normal saline group,and low-,medium-and high-dose elastase groups(n=6).A mouse model of bronchiectasis was established via intratracheal instillation of different doses of elastase(30 μL of normal saline containing 0.65,1.30 and 2.60 IU elastase)for 3 consecutive days.At 14 and 21 d after modeling,ELISA and HE staining were performed respectively to detect the concentration of IL-6 and to observe pathological changes in lung tissue in order to confirm the modeling.② A recombinant plasmid encoding the gene of fusion protein rePO-FN was constructed and expressed in E.coli.The target protein was purified via affinity chromatography and renatured to obtain the desired protein.The physicochemical properties of the rePO-FN protein were characterized using SDS-PAGE protein gel electrophoresis,dynamic light scattering,molecular sieve chromatography,and transmission electron microscopy.③ C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into PBS group,rePO group,rePO-FN group,and Ferritin group(n=10).The mice in the above groups were immunized intramuscularly with 100 μL PBS buffer alone or containing 10 μg of corresponding proteins on days 0,7,and 14.ELISA was used to measure the specific antibodies in serum.In 7 d after the final immunization,an acute PA infection model was used to compare the survival rates and bacterial colonization among the PBS,rePO,and rePO-FN groups.After establishing a bronchiectasis model by intratracheal instillation of 2.60 IU of elastase in C57BL/6J mice as described above,the mice were randomly divided into bronchiectasis PBS group,bronchiectasis rePO group,and bronchiectasis rePO-FN group(n=10).Immunization was conducted at the same dose and procedure as described above,in 21 d after bronchiectasis modeling.At the 7th d after the final immunization,an acute PA infection model was used to compare the survival rates and bacterial colonization among the groups.Results ①Repeated intratracheal instillation of elastase significantly increased the concentration of IL-6 in the lung tissue when compared to the content of the normal saline group(P＜0.05).Pathological observations revealed varying degrees of bronchial wall destruction,alveolar fusion,edema,neutrophil infiltration,and hemorrhage,with the severity increasing with elastase dose,which confirming successful establishment of the mouse model of bronchiectasis.② Well-dispersed rePO-FN nanoparticles were successfully prepared,with an average particle size of 91.28 nm,a Zeta potential of approximately-6.5 mV,and a polydispersity index(PDI)of 0.306.Molecular sieve chromatography determined the elution volume of rePO-FN protein to be 8.80 mL,corresponding to a molecular weight of approximately 1 400 kDa.③ Under acute PA XN-1 strain infection,the survival rate of the rePO-FN immunization group and the bronchiectasis rePO-FN immunization group were significantly higher than that of the PBS control group(P＜0.05).Additionally,bacterial colonization in the lung tissues was significantly lower in the rePO-FN immune group and the bronchiectasis rePO-FN immune group under acute PA XN-1 strain infection than that in the rePO group and the bronchiectasis rePO group(P＜0.05).Conclusion Our vaccine rePO-FN can effectively trigger a strong humoral immune response and provide significant protection against PA infection in a mouse bronchiectasis model.

Objective:To explore the relationship between the differential genes derived from transcriptome mRNA sequencing and prognosis among heart failure patients with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF) and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).Methods:This was a case-control study. Ten patients with HFmrEF and 10 patients with HFpEF treated at TEDA International Cardiovascular Disease Hospital from November 2021 to January 2022 were selected and differentially expressed genes were screened by transcriptome mRNA sequencing. Ten healthy people served as control group. In addition, 50 patients with HFmrEF, 62 patients with HFpEF, who were treated at TEDA International Cardiovascular Disease Hospital at the same period, were selected as validation groups, 57 healthy people served as control validation group. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to detect the expression of differential genes in each group. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and the area under the curve (AUC) were used to assess the differential diagnosis and prognostic value of differential genes in these patients. Patients were followed up regularly to document adverse events within 1 year after discharge including cardiac death and readmission for heart failure. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier curves and tested by log rank test. Cox regression analysis was used to explore whether differential mRNA was risk factors for poor prognosis in HFmrEF and HFpEF patients.Results:A total of four genes were differentially expressed (three upregulated and one downregulated gene) between the HFmrEF group and HFpEF group (adjust P<0.05). SLC12A1, C15orf48 and SPP1 were associated with the progress of cardiovascular disease, and selected for validation in the clinical cohort. RT-qPCR results showed that the gene expression of SLC12A1 in the HFmrEF group was significantly higher than that in the HFpEF group ( P<0.001). The AUC for the adjunctive differential diagnostic value of SLC12A1 for HFmrEF and HFpEF was 0.802 ( P<0.001) and the AUC of SLC12A1 with a cut-off value of 6.634 was 0.737 ( P=0.003) in determining poor prognosis in patients with HFpEF. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that patients with SLC12A1≤6.634 had a higher incidence of adverse cardiac events than patients with SLC12A1 >6.634 ( P=0.001). Cox regression analysis showed that the risk of adverse cardiac events in the SLC12A1 ≤6.634 group was 6.787 times higher than in the SLC12A1 >6.634 group ( HR=6.787, P=0.011). Conclusions:Transcriptome mRNA sequencing analysis is valuable for detecting clinical relevant differentially expressed genes in HFmrEF and HFpEF patients, among which SLC12A1 can be used as a novel molecular biomarker to aid the differential diagnosis of HFmrEF and HFpEF. In addition, SLC12A1 may be used as an adjunctive biomarker for the prognosis evaluation in patients with HFpEF.