The circadian clock plays a critical role in regulating various physiological processes, including gene expression, metabolic regulation, immune response, and the sleep-wake cycle in living organisms. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are crucial regulatory mechanisms to maintain the precise oscillation of the circadian clock. By modulating the stability, activity, cell localization and protein-protein interactions of core clock proteins, PTMs enable these proteins to respond dynamically to environmental and intracellular changes, thereby sustaining the periodic oscillations of the circadian clock. Different types of PTMs exert their effects through distincting molecular mechanisms, collectively ensuring the proper function of the circadian system. This review systematically summarized several major types of PTMs, including phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation and oxidative modification, and overviewed their roles in regulating the core clock proteins and the associated pathways, with the goals of providing a theoretical foundation for the deeper understanding of clock mechanisms and the treatment of diseases associated with circadian disruption.
Protein Processing, Post-Translational/physiology* ; Circadian Rhythm/physiology* ; Humans ; Animals ; CLOCK Proteins/physiology* ; Circadian Clocks/physiology* ; Phosphorylation ; Acetylation ; Ubiquitination ; Sumoylation

Medical institutions, with their clinical practice foundation and abundant human use experience data, have become important carriers for the inheritance and innovation of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) and the "cradles" of the preparation of new TCM. To effectively promote the transformation of new TCM originating from the TCM clinical practice in medical institutions and establish an effective evaluation index system for the transformation of new TCM conforming to the characteristics of TCM, consensus experts adopted the literature research, questionnaire survey, Delphi method, etc. By focusing on the policy and technical evaluation of new TCM originating from the TCM clinical practice in medical institutions, a comprehensive evaluation from the dimensions of drug safety, efficacy, feasibility, and characteristic advantages was conducted, thus forming a comprehensive evaluation system with four primary indicators and 37 secondary indicators. The expert consensus reached aims to encourage medical institutions at all levels to continuously improve the high-quality research and development and transformation of new TCM originating from the TCM clinical practice in medical institutions and targeted at clinical needs, so as to provide a decision-making basis for the preparation, selection, cultivation, and transformation of new TCM for medical institutions, improve the development efficiency of new TCM, and precisely respond to the public medication needs.
Medicine, Chinese Traditional/standards* ; Humans ; Consensus ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Geniposidic acid(GA), a natural iridoid, exists in the roots, stems, leaves, flowers, bark, fruits, and seeds of medicinal plants of Rubiaceae, Eucommiaceae, and Plantaginaceae. Modern pharmacological studies have revealed that GA has multiple pharmacological activities, including organ-protective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, anti-osteoporosis, anti-neurodegenerative, and anti-cardiovascular effects. GA can enhance cell/organism defenses by upregulating key anti-inflammatory and antioxidant cytokines, while downregulating key node proteins in pro-inflammatory signaling pathways such as AhR and TLR4/MyD88, thereby exerting pharmacological effects such as organ protection. Pharmacokinetic investigations have suggested that after oral administration, GA can be distributed in multiple organs(kidney, liver, heart, spleen, lung, etc.). In addition, the pharmacokinetic behavior of GA could be significantly altered under disease conditions, as demonstrated by a marked increase in systematic exposure. This article comprehensively summarizes the reported pharmacological activities and mechanisms and systematically analyzes the pharmacokinetic characteristics and key parameters of GA, with the aim of providing a theoretical basis and scientific reference for the precise clinical application of GA-related Chinese patent medicines, as well as for the investigation and development of innovative drugs based on GA.
Humans ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry* ; Animals ; Iridoid Glucosides/chemistry* ; Plants, Medicinal/chemistry* ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology*

Objective:Systematically review the release status and characteristics of policies related to cross-regional medical insurance settlement policies in China,providing reference for promoting the convenience of medical insurance settlement services and improving management efficiency.Methods:Using content analysis,a two-dimensional framework of"policy objectives-policy tools"was constructed.A total of 127 policy documents were coded and analyzed.Results:Demand-based tools were applied most frequently(43.6%),followed by environmental and supply-based tools.Policy objectives mainly focused on improving service convenience,supported by expanding coverage and ensuring regulatory security.Conclusions:China's cross-regional medical insurance settlement policies have improved service accessibility and strengthened institutional supervision while gradually expanding coverage.However,deficiencies remain in assessment refinement and emergency mechanisms.Greater interdepartmental coordination is needed to enhance regulatory linkage and ensure the safe operation of medical insurance funds.

Acute pancreatitis(AP)is a common digestive disorder associated with moderate to high nutritional risks,necessitating timely nutritional support.Over the past five decades,medical nutrition therapy for AP has undergone a paradigm shift,transitioning from traditional fasting based on the"pancreatic rest theory"to the current emphasis on early enteral feeding to"awaken the gut."Currently,nutritional treatment has become a cornerstone of comprehensive AP management.The European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism(ESPEN),founded in 1980,is a leading professional organization dedicated to advancing research,clinical practice,and education in clinical nutrition and metabolism.To date,ESPEN has published five evidence-based guidelines on nutritional management in pancreatic diseases.This article reviews the evolution of AP nutritional therapy as outlined in these ESPEN guidelines,highlighting key recommendations and their clinical implications.

Objective To explore the predictive efficacy of several multimodal MRI-based machine learning models for the promoter methylation states of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase(MGMT)of glioblastoma muliforme(GBM)patients in terms of the GBM heterogeneity and the complexity of the tumor microenvironment.Methods Firstly,the multimodal MRI images of 317 GBM patients from The University of Pennsylvania Glioblastoma(UPENN-GBM)dataset were pre-processed,with four sequences involved in including T1-weighted imaging(T1WI)sequence,T1-weighted contrast-enhanced imaging(T1CE)sequence,T2-weighted imaging(T2WI)sequence and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery(FLAIR)sequence,and the radiomics features were extracted for two regions of interest(ROIs)such as the tumor core region and the tumor edema region.Secondly,the data of the 317 GBM patients were randomly divided into a training set(254 cases)and a test set(63 cases),which underwent normalization with Z-scores and feature selection and dimensionality reduction with Lasso regression.Finally,three models were established respectively with particle swarm optimization-support vector machine(PSO-SVM),C-support vector classification(C-SVC)and adaptive boosting(adaptive boosting(Adaboost)algorithms,and the predictive efficacy of the three models for glioblastoma multiforme MGMT promoter methylation states were evaluated in terms of accuracy and AUC.Results The Adaboost model based on T2WI sequence and radiomics features of the tumor core region had the highest predictive efficacy with accuracy and AUC values of 67％and 0.74,respectively,higher than those of other combinations of sequences,models and regions of interest.Conclusion The multimodal MRI-based machine learning models can be used for the prediction of glioblastoma multiforme MGMT promoter methylation states,which provides powerful support for personalized treatment and prognostic assessment of GBM.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2025,46(6):7-13]

Objective To explore the predictive efficacy of several multimodal MRI-based machine learning models for the promoter methylation states of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase(MGMT)of glioblastoma muliforme(GBM)patients in terms of the GBM heterogeneity and the complexity of the tumor microenvironment.Methods Firstly,the multimodal MRI images of 317 GBM patients from The University of Pennsylvania Glioblastoma(UPENN-GBM)dataset were pre-processed,with four sequences involved in including T1-weighted imaging(T1WI)sequence,T1-weighted contrast-enhanced imaging(T1CE)sequence,T2-weighted imaging(T2WI)sequence and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery(FLAIR)sequence,and the radiomics features were extracted for two regions of interest(ROIs)such as the tumor core region and the tumor edema region.Secondly,the data of the 317 GBM patients were randomly divided into a training set(254 cases)and a test set(63 cases),which underwent normalization with Z-scores and feature selection and dimensionality reduction with Lasso regression.Finally,three models were established respectively with particle swarm optimization-support vector machine(PSO-SVM),C-support vector classification(C-SVC)and adaptive boosting(adaptive boosting(Adaboost)algorithms,and the predictive efficacy of the three models for glioblastoma multiforme MGMT promoter methylation states were evaluated in terms of accuracy and AUC.Results The Adaboost model based on T2WI sequence and radiomics features of the tumor core region had the highest predictive efficacy with accuracy and AUC values of 67％and 0.74,respectively,higher than those of other combinations of sequences,models and regions of interest.Conclusion The multimodal MRI-based machine learning models can be used for the prediction of glioblastoma multiforme MGMT promoter methylation states,which provides powerful support for personalized treatment and prognostic assessment of GBM.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2025,46(6):7-13]

Objective:Systematically review the release status and characteristics of policies related to cross-regional medical insurance settlement policies in China,providing reference for promoting the convenience of medical insurance settlement services and improving management efficiency.Methods:Using content analysis,a two-dimensional framework of"policy objectives-policy tools"was constructed.A total of 127 policy documents were coded and analyzed.Results:Demand-based tools were applied most frequently(43.6%),followed by environmental and supply-based tools.Policy objectives mainly focused on improving service convenience,supported by expanding coverage and ensuring regulatory security.Conclusions:China's cross-regional medical insurance settlement policies have improved service accessibility and strengthened institutional supervision while gradually expanding coverage.However,deficiencies remain in assessment refinement and emergency mechanisms.Greater interdepartmental coordination is needed to enhance regulatory linkage and ensure the safe operation of medical insurance funds.

The adulteration and counterfeiting of herbal ingredients in medicinal and food homology (MFH) have a serious impact on the quality of herbal materials, thereby endangering human health. Compared to pharmaceutical drugs, health products derived from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) are more easily accessible and closely integrated into consumers' daily life. However, the authentication of the authenticity of TCM ingredients in MFH has not received sufficient attention. The lack of clear standards emphasizes the necessity of conducting systematic research in this area. This study utilized DNA barcoding technology, combining ITS2, psbA-trnH, matK as universal barcode sequences, and DX, HH, JYH as specific barcode sequences, to identify the authenticity of commercial medicinal and food homology scented herbal teas. The aim was to investigate the authenticity of scented herbal tea products circulating in the market. The research results revealed that among 180 scented herbal tea samples, DNA barcodes were successfully obtained from 164 samples, while the remaining samples either lacked the target components or suffered severe DNA degradation, resulting in failed amplification. Combined with morphological identification studies, it was found that out of the 180 samples, 141 were authentic, accounting for 78.33% of the total samples, while 31 samples showed adulteration and 8 samples lacked the target components, accounting for 21.67% of the total samples. Additionally, water testing revealed that 5 samples of Carthamus tinctorius herbal tea exhibited the phenomenon of weight adulteration. This study exposed the presence of adulteration and weight adulteration in scented herbal tea products, highlighting the need for regulatory authorities to expedite the establishment of quality standards in scented herbal tea industry. These findings provide valuable insights for the rapid development of the scented herbal tea industry.

italic>Acanthopanax senticosus is one of the genuine regional herb in Northeast China. In this study, we identified the germplasm resources of commercial A. senticosus samples based on atpI and atpB_rbcL according to the previous chloroplast genome sequencing results, and determinated the content of syringin by HPLC to evaluated the quality of commercial samples. A total of 80 A. senticosus samples were collected from 47 cities in 24 provinces. DNA was extracted to amplify the products of atpI and atpB_rbcL by PCR. The results showed that 7 haplotypes (H2, H5, H8, H10, H12, H14, H23) were formed by the combined analysis of the two gene fragments. H2 from Yichun in Heilongjiang, Shangzhi in Harbin, Suihua in Heilongjiang, Fushun in Liaoning, Benxi in Liaoning, Changbai in Jilin and Jingyu in Jilin were the dominant genotype, representing 58.75% of the total samples. H14 and H23 were the unique haplotypes of the producing area. It is speculated that the commercial A. senticosus samples with haplotypes of H14 and H23 are from Raohe, Shuangyashan, Heilongjiang and Mingshui, Suihua, Heilongjiang, respectively. HPLC analysis indicated that the content of syringin in 73.96% of the samples met the Pharmacopoeia standards. There was a significant difference in the content of syringin among the samples, ranging from 0.003 7% to 0.524 5%, with a difference of 0.520 8%, indicating that the quality of the samples in the market of A. senticosus was uneven. However, there were no significant differences in the contents of syringin in the commercial A. senticosus among different haplotypes. The content of syringin in the haplotype H23 in the market sample is relatively high, so it may be a germplasm with better quality. This study researched the germplasm resources and medicinal materials quality of commercial A. senticosus samples and will help guide the commercial circulation, reasonable medication of A. senticosus, and the screening of excellent germplasm.