ObjectiveTo genotype the specimens from hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) cases in Dehong Prefecture, Yunnan Province in 2023 by gene sequencing, and to analyze the genetic characteristics of Coxsackievirus A4 (CVA4), CVA6, CVA10, CVA16 and enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), so as to clarify the serotypes of enteroviruses causing endemic HFMD and the genotype composition of CVA4, CVA6, CVA10, CVA16 and EV-A71 prevalent in HFMD, and to provide baseline genotype data for monitoring the dynamic changes of the five virus genotypes. MethodsStool specimens from HFMD cases in Dehong Prefecture in 2023 that tested positive for EV-A71, CVA16 and other enteroviruses by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) were first subjected to gene sequencing and typing of the VP4/VP2 junction region to determine the viral types. Subsequently, the complete VP1 gene of each virus was amplified in two segments using group-specific VP1 gene primers corresponding to enterovirus groups (i.e., enterovirus group A, B, and C) and sequenced (group A virus: primers 486/488 and 487/489, group B virus: primers 490/492 and 491/493, group C virus: primers 494/496 and 495/497). The representative reference sequences of VP1 genes for CVA4, CVA6, CVA10, CVA16 and EV-A71 were downloaded from the literature, and the VP1 gene phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA 6.0 software for genetic characterization. ResultsA total of 256 stool specimens were collected from HFMD cases in Dehong Prefecture in 2023, of which 94 tested positive for nucleic acid by RT-qPCR, yielding a positive rate of 36.72%. Of the 94 positive specimens, 83 were identified as group A viruses, and were classified into 5 serotypes (17 strains of CVA4, 3 of CVA6, 6 of CVA10, 49 of CVA16, and 8 of EV-A71). Nine strains were group B viruses, comprising 2 serotypes: 2 strains of echovirus type 3 (E3) and 7 strains of Coxsackievirus B type 5 (CVB5). The remaining 2 strains were group C viruses, both identified as poliovirus type 3 (PV3). Genetic analyses of the VP1 region showed that all 17 CVA4 strains were identified as subgenotype C2, all 3 CVA6 strains as subgenotype D3a, all 6 CVA10 strains as genotype C. Among the 49 CVA16 strains, 46 were identified as subgenotype B1a and 3 as subgenotype B1b, and all 8 EV-A71 strains were identified as subgenotype C4a. ConclusionIn 2023, group A viruses dominated the pathogenic spectrum of HFMD in Dehong Prefecture. Among them, CVA16 had the highest positivity rate. Genetic characteristic analyses showed that CVA4, CVA6, CVA10 and EV-A71 were each composed of a single genotype (subgenotype), while CVA16 was composed of two subgenotypes (B1a and B1b), with B1a being the predominant one. It is recommended that molecular epidemiological surveillance of HFMD pathogens, particularly group A viruses, be continuously strengthened in Dehong Prefecture.

Diaphragmatic dysfunction often occurs in ICU patients with prolonged mechanical ventilation, which seriously affects patients′prognosis. This article reviewed the progress of rehabilitation treatment of diaphragmatic dysfunction in ICU patients with mechanical ventilation, focused on the concept and assessment of diaphragm rehabilitation, the current status, evaluation indexes, emphasized the importance of nurses, analyzed the dilemmas and countermeasures in the application, which aimed to provide a reference for the promotion of diaphragm rehabilitation in clinical practice.

Background The widespread use of herbicides has led to environmental contamination and has implications for human health. The liver is an important organ for the detoxification of environmental pollutants; however, studies on the association between herbicide exposure and liver function are limited. Objectives To investigate the association between baseline serum herbicide levels and changes in liver enzyme levels and liver enzyme abnormalities over a 5-year period in middle-aged and older adults. Methods This study was based on a nested case-control population of type 2 diabetes established in the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort, with a total of 1388 subjects included in this study and followed up for 5 years. Epidemiological data were collected through questionnaires, and baseline serum concentrations of three herbicides (metolachlor, propham, and acetochlor) were measured by gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were detected at baseline and follow-up visits. The associations between baseline serum herbicide levels and changes in AST and ALT over 5 years were assessed using linear regression models with herbicide levels categorized into quartiles, adjusting for age, sex, education level, smoking status, drinking status, physical activity, body mass index, and new-onset type 2 diabetes occurred during follow-up. The relationship between baseline serum herbicide levels and the risk of liver enzyme abnormalities during follow-up was further analyzed using logistic regression models. Results The positive rates of metolachlor, propham, and acetochlor were all higher than 80%, and their spiked rates of recovery ranged from 73.46% to 106.77%. The mean ± standard deviation of the age of subjects at baseline was (62.7±7.6) years, with 34.1% being male. The median serum levels of metolachlor, propham, and acetochlor at baseline were 0.05, 0.16, and 0.03 ng·mL⁻¹, respectively. There was no significant difference in baseline serum herbicide levels between the normal and abnormal liver enzyme groups at follow-up (P >0.05). The baseline liver enzyme levels and the changes in AST and ALT over 5 years in those who developed abnormal liver enzymes were significantly higher than those in the normal liver enzyme group (P <0.05). The linear regression analysis showed that the changes in AST increased progressively over 5 years in the second, third, and fourth quartiles of propham compared to the lowest quartile group (the second quartile: b=1.49, 95%CI: 0.10, 2.87; the third quartile: b=1.52, 95%CI: 0.14, 2.90; the fourth quartile: b=1.69, 95%CI: 0.31, 3.08; P <0.05). The associations of serum metolachlor and acetochlor with changes in AST were not significant. Additionally, no significant relationships were found between the three serum herbicides and the changes in ALT over 5 years or the risk of liver enzyme abnormalities. Conclusion Serum propham levels in middle-aged and older adults are positively associated with changes in liver enzyme AST, which may have an effect on liver function. More studies are needed to provide scientific evidence for the association between herbicide exposure and liver function.

AIM: To compare the clinical outcomes of extended depth-of-focus intraocular lenses(EDOF IOLs)using either micromonovision implantation or mixed implantation of EDOF and diffractive bifocal IOLs.METHODS: This retrospective clinical trial included 130 patients(260 eyes), who were divided into two groups. Group RR comprised 70 patients(140 eyes)bilaterally implanted with ZXR00 IOLs(Tecnis ZXR00, where one target was -0.5 D to -0.75 D and the other was 0 to -0.25 D). Group RM comprised 60 patients(120 eyes)unilaterally implanted with both ZXR00 and ZMB00 IOLs(Tecnis ZMB00, 0 to -0.25 D). Postoperative outcomes were compared after 3 mo, including visual acuity, defocus curves, stereoacuity, modulation transfer functions(MTFs), higher-order aberrations, and Visual Function-14(VF-14)questionnaire responses.RESULTS: Group RR had superior bilateral intermediate vision, while the group RM had superior bilateral near vision(both P<0.05). Group RM also exhibited superior MTFs and reduced higher-order aberrations(both P<0.05). Stereoacuity and VF-14 questionnaire results showed no statistically significant difference between groups(P>0.05).CONCLUSION: The implantation of micromonovision has significantly improved near vision. IOLs and their collocation can be customized according to individual patient needs to achieve precise treatment and provide cataract patients with high-quality vision.

AIM: To compare the clinical outcomes of extended depth-of-focus intraocular lenses(EDOF IOLs)using either micromonovision implantation or mixed implantation of EDOF and diffractive bifocal IOLs.METHODS: This retrospective clinical trial included 130 patients(260 eyes), who were divided into two groups. Group RR comprised 70 patients(140 eyes)bilaterally implanted with ZXR00 IOLs(Tecnis ZXR00, where one target was -0.5 D to -0.75 D and the other was 0 to -0.25 D). Group RM comprised 60 patients(120 eyes)unilaterally implanted with both ZXR00 and ZMB00 IOLs(Tecnis ZMB00, 0 to -0.25 D). Postoperative outcomes were compared after 3 mo, including visual acuity, defocus curves, stereoacuity, modulation transfer functions(MTFs), higher-order aberrations, and Visual Function-14(VF-14)questionnaire responses.RESULTS: Group RR had superior bilateral intermediate vision, while the group RM had superior bilateral near vision(both P<0.05). Group RM also exhibited superior MTFs and reduced higher-order aberrations(both P<0.05). Stereoacuity and VF-14 questionnaire results showed no statistically significant difference between groups(P>0.05).CONCLUSION: The implantation of micromonovision has significantly improved near vision. IOLs and their collocation can be customized according to individual patient needs to achieve precise treatment and provide cataract patients with high-quality vision.

Objective To summarize the best evidence for diaphragm rehabilitation in mechanically ven-tilated ICU patients with ventilator-associated diaphragm dysfunction based on evidence-based methods.Meth-ods A systematic search was conducted across guideline websites,professional associations,and Chinese/English databases for evidence regarding diaphragm rehabilitation in mechanically ventilated ICU patients.The search timeframe spanned from database inception to December 31,2024.Two researchers independently per-formed quality assessment and synthesized the evidence.Results Twenty articles were included:2 clinical de-cisions,1 guideline,2 evidence summaries,3 systematic reviews,7 randomized controlled trials(RCT),and 5 expert consensuses/opinions.Twenty-seven pieces of evidence were formed across 6 themes:rehabilitation team,rehabilitation assessment,rehabilitation interventions,outcome evaluation,precautions,and education/training.Conclusion This study summarizes the best evidence for diaphragm rehabilitation in ICU mechani-cally ventilated patients.Healthcare professionals should implement diaphragm rehabilitation by integrating this evidence with specific clinical contexts to improve patient outcomes and enhance nursing quality.

Tumor microenvironment plays a key role in oncogenesis, development and therapeutic response. In recent years, scholars at home and abroad have paid more and more attention to the regulation of tumor microenvironment. Radiation therapy, as an important means of tumor treatment, not only kills tumor cells directly, but also affects the efficacy of radiation therapy by influencing natural killer (NK) cells to regulate the tumor microenvironment. In this article, the research progress in the regulation of tumor microenvironment by radiation therapy through NK cells was reviewed, including the mechanism of NK cell regulation by radiation therapy, the functional changes of NK cells in the tumor microenvironment, as well as the therapeutic strategies based on the above mechanism and the potential application prospects, aiming to provide novel ideas for future basic research and clinical applications.

Diaphragmatic dysfunction often occurs in ICU patients with prolonged mechanical ventilation, which seriously affects patients′prognosis. This article reviewed the progress of rehabilitation treatment of diaphragmatic dysfunction in ICU patients with mechanical ventilation, focused on the concept and assessment of diaphragm rehabilitation, the current status, evaluation indexes, emphasized the importance of nurses, analyzed the dilemmas and countermeasures in the application, which aimed to provide a reference for the promotion of diaphragm rehabilitation in clinical practice.

Tumor microenvironment plays a key role in oncogenesis, development and therapeutic response. In recent years, scholars at home and abroad have paid more and more attention to the regulation of tumor microenvironment. Radiation therapy, as an important means of tumor treatment, not only kills tumor cells directly, but also affects the efficacy of radiation therapy by influencing natural killer (NK) cells to regulate the tumor microenvironment. In this article, the research progress in the regulation of tumor microenvironment by radiation therapy through NK cells was reviewed, including the mechanism of NK cell regulation by radiation therapy, the functional changes of NK cells in the tumor microenvironment, as well as the therapeutic strategies based on the above mechanism and the potential application prospects, aiming to provide novel ideas for future basic research and clinical applications.

Objective To investigate the changes and clinical significance of γδT cells and their major functional subsets γδT1 and γδT17 cells in the peripheral blood of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods Ratios and absolute numbers of γδT cells, γδT1 cells and γδT17 cells in peripheral blood were detected by flow cytometry in 21 SLE patients (SLE) group and 16 healthy controls (HC group). Correlations of γδT cells, γδT1 cells and γδT17 cells in the peripheral blood with clinical indicators were analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis. Results In SLE patients, the percentage of γδT cells to lymphocytes in the peripheral blood was (2.30±1.10)%, which was significantly lower than (3.30±1.51)% in the HC group (P < 0.05); the percentage of γδT1 cells to lymphocytes in peripheral blood was (0.93±0.67)%, which was significantly lower than (2.09±1.21)% in the HC group (P < 0.001); the ratio of γδT17 cells to lymphocytes in the peripheral blood was (1.53±2.82)‰, which showed an increasing trend when compared to (0.18±0.12)‰ in the HC group (P>0.05). The absolute number of γδT cells in the peripheral blood in SLE patients was (2.88±2.18)×10⁴/mL, which was significantly lower than (7.96±3.96)×10⁴/mL in the HC group (P < 0.000 1); the absolute number of γδT1 cells in the peripheral blood in SLE patients was (1.20±1.17)×10⁴/mL, which was significantly lower than (5.05±3.04)×10⁴/mL in the HC group (P < 0.000 1); the absolute number of γδT17 cells in the peripheral blood in SLE patients was (1.03±1.08)×10³/mL, which was significantly higher than (0.40±0.24)×10³/mL in the HC group (P < 0.05). The proportion of γδT17 cells in the peripheral blood of SLE patients was positively correlated with the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) (r=0.59, P < 0.01) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (r=0.65, P < 0.01), while the absolute number of γδT17 cells was positively correlated with the SLEDAI score (r=0.59, P < 0.01) and negatively correlated with the complement C3 level (r=-0.53, P < 0.05). Conclusion The significant decrease in the number of γδT cells in the peripheral blood of SLE patients is mainly due to the reduction of its γδT1 cell subset; γδT17 cells play an important role in the pathogenesis and activity of SLE.