Galectin-9 （Gal-9） is a member of the galectin family that can specifically recognize and bind to galactosides. Recent studies have shown that Gal-9 is highly expressed in the liver and can help to maintain intrahepatic immune homeostasis and perform biological functions in various liver diseases. This article reviews the immunomodulatory functions of Gal-9 and its role in different liver diseases. Studies have shown that Gal-9 has important biological functions in different liver diseases through multiple pathways. Research on the specific immunomodulatory mechanisms and functions of Gal-9 may help to discover the therapeutic role of Gal-9 in liver diseases.

【Objective】 To statistically analyze the relationship between homologous recombination repair deficiency (HRD) score and clinicopathological characteristics, genomic mutations in patients with high-risk and metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) and the prognostic predictive value in mHSPC. 【Methods】 A total of 127 patients diagnosed with high-risk prostate cancer and mHSPC, treated at the Department of Urology of Chinese PLA General Hospital during Dec.2021 and Nov.2023 were enrolled.Homologous recombination repair (HRR) gene sequencing was performed, and the genomic scar score (GSS) algorithm were conducted to calculate the HRD score.The relationship between HRD scores and clinicopathological features, genomic alterations, and prognosis were analyzed. 【Results】 The median HRD score was 1.6(0.8, 5.2), 30(23.6%) patients’ HRD scores ≥10, and 11(8.7%) patients’ HRD scores ≥20.Clinicopathological features, including ISUP classification ≥4 (P=0.044) and metastatic status (P=0.008) were associated with high HRD score.Patients with mutations in the BRCA, TP53 and MYC systems had significantly higher HRD score than those with wild-type genes (P<0.05).In mHSPC, the risk of biochemical recurrence was 12.836 times higher in patients with HRD score ≥20 than in those with <20 [OR:12.836 (1.332-124.623), P=0.028]. 【Conclusion】 Baseline HRD score was lower in patients with high-risk prostate cancer and mHSPC.Patients with high HRD score may have higher histological grading (ISUP≥4) and later clinical stage.Further investigation is needed to determine the threshold of HRD scores as biochemical markers suggestive of a poor prognosis.

Objective:To explore the correlation between mechanical complications and paraspinal muscle degeneration following posterior single-segment osteotomy corrective surgery for chronic osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCF).Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on 80 patients who underwent surgery between January 2008 and January 2021 at Peking University Third Hospital. These patients, who developed kyphotic deformity following OVCF, included 17 males and 63 females with a mean age of 63.21±8.07 years (range, 47-77 years). Postoperative mechanical complications included proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK), screw loosening, adjacent segment degeneration (ASD), and distal junctional kyphosis or failure. Patients were compared based on the occurrence of mechanical complications in relation to fat infiltration (FI), relative gross cross-sectional area (rGCSA), and relative functional cross-sectional area (rFCSA) of the paraspinal muscles. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors for postoperative complications.Results:Among the 80 patients, 19 developed PJK, while 61 did not. The PJK group exhibited significantly higher paraspinal muscle FI (0.44±0.05) compared to the non-PJK group (0.38±0.10, P<0.05). Screw loosening occurred in 7 cases, with 73 cases remaining stable. Those with screw loosening demonstrated higher paraspinal muscle FI (0.47±0.05) than those without (0.38±0.09, P<0.05). Thirty patients experienced ASD, while 50 did not. The ASD group had higher paraspinal muscle FI (0.45±0.07) and lower rFCSA (0.09±0.03) compared to the non-ASD group (0.36±0.10 and 0.13±0.06, respectively, P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis indicated that paraspinal muscle FI and rFCSA were not independent risk factors for developing ASD. Twenty-three patients experienced distal junctional kyphosis or failure, while 57 did not; those with complications exhibited higher paraspinal muscle FI (0.48±0.08) and lower rGCSA (0.16±0.04) and rFCSA (0.09±0.03) compared to those without complications (0.37±0.09, 0.20±0.09, and 0.13±0.06, respectively, P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis suggested that paraspinal muscle FI, rGCSA, and rFCSA were not independent risk factors for developing distal junctional kyphosis or failure. Conclusion:Mechanical complications following corrective surgery for chronic OVCF-related kyphosis may be associated with increased paraspinal muscle FI. Additionally, the occurrence of ASD and distal junctional kyphosis or failure may correlate with reduced paraspinal muscle rFCSA

Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1 (DDAH1) is an important regulator of plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) levels, which are associated with insulin resistance in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). To elucidate the role of hepatic DDAH1 in the pathogenesis of NAFLD, we used hepatocyte-specific Ddah1-knockout mice (Ddah1^HKO) to examine the progress of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD. Compared to diet-matched flox/flox littermates (Ddah1^f/f), Ddah1^HKO mice exhibited higher serum ADMA levels. After HFD feeding for 16 weeks, Ddah1^HKO mice developed more severe liver steatosis and worse insulin resistance than Ddah1^f/f mice. On the contrary, overexpression of DDAH1 attenuated the NAFLD-like phenotype in HFD-fed mice and ob/ob mice. RNA-seq analysis showed that DDAH1 affects NF-κB signaling, lipid metabolic processes, and immune system processes in fatty livers. Furthermore, DDAH1 reduces S100 calcium-binding protein A11 (S100A11) possibly via NF-κB, JNK and oxidative stress-dependent manner in fatty livers. Knockdown of hepatic S100a11 by an AAV8-shS100a11 vector alleviated hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in HFD-fed Ddah1^HKO mice. In summary, our results suggested that the liver DDAH1/S100A11 axis has a marked effect on liver lipid metabolism in obese mice. Strategies to increase liver DDAH1 activity or decrease S100A11 expression could be a valuable approach for NAFLD therapy.

The liver is easily affected by a variety of factors to induce liver damage, which can cause disorders in the synthesis, detoxification, metabolism, and biotransformation functions of the liver in severe cases, and at present, there is still a lack of efficient clinical treatment methods for end-stage liver diseases such as liver failure and decompensated liver cirrhosis. Recent studies have confirmed the clinical efficacy of stem cells, and treatment methods based on stem cell-derived exosomes have become a research hotspot. This article introduces the advantages of treatment based on stem cell-derived exosomes, the research advances in related mechanisms, and the current status of preclinical research. Current research findings suggest that treatment based on stem cell-derived exosomes has a good application prospect in the treatment of liver diseases, but it is still needed to conduct in-depth preclinical and clinical studies.

Objective To investigate the value of HALP score in evaluating the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after hepatectomy and whether the nomogram based on HALP score could effectively predict the postoperative survival of patients. Methods A retrospective study was performed for the clinical data of 253 HCC patients who underwent surgical treatment in Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, from July 2013 to March 2020. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted to calculate the optimal cut-off values of HALP score and other related indicators; the chi-square test was used to investigate the association between HALP score and clinicopathological features; the Kaplan-Meier method was used to plot survival curves, and the Log-rank test method was used for comparison. The univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to investigate the association of HALP score and other clinical parameters with the prognosis of patients. R3.6 was used to establish a nomogram; C-index and calibration curve were used to evaluate the predictive ability of the nomogram, and net reclassification index (NRI) and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) were used to compare predictive ability between the nomogram model and the conventional model. Results The Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the high HALP group had significantly better overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) than the low HALP group ( P < 0.001). The univariate Cox regression analysis showed that white blood cell count, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), surgical approach, microvascular invasion, TNM stage, degree of tumor differentiation, HALP, aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ratio, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) were significantly associated with OS (all P < 0.05). The variables with statistical significance in the univariate Cox regression analysis were included in the multivariate Cox regression analysis, and the results showed that ALP, AST/ALT ratio, ALP, AFP, degree of tumor differentiation, and TNM stage were independent influencing factors for OS after surgery in HCC patients (all P < 0.05). The univariate Cox regression analysis showed that GGT, ALP, AFP, microvascular invasion, TNM stage, degree of tumor differentiation, HALP, AST/ALT ratio, NLR, and MLR were significantly associated with RFS (all P < 0.05), and the multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that HALP, AST/ALT ratio, NLR, ALP, AFP, and TNM stage were independent influencing factors for RFS after surgery in HCC patients (all P < 0.05). The nomograms for OS and RFS of HCC patients were established based on the multivariate analysis. The nomogram for OS had a C-index of 0.732 (95% confidence interval [ CI ]: 0.691-0.774) and an area under the ROC curve of 0.795, 0.791, and 0.775, respectively, in predicting 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates, and the nomogram for RFS had a C-index of 0.677 (95% CI : 0.637-0.717) and an area under the ROC curve of 0.742, 0.733, and 0.716, respectively, in predicting 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates. The calibration curves of 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS were well fitted to those of 1-, 3-, and 5-year RFS. Conclusion A low level of HALP before surgery is a predictive factor for poor long-term prognosis in HCC patients undergoing surgical treatment, and the nomogram model based on HALP score is superior to the BCLC staging model and can better predict the prognosis of HCC.

Objective: To explore the screen related sedentary behavior among senior primary school students in Beijing and to analyze the influence of psychosocial determinants and nutrition related knowledge on the behavior. Methods: In January 2020, a total of 1 316 students in grade 4-6 from two primary schools in Beijing were selected. Information on video viewing (watching TV or playing video games), self efficacy, habit strength, nutrition related knowledge, outcome expectation and the capacity to persist toward goal attainment were collected through questionnaires. Disordered multi classification Logistic regression and random forest algorithm were used to analyze the influencing factors. Results: The frequency of screen related sedentary was 5.0 (3.0, 10.5) times/week, and the duration was 37.5(9.6, 97.5) min/d in senior elementary school children. The results of disordered multi classification Logistic regression showed that the capacity to persist toward goal attainment, nutrition related knowledge, habit strength, self efficacy and gender positively correlated with the frequency of screen related sedentary ( OR =1.6, 1.7, 4.9, 4.2, 1.5 ), while the nutrition related knowledge, habit strength, self efficacy, outcome expectations, grade and gender positively correlated with screen time ( OR =1.7, 5.6, 5.7, 1.6, 1.6, 1.7)( P <0.05). Random forest regression tree model showed that the top four influencing factors on screen related sedentary frequency were self efficacy, the capacity to persist toward goal attainment, habit strength and nutrition related knowledge and the top four influencing factors on screen time were self efficacy, outcome expectation, nutrition related knowledge, habit strength. Conclusion Screen related sedentary behavior is prevalent among senior primary school students in Beijing. Health education should be strengthened regarding influencing factors of screen related sedentary behavior.

Objective: The association of self efficacy, habit strength, goal intention and outcome expectation with the consumption of snack in senior primary school students were investigated, providing evidence for the application of psychosocial determinants based on Social Cognitive Theory in children s nutrition education. Methods: A total of 1 353 students, 10-12 years old, participated in this study. Participants completed questionnaires for assessing self efficacy, habit strength, goal intention, outcome expectation and snack consumption in January 2020. Results: Average times of snack consumption among primary school students were 5.0 (3.0, 8.5) times per week, and the snack intake were 4.0(0.9, 22.9)g/d. The outcome expectation score was -1.0(-2.0, -1.0 ) points, while the score of children s snack related selfefficacy was (4.3±0.9) points, habit strength score 1.0(1.0, 3.0) points, and the goal intention (4.2±1.2) points. Students with higher snack intake showed lower scores in outcome expectation, self efficacy and goal intention( t=-9.0, 6.8, 5.2, P <0.01). Logistic regression showed negative association between outcome expectation and self efficacy factors with snacking behavior( OR =0.7, 0.8, respectively), as well as positive association between habit strength and snacking behaviors( OR=1.3, P <0.05). Conclusion The evidence indicated that self efficacy, habit strength, goal intention and outcome expectation are associated with child s snack consumption, and can be used as theoretical foundation for child snack consumption education.

Objective: To investigate the incidence and proportion of salivary gland tumors in order to provide new thinking for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Methods: Collected 3 724 cases salivary gland tumors diagnosed by Pathology Department of Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University from January 1961 to December 2016. The pathological diagnosis referred to the fourth edition of head and neck-salivary gland tumor histopathological classification standard of WHO. The database was established with Microsoft Excel and analyzed with SPSS 18.0. Made a retrospective analysis and comparison on the numbers of all cases in terms of types, site, gender and age and estimate the trend with the time interval of 8 years, and then make a judgement of the trend of salivary tumors. Results: The benign tumors were more common than the malignant among all periods, the proportion of all tumors was about 2.92∶1; The top three benign tumors were polymorphous adenoma [73.78% (2 046/2 773)], Warthin tumor [15.80% (438/2 773)] and base cell adenoma [8.37% (232/2 773)]. Polymorphous adenoma took up 54.94% (2 046/3 724) of all tumors. The top three malignant tumors were mucous epidermoid carcinoma [31.44% (299/951)], adenoid cystic carcinoma [26.92% (256/951)] and adenocarcinoma [11.88% (113/951)]. As for sex, male female ratio was 0.83∶1. As for site, the pathogenic site of tumors was mainly in parotid gland [63.75% (2 374/3 724)], followed by palatal gland [16.50% (615/3 724)], then submandibular gland [12.67% (472/3 724)]; As for age, the common age was between 51 and 60 years old [23.74% (884/3 724)], followed by 41 to 50 years old [21.56%(803/3 724)]. Conclusions The incidence of benign and malignant salivary gland tumor increased in the 56 years. Females showed a higher incidence. The majority tumors occurred in parotid gland. The most common salivary gland tumor was pleomorphic adenoma and the most common malignant tumor was mucous epidermoid carcinoma. The most common age was in 51-60 years old period.

STUDY DESIGN: A prospective imaging study. PURPOSE: To characterize the distribution of the global sagittal postural patterns in asymptomatic Chinese adults using Roussouly classification. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: The norms of sagittal parameters in asymptomatic Chinese population have been previously described, but no report described their global sagittal postural patterns as characterized by Roussouly classification. METHODS: A cohort of 272 asymptomatic Chinese adults was recruited. Data was assimilated by reviewing the films for each subject. Sagittal parameters were measured and sagittal postural patterns were then determined according to Roussouly classification. The pattern distributions were compared across genders within the study cohort. We also compared the data across different ethnicities from our study and a previous study to further characterize Chinese sagittal postures. RESULTS: The cohort included 161 males and 111 females, with mean age of 23.2±4.4 years. The average descriptive results were as below: pelvic incidence (PI) 46.4°±9.6°, thoracic kyphosis (TK) 24.2°±9.0°, lumbar lordosis (LL) 50.6°±10.6°, sacral slope (SS) 37.2°±7.6°, pelvic tilt (PT) 9.4°±6.8°, spinosacral angle (SSA) 131.1°±7.5° and sagittal vertical axis (SVA) 17.24±32.36 mm. Despite a significant difference between two genders in LL, PI, SSA, and SVA, no difference was found in the distribution of Roussouly types among them. 47.8% of our cohort belonged to Roussouly type 3, while type 1, 2 and 4 comprised 23.2%, 14.0% and 15.1% of the subjects, respectively. Roussouly classification was capable of categorizing sagittal parameters except for the PT. This study also found that 4.4% of the recruited subjects belonged to the C7-anterior subgroup. CONCLUSIONS: From a characterization of the sagittal postural patterns of asymptomatic Chinese adults using Roussouly classification, the distribution was similar between Chinese males and females; however, from a cross-study comparison, it was different between asymptomatic Chinese and Caucasian adults, with a higher proportion of Roussouly type 3 in Chinese adults.
Adult* ; Animals ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group* ; Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Classification ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Kyphosis ; Lordosis ; Male ; Posture ; Prospective Studies