Allergen-specific immunotherapy（AIT） remains the only therapeutic approach with the potential to modify the natural course of allergic rhinitis（AR）. Nevertheless, considerable inter-individual variability exists in patients'responses to AIT. To facilitate more reliable assessment of treatment efficacy, the China Rhinopathy Research Cooperation Group（CRRCG） convened young and middle-aged nasal experts in China to formulate the present consensus. The recommended subjective outcome measures for AIT comprise symptom scores, medication scores, combined symptom and medication scores, quality-of-life assessments, evaluation of disease control, and assessment of comorbidities. Objective indicators may supplement these measures. Currently available objective approaches include skin prick testing, nasal provocation testing, and allergen exposure chambers. However, these methods remain constrained by practical limitations and are not yet appropriate for routine implementation in clinical efficacy evaluation. In addition, several biomarkers, including sIgE and the sIgE/tIgE ratio, sIgG4, serum IgE-blocking activity, IgA, cytokines and chemokines, as well as immune cell surface molecules and their functional activity, have been shown to have associations with AIT outcomes. While these biomarkers may complement subjective assessments, they are subject to significant limitations. Consequently, large-scale multicenter trials and real-world evidence are required to strengthen the evidence base. The present consensus underscores the necessity of integrating patients'subjective experiences with objective testing throughout the treatment process, thereby providing a more comprehensive and accurate framework for efficacy evaluation. Looking forward, future investigations should prioritize the incorporation of multi-omics data and artificial intelligence methodologies, which hold promise for overcoming current limitations in assessment strategies and for advancing both the standardization and personalization of AIT.
Humans ; Allergens/immunology* ; China ; Consensus ; Desensitization, Immunologic ; Immunoglobulin E ; Quality of Life ; Rhinitis, Allergic/therapy* ; Treatment Outcome ; East Asian People

Objective:To evaluate the effect of ATPase family AAA-domain containing protein 3A (ATAD3A) gene silencing on the proliferation, invasion and migration of A375 human melanoma cells.Methods:From August to December in 2019, melanoma and paracancerous tissues were collected from 3 patients with pathologically diagnosed melanoma in People′s Hospital of Chongqing Yubei District, and Western blot analysis was performed to measure the protein expression of ATAD3A in the above tissues. Cultured A375 human melanoma cells were divided into 2 groups to be infected with a lentiviral vector carrying shATAD3A (shATAD3A group) and an empty vector (shCtrl group) respectively, and real-time fluorescence-based quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot analysis were performed to verify the interference efficiency. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) assay and colony formation assay were performed to compare cell proliferative ability and colony-formation ability respectively between the 2 groups, and Transwell invasion assay and wound healing assay to compare invasive and migratory abilities respectively between the above 2 groups. Western blot analysis was performed to determine the expression of cell self-renewal-related proteins (NANOG, SRY-related high-mobility-group box protein SOX2, octamer-binding protein 4[OCT4]) and invasion- and migration-related proteins (matrix metalloproteinase 2[MMP2], vimentin, zinc-finger transcription factor SLUG) in the 2 groups. Two-independent-sample t test was used to compare the experimental indices between the 2 groups. Results:Western blot analysis showed that ATAD3A was significantly highly expressed in the 3 melanoma tissues compared with the paracancerous tissues ( t = 10.825, P < 0.001) . qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis showed that the mRNA and protein expression of ATAD3A in A375 cells was significantly lower in the shATAD3A group (0.230 ± 0.073, 0.279 ± 0.267, respectively) than in the shCtrl group (1.000 ± 0.244, 0.867 ± 0.115, respectively; t = 9.461, 8.595, respectively; P < 0.001 or = 0.002) , indicating that the ATAD3A gene-silenced A375 cell line was successfully constructed. Colony formation assay revealed that the colony-formation rate was significantly lower in the shATAD3A group than in the shCtrl group (22.667% ± 2.510% vs. 43.667% ± 5.030%, t = 6.464, P = 0.003) , and CCK-8 assay showed that the cellular proliferative activity significantly decreased from day 2 to day 4 in the shATAD3A group compared with the shCtrl group. Wound healing assay showed significantly slower wound healing and decreased wound healing rate from the 12 th hour (32.920% ± 4.642% vs. 49.302% ± 1.448%, t = 5.835, P = 0.004) to the 24 th hour in the shATAD3A group compared with the shCtrl group, and Transwell invasion assay revealed significantly decreased number of invasive cells in the lower Transwell chambers in the shATAD3A group compared with the shCtrl group (68.330 ± 13.050 vs. 234.330 ± 19.139, t = 12.411, P < 0.001) . Western blot analysis showed that the protein expression of NANOG, SOX2, OCT4, MMP2, vimentin, SLUG was significantly lower in the shATAD3A group than in the shCtrl group ( P < 0.05 or 0.001) . Conclusion:ATAD3A is highly expressed in melanoma tissues, and ATAD3A gene silencing can inhibit the proliferation, invasion and migration abilities of melanoma A375 cells.

PURPOSE: Recent evidence suggests that B cells can both promote and inhibit the development and progression of allergic disease. However, the characteristics of B cell subsets in patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) have not been well documented. This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of B cell subsets in the peripheral blood of AR patients. METHODS: Forty-seven AR patients and 54 healthy controls were enrolled in this study, and the B cell subsets in peripheral blood of all subjects were analyzed by flow cytometry. Moreover, the serum total immunoglobulin E (IgE) and IgE concentrations secreted into the cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were measured by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: We found the peripheral blood of AR patients contained higher percentages of memory B cells, plasma cells, and CD19+CD24hiCD27+ regulatory B cells (Bregs) than those of age-matched healthy controls (P < 0.05), while the percentages of naïve B cells and CD19+CD24hiCD38hi Bregs were significantly lower in AR patients than in healthy individuals (P < 0.05). In addition, the serum total IgE and IgE concentrations secreted into the cultured PBMCs were elevated in AR patients than in the healthy controls (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that AR patients were characterized by increase in terminally differentiated memory B cells or plasma cells and decreases in CD19+CD24hiCD38hi Breg cells in the peripheral blood.
B-Lymphocyte Subsets* ; B-Lymphocytes ; B-Lymphocytes, Regulatory ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Flow Cytometry ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E ; Immunoglobulins ; Memory ; Plasma Cells ; Rhinitis, Allergic*