Although global brain science research has progressed rapidly in recent decades, several fundamental questions in neuroscience remain unresolved. In particular, the physical mechanism underlying neural signal transmission remains controversial, and the carriers responsible for neural information storage and retrieval have not yet been fully clarified. These unresolved issues motivate us to re-examine the processes of neural information generation, transmission, integration, storage, and retrieval from multiple perspectives. A key observation is that neural electromagnetic activities are closely associated with time. Their duration, temporal structure, and dynamic evolution play crucial roles in neural information processing. In this work, we analyze neural electromagnetic activities from the perspective of temporal scales (referred to here as the “time course”). By reviewing and integrating findings from previous studies, we examine the characteristic time requirements and dynamic features of neural processes occurring at different stages of information processing. These stages include neural signal generation, signal transmission along axons, synaptic integration, synaptic plasticity, and memory formation and retrieval. Based on this temporal analysis, we outline a framework describing neural electromagnetic activities across a wide range of time scales, spanning from microseconds to minutes, hours, or even longer periods associated with long-term memory, which suggests that neural information processing involves multiple physical processes operating at different time levels. Rapid electromagnetic events may occur on microsecond scales, whereas electrophysiological phenomena such as action potentials typically last on the order of milliseconds. Longer time scales are associated with synaptic plasticity and memory-related processes. From this perspective, we propose that the physical carrier of neural information may be transient electromagnetic pulses with durations on the microsecond scale. In this framework, action potentials can be interpreted as the macroscopic electrophysiological manifestation of underlying electromagnetic processes triggered by ionic currents across neuronal membranes. Rather than being the fundamental neural signal itself, the action potential may represent a measurable membrane-level response associated with the successful activation of these electromagnetic events. Moreover, we discuss a possible mechanism for long-term memory storage. Considering the apparent temporal contradiction between the millisecond-scale excitation of neurons and the long-term persistence of memories, we believe that long-term memory information may be stored within neural network topologies formed by electrical synapse coupling. Such structures, referred to as electrically coupled memory networks (ECMNs), may enable neurons within the same network to respond rapidly and synchronously to stimuli, thereby facilitating efficient memory retrieval. Overall, this study emphasizes the importance of considering the temporal organization of neural electromagnetic activities when interpreting neural signaling mechanisms. It may provide new insights into the physical nature of neural information carriers and the mechanisms of memory storage and retrieval. Furthermore, highlighting the potential role of electromagnetic interactions in neural activity may contribute to the development of new theoretical frameworks and experimental approaches in neuroscience. Such perspectives may also offer valuable references for future research on neural coding, brain function mechanisms, and neuromodulation technologies.

Objective To monitor the susceptibility of clinical isolates to antimicrobial agents in tertiary hospitals in major regions of China in 2022.Methods Clinical isolates from 58 hospitals in China were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using a unified protocol based on disc diffusion method or automated testing systems.Results were interpreted using the 2022 Clinical &Laboratory Standards Institute(CLSI)breakpoints.Results A total of 318 013 clinical isolates were collected from January 1,2022 to December 31,2022,of which 29.5％were gram-positive and 70.5％were gram-negative.The prevalence of methicillin-resistant strains in Staphylococcus aureus,Staphylococcus epidermidis and other coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species(excluding Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Staphylococcus schleiferi)was 28.3％,76.7％and 77.9％,respectively.Overall,94.0％of MRSA strains were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and 90.8％of MRSE strains were susceptible to rifampicin.No vancomycin-resistant strains were found.Enterococcus faecalis showed significantly lower resistance rates to most antimicrobial agents tested than Enterococcus faecium.A few vancomycin-resistant strains were identified in both E.faecalis and E.faecium.The prevalence of penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae was 94.2％in the isolates from children and 95.7％in the isolates from adults.The resistance rate to carbapenems was lower than 13.1％in most Enterobacterales species except for Klebsiella,21.7％-23.1％of which were resistant to carbapenems.Most Enterobacterales isolates were highly susceptible to tigecycline,colistin and polymyxin B,with resistance rates ranging from 0.1％to 13.3％.The prevalence of meropenem-resistant strains decreased from 23.5％in 2019 to 18.0％in 2022 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa,and decreased from 79.0％in 2019 to 72.5％in 2022 in Acinetobacter baumannii.Conclusions The resistance of clinical isolates to the commonly used antimicrobial agents is still increasing in tertiary hospitals.However,the prevalence of important carbapenem-resistant organisms such as carbapenem-resistant K.pneumoniae,P.aeruginosa,and A.baumannii showed a downward trend in recent years.This finding suggests that the strategy of combining antimicrobial resistance surveillance with multidisciplinary concerted action works well in curbing the spread of resistant bacteria.

Objective To monitor the susceptibility of clinical isolates to antimicrobial agents in healthcare facilities in major regions of China in 2023.Methods Clinical isolates collected from 73 hospitals across China were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using a unified protocol based on disc diffusion method or automated testing systems.Results were interpreted using the 2023 Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) breakpoints.Results A total of 445199 clinical isolates were collected in 2023,of which 29.0％ were gram-positive and 71.0％ were gram-negative.The prevalence of methicillin-resistant strains in Staphylococcus aureus,Staphylococcus epidermidis and other coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (excluding Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Staphylococcus schleiferi) (MRSA,MRSE and MRCNS) was 29.6％,81.9％ and 78.5％,respectively.Methicillin-resistant strains showed significantly higher resistance rates to most antimicrobial agents than methicillin-susceptible strains (MSSA,MSSE and MSCNS).Overall,92.9％ of MRSA strains were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and 91.4％ of MRSE strains were susceptible to rifampicin.No vancomycin-resistant strains were found.Enterococcus faecalis had significantly lower resistance rates to most antimicrobial agents tested than Enterococcus faecium.A few vancomycin-resistant strains were identified in both E.faecalis and E.faecium.The prevalence of penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae was 93.1％ in the isolates from children and and 95.9％ in the isolates from adults.The resistance rate to carbapenems was lower than 15.0％ for most Enterobacterales species except for Klebsiella,22.5％ and 23.6％ of which were resistant to imipenem and meropenem,respectively .Most Enterobacterales isolates were highly susceptible to tigecycline,colistin and polymyxin B,with resistance rates ranging from 0.6％ to 10.0％.The resistance rate to imipenem and meropenem was 21.9％ and 17.4％ for Pseudomonas aeruginosa,respectively,and 67.5％ and 68.1％ for Acinetobacter baumannii,respectively.Conclusions Increasing resistance to the commonly used antimicrobial agents is still observed in clinical bacterial isolates.However,the prevalence of important crabapenem-resistant organisms such as crabapenem-resistant K.pneumoniae,P.aeruginosa,and A.baumannii showed a slightly decreasing trend.This finding suggests that strengthening bacterial resistance surveillance and multidisciplinary linkage are important for preventing the occurrence and development of bacterial resistance.

Objective To monitor the susceptibility of clinical isolates to antimicrobial agents in healthcare facilities in major regions of China in 2023.Methods Clinical isolates collected from 73 hospitals across China were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using a unified protocol based on disc diffusion method or automated testing systems.Results were interpreted using the 2023 Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) breakpoints.Results A total of 445199 clinical isolates were collected in 2023,of which 29.0％ were gram-positive and 71.0％ were gram-negative.The prevalence of methicillin-resistant strains in Staphylococcus aureus,Staphylococcus epidermidis and other coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (excluding Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Staphylococcus schleiferi) (MRSA,MRSE and MRCNS) was 29.6％,81.9％ and 78.5％,respectively.Methicillin-resistant strains showed significantly higher resistance rates to most antimicrobial agents than methicillin-susceptible strains (MSSA,MSSE and MSCNS).Overall,92.9％ of MRSA strains were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and 91.4％ of MRSE strains were susceptible to rifampicin.No vancomycin-resistant strains were found.Enterococcus faecalis had significantly lower resistance rates to most antimicrobial agents tested than Enterococcus faecium.A few vancomycin-resistant strains were identified in both E.faecalis and E.faecium.The prevalence of penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae was 93.1％ in the isolates from children and and 95.9％ in the isolates from adults.The resistance rate to carbapenems was lower than 15.0％ for most Enterobacterales species except for Klebsiella,22.5％ and 23.6％ of which were resistant to imipenem and meropenem,respectively .Most Enterobacterales isolates were highly susceptible to tigecycline,colistin and polymyxin B,with resistance rates ranging from 0.6％ to 10.0％.The resistance rate to imipenem and meropenem was 21.9％ and 17.4％ for Pseudomonas aeruginosa,respectively,and 67.5％ and 68.1％ for Acinetobacter baumannii,respectively.Conclusions Increasing resistance to the commonly used antimicrobial agents is still observed in clinical bacterial isolates.However,the prevalence of important crabapenem-resistant organisms such as crabapenem-resistant K.pneumoniae,P.aeruginosa,and A.baumannii showed a slightly decreasing trend.This finding suggests that strengthening bacterial resistance surveillance and multidisciplinary linkage are important for preventing the occurrence and development of bacterial resistance.

Objective:To explore the clinical pathological characteristics and improve the recognition in the diagnosis and treatment of incidental (stage T1a -T1b)prostate cancer.Methods:Seven hundred and seventy-one patients who underwent TURP from May 2004 to September 2013 were analyzed retro-spectively.In our institution,TURP specimens should be totally submitted in an extensive sampling method.The tumor area was outlined by estimation of an experienced genitourinary pathologist and calcu-lated by the image analysis system software (Image J 1.47 h).The tumor area was then multiplied by the thickness of tissue.The total sum of all tumor volume was the estimated tumor volume.The clinical and pathological factors,follow-up results were obtained and we aimed to collect information about the period of watchful waiting (WW),PSA progression status,intervention status during the follow-up,the reason for intervention on WW and the type of intervention.Results:The average age of 771 patients was (71.3 ±5.9)years old,and the average BMI was (23.9 ±3.1)kg/m2 ,preoperative average tPSA was (4.4 ±2.8)μg/L.Eighty-six (11.2%)cases of incidental prostate cancer were detected.The patients in T1a group (77 cases,89.5%)had tumor volumes of (12.3 ±12.6)mm3 ,and the patients in T1b group had tumor volumes of (105.1 ±41.8)mm3 .The range of tumor volume was 0.4 -180.2 mm3 . The volume of all the 86 cases was less than 500 mm3 as the threshold of insignificant cancer.All the pa-tients were managed by WW.The mean follow-up time was 88.9 (27.9 -150.1)months.The Gleason score was <7 in 79 patients,and ≥7 in 7 patients.There was no significant difference in age,preopera-tive tPSA,preoperative PSAD,postoperative tPSA,prostate volume and TURP resection between T1a group and T1b group (P >0.05).Among 84 patients without follow-up losts,PSA progression occurred in 5 patients.One T1a patient underwent radical prostatectomy (RP)as an intervention,and 3 patients underwent hormone therapy.One patient in T1b group underwent radiotherapy for PSA progression and one was treated because of patient preference without evidence of disease progression.There were no pa-tients who died due to prostate cancer.Conclusion:Eighty-six (11.2%)cases of incidental prostate cancer were detected.The tumor volume of all the cases was insignificant cancer.The clinical outcomes of IPCa were satisfactory with the initial treatment of WW in the Chinese population.

BACKGROUNDAlthough previous clinical study revealed that bortezomib combined with dexamethasone had improved the outcomes of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM), the optimal dose combinations of bortezomib and dexamethasone remain unknown. This trial aimed to observe the efficacy and safety of different dose combinations of bortezomib and dexamethasone in the treatment of RRMM patients in China.

METHODSA total of 168 patients with relapsed multiple myeloma (MM) who were refractory to at lest two prior treatments were enrolled in this multicenter, open-label, non-randomized, prospective clinical trial. Twenty patients received 1.3 mg/m(2) of bortezomib twice weekly for 2 weeks of a 3-week cycle for up to 8 cycles and oral or intravenous dexamethasone 20 mg on the day of and after each bortezomib dose (group 1); 66 patients received less than 1.3 mg/m(2) (0.7 - 1.0 mg/m(2)) of bortezomib and dexamethasone 20 mg on the same schedule (group 2); 37 patients received 1.3 mg/m(2)2 of bortezomib and dexamethasone 40 mg (group 3) and 45 patients received less than 1.3 mg/m(2) (0.7 - 1.0 mg/m(2)) of bortezomib and dexamethasone 40 mg (group 4). The response was evaluated according to the criteria of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation and confirmed by an independent review committee. Adverse events were graded according to the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria, version 3.0.

RESULTSThe median age of groups 1 to 4 was 61, 62, 56, and 60 years, respectively. Most patients were in stages II/III of MM and the most common subtype was IgG. The rate of overall response to bortezomib and dexamethasone of group 1 to 4 was 72.2% (13/18), 73.8% (48/65), 78.8% (26/33) and 78.0% (32/41) (P = 0.91), including a complete response rate of 22.2% (4/18), 20.0% (13/65), 33.3% (11/33) and 29.3% (12/41) (P = 0.67), respectively. There was no statistical significance in time to progression and overall survival among these 4 groups (P > 0.05). The most commonly adverse events of any grade in the entire 4 groups were fatigue, gastrointestinal effects, peripheral neuropathy and thrombocytopenia, and there was no significance in the number of adverse events among the 4 groups (P > 0.05) except that peripheral neuropathy was reported more frequently in group 3 (36.3%) than in group 2 (13.8%, P < 0.05) and group 4 (14.6%, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThe combination of bortezomib and dexamethasone was associated with high responses in Chinese RRMM patients. No significant differences of efficacy were detected in different dose combinations of bortezomib and dexamethasone. Moreover, low dose of bortezomib reduced the incidence of peripheral neuropathy without affecting outcome in the treatment of patients with RRMM in China.

Antineoplastic Agents ; administration & dosage ; Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal ; administration & dosage ; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols ; therapeutic use ; Boronic Acids ; administration & dosage ; Bortezomib ; China ; Dexamethasone ; administration & dosage ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multiple Myeloma ; drug therapy ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local ; Prospective Studies ; Pyrazines ; administration & dosage

Background Although previous clinical study revealed that bortezomib combined with dexamethasone had improved the outcomes of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM), the optimal dose combinations of bortezomib and dexamethasone remain unknown. This trial aimed to observe the efficacy and safety of different dose combinations of bortezomib and dexamethasone in the treatment of RRMM patients in China.Methods A total of 168 patients with relapsed multiple myeloma (MM) who were refractory to at lest two prior treatments were enrolled in this multicenter, open-label, non-randomized, prospective clinical trial. Twenty patients received 1.3 mg/m2 of bortezomib twice weekly for 2 weeks of a 3-week cycle for up to 8 cycles and oral or intravenous dexamethasone 20 mg on the day of and after each bortezomib dose (group 1); 66 patients received less than 1.3 mg/m2(0.7-1.0 mg/m2) of bortezomib and dexamethasone 20 mg on the same schedule (group 2); 37 patients received 1.3 mg/m2 of bortezomib and dexamethasone 40 mg (group 3) and 45 patients received less than 1.3 mg/m2 (0.7-1.0 mg/m2)of bortezomib and dexamethasone 40 mg (group 4). The response was evaluated according to the criteria of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation and confirmed by an independent review committee. Adverse events were graded according to the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria, version 3.0. Results The median age of groups 1 to 4 was 61,62, 56, and 60 years, respectively. Most patients were in stages Ⅱ/Ⅲ of MM and the most common subtype was IgG The rate of overall response to bortezomib and dexamethasone of group 1 to 4 was 72.2％ (13/18), 73.8％ (48/65), 78.8％ (26/33) and 78.0％ (32/41) (P=0.91), including a complete response rate of 22.2％ (4/18), 20.0％ (13/65), 33.3％ (11/33) and 29.3％ (12/41) (P=0.67), respectively. There was no statistical significance in time to progression and overall survival among these 4 groups (P ＞0.05). The most commonly adverse events of any grade in the entire 4 groups were fatigue, gastrointestinal effects, peripheral neuropathy and thrombocytopenia, and there was no significance in the number of adverse events among the 4 groups (P ＞0.05) except that peripheral neuropathy was reported more frequently in group 3 (36.3％) than in group 2 (13.8％, P ＜0.05) and group 4 (14.6％, P＜O.05).Conclusions The combination of bortezomib and dexamethasone was associated with high responses in Chinese RRMM patients. No significant differences of efficacy were detected in different dose combinations of bortezomib and dexamethasone. Moreover, low dose of bortezomib reduced the incidence of peripheral neuropathy without affecting outcome in the treatment of patients with RRMM in China.

0.05). The blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and oxidized low density lipoprotein degrade, insulin resistance were improved in probucol group after treatment, while the adiponectin level was increased(P