Neuroinflammatory responses play an important role in the pathogenesis of various diseases, particularly those affecting the central nervous system. Inhibition of neuroinflammation is a crucial therapeutic strategy for the management of central nervous system disorders. The intestinal microbial-gut-brain axis serves as a key regulatory pathway that modulates neuroinflammatory processes. Intestinal flora metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, indoles and their derivatives, lipopolysaccharides, trimethylamine oxide, and secondary bile acids exert direct or indirect effects on neuroinflammation. Studies have shown that electroacupuncture (EA) modulates the composition of the intestinal microbiota and its metabolites, while also suppressing neuroinflammation by targeting the TLR4/NF- κ B, NLRP3/caspase-1, and microglial cell M2-type transformation pathways. This review discusses the mechanisms by which EA regulates neuroinflammation via intestinal microbiota and its metabolites, providing information and a foundation for further investigation of the precise therapeutic mechanisms of EA in neurological disorders.
Humans ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Electroacupuncture ; Neuroinflammatory Diseases/metabolism* ; Animals

Objective To investigate the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profiles of common pathogens isolated from cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)in CHINET program from 2015 to 2021.Methods The bacterial strains isolated from CSF were identified in accordance with clinical microbiology practice standards.Antimicrobial susceptibility test was conducted using Kirby-Bauer method and automated systems per the unified CHINET protocol.Results A total of 14 014 bacterial strains were isolated from CSF samples from 2015 to 2021,including the strains isolated from inpatients(95.3％)and from outpatient and emergency care patients(4.7％).Overall,19.6％of the isolates were from children and 80.4％were from adults.Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria accounted for 68.0％and 32.0％,respectively.Coagulase negative Staphylococcus accounted for 73.0％of the total Gram-positive bacterial isolates.The prevalence of MRSA was 38.2％in children and 45.6％in adults.The prevalence of MRCNS was 67.6％in adults and 69.5％in children.A small number of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium(2.2％)and linezolid-resistant Enterococcus faecalis(3.1％)were isolated from adult patients.The resistance rates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae to ceftriaxone were 52.2％and 76.4％in children,70.5％and 63.5％in adults.The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant E.coli and K.pneumoniae(CRKP)was 1.3％and 47.7％in children,6.4％and 47.9％in adults.The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii(CRAB)and Pseudomonas aeruginosa(CRPA)was 74.0％and 37.1％in children,81.7％and 39.9％in adults.Conclusions The data derived from antimicrobial resistance surveillance are crucial for clinicians to make evidence-based decisions regarding antibiotic therapy.Attention should be paid to the Gram-negative bacteria,especially CRKP and CRAB in central nervous system(CNS)infections.Ongoing antimicrobial resistance surveillance is helpful for optimizing antibiotic use in CNS infections.

Objective To investigate the antimicrobial resistance of clinical isolates from elderly patients(≥65 years)in major medical institutions across China.Methods Bacterial strains were isolated from elderly patients in 52 hospitals participating in the CHINET Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Program during the period from 2015 to 2021.Antimicrobial susceptibility test was carried out by disk diffusion method and automated systems according to the same CHINET protocol.The data were interpreted in accordance with the breakpoints recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute(CLSI)in 2021.Results A total of 514 715 nonduplicate clinical isolates were collected from elderly patients in 52 hospitals from January 1,2015 to December 31,2021.The number of isolates accounted for 34.3％of the total number of clinical isolates from all patients.Overall,21.8％of the 514 715 strains were gram-positive bacteria,and 78.2％were gram-negative bacteria.Majority(90.9％)of the strains were isolated from inpatients.About 42.9％of the strains were isolated from respiratory specimens,and 22.9％were isolated from urine.More than half(60.7％)of the strains were isolated from male patients,and 39.3％isolated from females.About 51.1％of the strains were isolated from patients aged 65-＜75 years.The prevalence of methicillin-resistant strains(MRSA)was 38.8％in 32 190 strains of Staphylococcus aureus.No vancomycin-or linezolid-resistant strains were found.The resistance rate of E.faecalis to most antibiotics was significantly lower than that of Enterococcus faecium,but a few vancomycin-resistant strains(0.2％,1.5％)and linezolid-resistant strains(3.4％,0.3％)were found in E.faecalis and E.faecium.The prevalence of penicillin-susceptible S.pneumoniae(PSSP),penicillin-intermediate S.pneumoniae(PISP),and penicillin-resistant S.pneumoniae(PRSP)was 94.3％,4.0％,and 1.7％in nonmeningitis S.pneumoniae isolates.The resistance rates of Klebsiella spp.(Klebsiella pneumoniae 93.2％)to imipenem and meropenem were 20.9％and 22.3％,respectively.Other Enterobacterales species were highly sensitive to carbapenem antibiotics.Only 1.7％-7.8％of other Enterobacterales strains were resistant to carbapenems.The resistance rates of Acinetobacter spp.(Acinetobacter baumannii 90.6％)to imipenem and meropenem were 68.4％and 70.6％respectively,while 28.5％and 24.3％of P.aeruginosa strains were resistant to imipenem and meropenem,respectively.Conclusions The number of clinical isolates from elderly patients is increasing year by year,especially in the 65-＜75 age group.Respiratory tract isolates were more prevalent in male elderly patients,and urinary tract isolates were more prevalent in female elderly patients.Klebsiella isolates were increasingly resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents,especially carbapenems.Antimicrobial resistance surveillance is helpful for accurate empirical antimicrobial therapy in elderly patients.

Objective To propose a residual convolutional feedforward network-based high-resolution medical image generation model to enhance the quality for generating high-resolution medical images.Methods Firstly,a vector quantized generative adversarial network(VQGAN)was selected as the benchmark model;secondly,a residual convolutional feedfor-ward network composed of a residual module and a multi-scale convolutional feedforward module was integrated into the the encoder and decoder of VQGAN to form a new architecture;finally,the model propsed was compared with denoising diffusion model(DDM),StyleSwin model,VQGAN moel and SinGAN model to verify its performance,and the ablation experiment was carried out.Results The quantitative evaluation comparison showed that the model proposed behaved well generally with the lowest frechet inception distance(FID)(145.64),the lowest learned perceptual image patch similarity(LPIPS)(0.46)and the peak signal-to-noise ratio(PSNR)(62.63)only lower than that of DDM.Visualized comparison indicated the model proposed had the image generated gaining advantages over the other models in the texture,edges and sharpness of kidney stones and similarity to the real lesion images.The ablation experiment proved that the model proposed behaved better than the VQGAN benchmark model in convergence rate and training stability.Conclusion The proposed model has significant advantages in learning multi-scale texture features and retaining the information on low-dimensional anatomical structures,which can be used for generating high-quality high-resolution medical images.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2025,46(9):1-8]

AIM To evaluate the quality of Gegen Formula Granules.METHODS Linear calibration with two reference substances(LCTRS)was adopted in the predicting of retention time with puerarin and daidzein as internal standards.UPLC characteristic chromatograms were established.The contents of 3'-hydroxy puerarin,puerarin(internal standard),3'-methoxy puerarin,puerarin 6"-O-xyloside,puerarin apioside and daidzin were determined by quantitative determination analysis multi-components by a single marker(QAMS),after which their transfer rates were calculated.RESULTS Compared with relative retention time method,LCTRS demonstrated higher positional accuracy for characteristic peaks and wider application range for columns.There were 9 characteristic peaks in the characteristic chromatograms for 14 batches of formula granules and 15 batches of standard decoctions with the similarities of more than 0.95.The contents and transfer rates of various constituents in formula granules and standard decoctions were basically consistent.CONCLUSION The chemical constituents in formula granules and their standard decoctions of Puerariae lobatae Radix display good consistency,reliable preparation process is observable in the former.

Objective:To construct a prognostic risk model based on lactate metabolism-related genes screened using bioinformatics methods in renal cell carcinoma patients，and investigate the clinical prognosis and immune characteristics of renal cell carcinoma.Methods:Gene expression data and clinical information of patients with renal cell carcinoma were downloaded from the Cancer Genome Atlas-Kidney Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma（TCGA-KIRC）dataset. Lactate metabolism-related gene sets were obtained from the Gene Set Enrichment Analysis（GSEA）database. The R package DEseq2 was employed to identify differentially expressed genes associated with lactate metabolism within the TCGA-KIRC dataset. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were performed using the clusterProfiler package. Prognosis-related genes were screened via univariate Cox regression analysis and the intersection with lactate metabolism-related differentially expressed genes was obtained. A risk model was constructed using LASSO regression followed by multivariate Cox regression analysis to calculate risk scores. This risk model was subsequently validated using the GSE29609 dataset. Patients were stratified into high-risk and low-risk groups based on the median risk score. The expression profiles of key immune molecule genes and immune checkpoint genes were compared between the two groups. Survival analysis curves for immune checkpoint genes were generated using the survival and survminer R packages. Differences in tumor mutation burden（TMB）between the high-risk and low-risk groups were assessed，and corresponding TMB survival analysis curves were plotted. Finally，the tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion（TIDE）algorithm was used to evaluate disparities in immunotherapy response potential between the two risk groups.Results:An optimal prognostic risk model incorporating seven lactate metabolism- and prognosis-related genes（ LDHD，PER2，ACADM，FLI1，LIPA，TCIRG1，SLC25A4）was constructed and successfully validated in the GSE29609 dataset. Univariate Cox regression analysis revealed that a high-risk score was significantly associated with poor prognosis（ HR=2.915，95% CI：2.451-3.470， P<0.001）. Multivariate Cox regression analysis confirmed that this risk model could serve as an independent prognostic factor for patients with renal cell carcinoma（ HR=2.231，95% CI：1.829-2.722， P<0.001）. Patients in the high-risk group exhibited significantly worse outcomes compared to the low-risk group，regardless of whether they had early-stage or advanced-stage renal cell carcinoma（both P<0.001）. Analyses related to the immune microenvironment indicated an upregulated immunosuppressive phenotype in the high-risk group. Furthermore，the TMB was significantly higher in the high-risk group than in the low-risk group（ P=0.032），and patients within the high-risk group exhibiting higher TMB levels demonstrated even poorer survival（ P<0.001）. Finally，the TIDE score was significantly elevated in the high-risk group in comparison to the low-risk group（ P<0.001）. Conclusions:The risk model based on lactate metabolism-related genes constructed in this study can guide the prognosis of renal cell carcinoma. Patients in the high-risk group are more prone to immune escape and formation of an inhibitory immune microenvironment，leading to worse prognoses. This risk model may serve as a biomarker for predicting immunotherapy response.

The aim of this study is to identify the cause of death of a South China tiger cub at the Meihuashan breeding institute of Fujian Province.Pathogenic bacteria were isolated and cultured from liver,spleen,lung and other tissue samples of the dead South China tiger aseptically.The iso-lated bacteria were identified through morphological observation,biochemical characterization,sequence analysis of housekeeping gene gyrB,virulence gene detection,animal pathogenicity test and drug sensitivity test.A pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila strain,designated FJ/Tiger-201809 was successfully isolated from the trachea of dead South China tiger.The nucleotide sequence ho-mology between the isolate and 11 strains of Aeromonas gyrB ranged from 91.2％to 99.1％,with the highest homology of 99.1％observed with Aeromonas hydrophila(AF208251.1).Genetic evo-lution analysis showed that the isolated strain FJ/Tiger-201809 was in the same evolutionary branch as other reference strains of Aeromonas hydrophila and was closely related.The pathoge-nicity test in mice showed artificial infection of mice with the strain resulted in varying degrees of lesions in several organs of the mice,and the median lethal dose(LD50)was 1 × 107.8 CFU/mL.Virulence gene test results showed that the isolate FJ/Tiger-201809 carried two virulence genes,aer and act.The results of drug sensitivity test showed that FJ/Tiger-201809 was highly sensitive to enrofloxacin and ampicillin among 18 commonly used antibiotics,relatively sensitive to penicil-lin G and doxycycline,and resistant to the other 14 antibiotics.In conclusion,this study isolated and identified a strain of Aeromonas hydrophila from a dead South China tiger with multiple drug resistance and strong pathogenicity,which provided an important reference for the prevention and control of bacterial diseases in South China tiger.

Objective To summarize the changing prevalence of carbapenem resistance in Enterobacterales based on the data of CHINET Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Program from 2015 to 2021 for improving antimicrobial treatment in clinical practice.Methods Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using a commercial automated susceptibility testing system according to the unified CHINET protocol.The results were interpreted according to the breakpoints of the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute(CLSI)M100 31st ed in 2021.Results Over the seven-year period(2015-2021),the overall prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales(CRE)was 9.43％(62 342/661 235).The prevalence of CRE strains in Klebsiella pneumoniae,Citrobacter freundii,and Enterobacter cloacae was 22.38％,9.73％,and 8.47％,respectively.The prevalence of CRE strains in Escherichia coli was 1.99％.A few CRE strains were also identified in Salmonella and Shigella.The CRE strains were mainly isolated from respiratory specimens(44.23±2.80)％,followed by blood(20.88±3.40)％and urine(18.40±3.45)％.Intensive care units(ICUs)were the major source of the CRE strains(27.43±5.20)％.CRE strains were resistant to all the β-lactam antibiotics tested and most non-β-lactam antimicrobial agents.The CRE strains were relatively susceptible to tigecycline and polymyxins with low resistance rates.Conclusions The prevalence of CRE strains was increasing from 2015 to 2021.CRE strains were highly resistant to most of the antibacterial drugs used in clinical practice.Clinicians should prescribe antimicrobial agents rationally.Hospitals should strengthen antibiotic stewardship in key clinical settings such as ICUs,and take effective infection control measures to curb CRE outbreak and epidemic in hospitals.

Objective To characterize the changing species distribution and antibiotic resistance profiles of respiratory isolates in hospitals participating in the CHINET Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Program from 2015 to 2021.Methods Commercial automated antimicrobial susceptibility testing systems and disk diffusion method were used to test the susceptibility of respiratory bacterial isolates to antimicrobial agents following the standardized technical protocol established by the CHINET program.Results A total of 589 746 respiratory isolates were collected from 2015 to 2021.Overall,82.6％of the isolates were Gram-negative bacteria and 17.4％were Gram-positive bacteria.The bacterial isolates from outpatients and inpatients accounted for(6.0±0.9)％and(94.0±0.1)％,respectively.The top microorganisms were Klebsiella spp.,Acinetobacter spp.,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Staphylococcus aureus,Haemophilus spp.,Stenotrophomonas maltophilia,Escherichia coli,and Streptococcus pneumoniae.Each microorganism was isolated from significantly more males than from females(P＜0.05).The overall prevalence of methicillin-resistant S.aureus(MRSA)was 39.9％.The prevalence of penicillin-resistant S.pneumoniae was 1.4％.The prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase(ESBL)-producing E.coli and K.pneumoniae was 67.8％and 41.3％,respectively.The overall prevalence of carbapenem-resistant E.coli,K.pneumoniae,Enterobacter cloacae,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,and Acinetobacter baumannii was 3.7％,20.8％,9.4％,29.8％,and 73.3％,respectively.The prevalence of β-lactamase was 96.1％in Moraxella catarrhalis and 60.0％in Haemophilus influenzae.The H.influenzae isolates from children(＜18 years)showed significantly higher resistance rates to β-lactam antibiotics than the isolates from adults(P＜0.05).Conclusions Gram-negative bacteria are still predominant in respiratory isolates associated with serious antibiotic resistance.Antimicrobial resistance surveillance should be strengthened in clinical practice to support accurate etiological diagnosis and appropriate antimicrobial therapy based on antimicrobial susceptibility testing results.

Arsenic is a semi-metal,and lipid-soluble arsenic compounds are one of the widespread forms in the environment and food chain,but there is a lack of standards for lipid-soluble arsenic compounds,which is one of the bottlenecks in the current analytical detection and toxicological studies of organic arsenic.In this study,four saturated arsenic-containing hydrocarbons,AsHC 318,AsHC 332,AsHC 346,and AsHC 374(The number is relative molecular mass),were successfully synthesized in three steps by using dimethylarsinic acid,potassium iodide,sodium hydroxide,and four brominated alkanes(1-Bromotetradecane,1-bromopentadecane,1-bromohexadecane,and 1-bromooctadecane)as raw materials.The structures of these four saturated arsenic-containing hydrocarbons were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance(1H NMR)spectroscopy,13C nuclear magnetic resonance(13C NMR)spectroscopy,and high-resolution mass spectrometry(HR-MS).The yields of the method were 8%-10%,and the synthesized compounds could be used in subsequent toxicity evaluation experiments to assess the toxic effects and mechanisms of action of arsenic-containing hydrocarbons.This study provided an effective method for synthesis of arsenic-containing hydrocarbons,enriching the synthesis methods of arsenic-containing hydrocarbons,and provided raw materials for the subsequent toxicological studies of arsenic-containing hydrocarbons.