OBJECTIVE To analyze the distribution and drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria in hospital-associat-ed infections for patients after renal transplantation,and to provide a reference for the rational selection of antibac-terial drugs for anti-infective treatment in such patients.METHODS Clinical data were collected from 89 hospital-ized patients who underwent renal transplantation and developed hospital-associated infection at Beidaihe Rehabili-tation and Recuperation Center(formerly known as 281 Hospital)from 2017 to 2021.The pathogenic bacteria de-tected in different types of hospital-associated infections and the drug resistance of the main pathogenic bacteria were analyzed.RESULTS A total of 89 pathogenic bacterial strains were isolated from the 89 patients with hospi-tal-associated infection,including 74 gram-negative bacterial strains(83.15％)and 15 gram-positive bacterial strains(16.85％).The predominant pathogenic bacterial strains were Klebsiella pneumoniae,Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Respiratory tract infection was the most common.E.coli showed severe drug re-sistance,with high drug resistance rates to various antibacterial drugs(complete drug resistance to piperacillin and ampicillin).K.pneumoniae was generally drug resistant to ampicillin.Enterobacter cloacae showed high sensitivi-ty to carbapenems,amikacin and enzyme inhibitor combinations.P.aeruginosa had low drug resistance rates to imipenem and meropenem.Staphylococcus aureus was completely drug resistant to antibacterial drugs such as penicillin,erythromycin and gentamicin,and no drug-resistant strains to vancomycin and linezolid were found.CONCLUSIONS The gram-negative bacteria are dominant among the bacteria isolated from the renal trans-planted patients with postoperative hospital-associated infections,with a high detection rate of E.coli and a severe drug resistance situation.Therefore,it is necessary to strengthen the monitoring of drug resistance in renal trans-plant recipients and make rational choices of antibacterial drugs.

Objective To investigate the risk factors and clinical significance of layered plaques that were detected by optical coherence tomography(OCT)in patients with angiographically intermediate coronary lesions,and relationship with prognosis.Methods This was a signal-center retrospective study focusing on patients whom underwent coronary angiography and OCT.The layered plaque group and non-layered plaque group were divided according to the presence or absence of stratified plaque.Clinical data,laboratory indicators,angiography,and OCT results were collected and compared between the two groups.Using logistic regression to analyze the relationship between stratified plaques and clinical features;Cox regression analysis was used to investigate the influencing factors of cardiovascular adverse events in patients with critical coronary artery disease.Results A total of 172 patients were enrolled,including 96 patients in non-layered plaque group and 76 patients in layered plaque group.Male(OR 2.415,95％CI 1.162-5.020,P=0.018),diabetes(OR 2.505,95％CI 1.137-5.525,P=0.023)and history of hyperlipidemia(OR 3.590,95％CI 1.478-6.333,P=0.003)were independent risk factors for stratified plaque.In OCT analysis,the proportion of thin-cap fibroatheroma(TCFA)plaque,macrophage infiltration,microvascularization,thrombosis,plaque rupture,and intimal dissection,as well as lipid plaque length,lipid plaque arc,and lipid plaque index were higher in the layered plaque group.After adjusting for other risk factors,macrophage infiltration is independently associated with stratified plaques(OR 2.106,95％CI 1.019-4.353,P=0.044).Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the target lesion revascularization rate in the layered plaque group was higher than that in the non-layered plaque group(Log-rank P=0.030).Cox regression analysis shows that it has both stratified plaque and thin fibrous membrane plaque characteristics was an independent predictor of cardiovascular adverse events(HR 5.165,95％CI 1.696-15.727,P=0.004).Conclusions In patients with angiographically intermediate coronary lesions,OCT detection of stratified lesions is often accompanied by other unstable plaque features,indicating an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events.Simultaneously possessing features of stratified plaques and TCFA is an independent predictor of adverse cardiovascular events in patients with critical coronary artery disease.

Objective To analyze the correlation between lesion volume,lesion mass,and maximum lesion diameter in the assessment of advanced hepatocarcinoma with lung metastasis,and to evaluate the application value of total volume response and total mass response of lung metastatic lesions in efficacy assessment.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the CT imaging data of 20 patients clinically confirmed with hepatocarcinoma and lung metastases,followed by subsequent follow-up to monitor their survival outcomes.Volume measurement software was used to measure the volume of lesions before and after treatment.We recored lesion diameter,volume measurements and CT values,calculated the mass of the lesions.The correlation between lesion volume,mass and diameter was analyzed,as well as the correlation between the change rates of volume,mass and lesion diameter.Additionally,the total volume and total mass of all lesions were calculated.The correlation between the change rates of total volume/total mass and the change rate of pulmonary lesion diameter under the RECIST 1.1 criteria,as well as the correlation with changes in patients'tumor markers,were analyzed.Furthermore,the overall volume response and overall mass response of lesions were evaluated based on changes in total volume and total mass,and their consistencies with the RECIST 1.1 criteria for efficacy evaluation were analyzed.Finally,univariate Cox regression analysis was performed to explore the association between these variables and patient survival outcomes.Results There was strong correlation between lesion volume,mass and tumor diameter(r=0.771,0.775),between the rate of change in mass and the rate of change in lesion diameter(r=0.846),and between the rates of change in total volume/total mass and the rate of change in pulmonary lesion diameter under the RECIST 1.1 criteria(r=0.800,0.896).The correlation between the rates of change in total volume/total mass and patients'tumor markers was not statistically significant.There was moderate correlation between the rate of change in volume and the rate of change in lesion diameter(r=0.692).The evaluation results of total volume response and total mass response for pulmonary lesions in advanced hepatocarcinoma with lung metastasis were generally consistent with the RECIST 1.1 criteria(Kappa=0.486,0.426).Univariate Cox regression analysis revealed that total lesion volume(P=0.047)and total lesion mass(P=0.049)were independent prognostic factors for survival outcomes.Conclusion Lesion volume,mass,and diameter,as well as their respective change rates,were found to be interrelated.Furthermore,total lesion volume and total lesion mass were identified as independent prognostic factors for survival outcomes.The total volume response and total mass response are promising evaluation methods in evaluating the efficacy of lung metastasis of hepatocarcinoma,which are different from the RECIST 1.1 evaluation criteria.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the distribution and drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria in hospital-associat-ed infections for patients after renal transplantation,and to provide a reference for the rational selection of antibac-terial drugs for anti-infective treatment in such patients.METHODS Clinical data were collected from 89 hospital-ized patients who underwent renal transplantation and developed hospital-associated infection at Beidaihe Rehabili-tation and Recuperation Center(formerly known as 281 Hospital)from 2017 to 2021.The pathogenic bacteria de-tected in different types of hospital-associated infections and the drug resistance of the main pathogenic bacteria were analyzed.RESULTS A total of 89 pathogenic bacterial strains were isolated from the 89 patients with hospi-tal-associated infection,including 74 gram-negative bacterial strains(83.15％)and 15 gram-positive bacterial strains(16.85％).The predominant pathogenic bacterial strains were Klebsiella pneumoniae,Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Respiratory tract infection was the most common.E.coli showed severe drug re-sistance,with high drug resistance rates to various antibacterial drugs(complete drug resistance to piperacillin and ampicillin).K.pneumoniae was generally drug resistant to ampicillin.Enterobacter cloacae showed high sensitivi-ty to carbapenems,amikacin and enzyme inhibitor combinations.P.aeruginosa had low drug resistance rates to imipenem and meropenem.Staphylococcus aureus was completely drug resistant to antibacterial drugs such as penicillin,erythromycin and gentamicin,and no drug-resistant strains to vancomycin and linezolid were found.CONCLUSIONS The gram-negative bacteria are dominant among the bacteria isolated from the renal trans-planted patients with postoperative hospital-associated infections,with a high detection rate of E.coli and a severe drug resistance situation.Therefore,it is necessary to strengthen the monitoring of drug resistance in renal trans-plant recipients and make rational choices of antibacterial drugs.

Objective To analyze the correlation between lesion volume,lesion mass,and maximum lesion diameter in the assessment of advanced hepatocarcinoma with lung metastasis,and to evaluate the application value of total volume response and total mass response of lung metastatic lesions in efficacy assessment.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the CT imaging data of 20 patients clinically confirmed with hepatocarcinoma and lung metastases,followed by subsequent follow-up to monitor their survival outcomes.Volume measurement software was used to measure the volume of lesions before and after treatment.We recored lesion diameter,volume measurements and CT values,calculated the mass of the lesions.The correlation between lesion volume,mass and diameter was analyzed,as well as the correlation between the change rates of volume,mass and lesion diameter.Additionally,the total volume and total mass of all lesions were calculated.The correlation between the change rates of total volume/total mass and the change rate of pulmonary lesion diameter under the RECIST 1.1 criteria,as well as the correlation with changes in patients'tumor markers,were analyzed.Furthermore,the overall volume response and overall mass response of lesions were evaluated based on changes in total volume and total mass,and their consistencies with the RECIST 1.1 criteria for efficacy evaluation were analyzed.Finally,univariate Cox regression analysis was performed to explore the association between these variables and patient survival outcomes.Results There was strong correlation between lesion volume,mass and tumor diameter(r=0.771,0.775),between the rate of change in mass and the rate of change in lesion diameter(r=0.846),and between the rates of change in total volume/total mass and the rate of change in pulmonary lesion diameter under the RECIST 1.1 criteria(r=0.800,0.896).The correlation between the rates of change in total volume/total mass and patients'tumor markers was not statistically significant.There was moderate correlation between the rate of change in volume and the rate of change in lesion diameter(r=0.692).The evaluation results of total volume response and total mass response for pulmonary lesions in advanced hepatocarcinoma with lung metastasis were generally consistent with the RECIST 1.1 criteria(Kappa=0.486,0.426).Univariate Cox regression analysis revealed that total lesion volume(P=0.047)and total lesion mass(P=0.049)were independent prognostic factors for survival outcomes.Conclusion Lesion volume,mass,and diameter,as well as their respective change rates,were found to be interrelated.Furthermore,total lesion volume and total lesion mass were identified as independent prognostic factors for survival outcomes.The total volume response and total mass response are promising evaluation methods in evaluating the efficacy of lung metastasis of hepatocarcinoma,which are different from the RECIST 1.1 evaluation criteria.

Objective To investigate the risk factors and clinical significance of layered plaques that were detected by optical coherence tomography(OCT)in patients with angiographically intermediate coronary lesions,and relationship with prognosis.Methods This was a signal-center retrospective study focusing on patients whom underwent coronary angiography and OCT.The layered plaque group and non-layered plaque group were divided according to the presence or absence of stratified plaque.Clinical data,laboratory indicators,angiography,and OCT results were collected and compared between the two groups.Using logistic regression to analyze the relationship between stratified plaques and clinical features;Cox regression analysis was used to investigate the influencing factors of cardiovascular adverse events in patients with critical coronary artery disease.Results A total of 172 patients were enrolled,including 96 patients in non-layered plaque group and 76 patients in layered plaque group.Male(OR 2.415,95％CI 1.162-5.020,P=0.018),diabetes(OR 2.505,95％CI 1.137-5.525,P=0.023)and history of hyperlipidemia(OR 3.590,95％CI 1.478-6.333,P=0.003)were independent risk factors for stratified plaque.In OCT analysis,the proportion of thin-cap fibroatheroma(TCFA)plaque,macrophage infiltration,microvascularization,thrombosis,plaque rupture,and intimal dissection,as well as lipid plaque length,lipid plaque arc,and lipid plaque index were higher in the layered plaque group.After adjusting for other risk factors,macrophage infiltration is independently associated with stratified plaques(OR 2.106,95％CI 1.019-4.353,P=0.044).Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the target lesion revascularization rate in the layered plaque group was higher than that in the non-layered plaque group(Log-rank P=0.030).Cox regression analysis shows that it has both stratified plaque and thin fibrous membrane plaque characteristics was an independent predictor of cardiovascular adverse events(HR 5.165,95％CI 1.696-15.727,P=0.004).Conclusions In patients with angiographically intermediate coronary lesions,OCT detection of stratified lesions is often accompanied by other unstable plaque features,indicating an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events.Simultaneously possessing features of stratified plaques and TCFA is an independent predictor of adverse cardiovascular events in patients with critical coronary artery disease.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the regulatory effects of salvianolic acid C(SAC)on the level of cuproptosis and inflammatory injury in cardiomyocytes after myocardial infarction(MI).METHODS①C57BL/6 mice were divided into a sham group,an MI model group,and SAC(5,10 and 20 mg·kg-1)groups,with 10 mice in each group.Mice in the SAC groups were pretreated with oral gavage of SAC for 1 week,while those in the sham and model groups received an equal volume of saline.One week later,an MI model was established in the model and SAC groups by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery,while the sham group underwent thoracotomy without ligation.MI size was assessed using triphenyltetrazolium chloride(TTC)staining.Cardiomyocyte apoptosis was evaluated by TUNEL staining.The ultrastructure of cardiomyocyte mitochondria was observed under a transmission electron microscope.② Mouse cardiomyocytes HL-1 were divided into a control group,an oxygen-glucose deprivation(OGD)model group,OGD+SAC 1,5 and 10 μmol·L-1 groups,and a OGD+SAC(5 μmol·L-1)+nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)inhibitor ML385(2 μmol·L-1)group.Cells in the OGD+SAC groups were pretreated with SAC for 24 h while those in the OGD+SAC+ML385 group were pretreated with both SAC 5 μmol·L-1 and ML385 2 μmol·L-1 for 24 h.Except for the control group,an OGD model was established in HL-1 cells.ELISA was used to detect the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6)and IL-1β in mouse serum and HL-1 cell culture supernatants.The Cu+detection kit was used to measure Cu+levels in myocardial tissue and HL-1 cells.Cell viability was assessed using the CCK-8 kit.Apoptosis rates of HL-1 cells were detected by flow cytometry.Reactive oxygen species(ROS)levels in HL-1 cells were measured using a ROS detection kit.Western blotting analysis was performed to detect the expression levels of Nrf2,heme oxygenase-1(HO-1),and cupro-ptosis markers,ferredoxin 1(FDX1)and solute carrier family 31 member 1(SLC31A1)in myocardial tissue and HL-1 cells.RESLUTS ① Compared with the sham group,the MI model group exhibited increased myocardial infarction size,elevated cardiomyocyte apoptosis rates,mitochondrial swelling,vacuolation,and cristae rupture in cardiomyocytes,increased serum levels of TNF-α,IL-6,and IL-1β,elevated Cu+levels and expressions of FDX1 and SLC31A1 in myocardial tissue,and decreased expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1(P<0.01).Compared with the model group,the SAC 5,10 and 20 mg·kg-1 groups showed reduced MI size,decreased cardiomyocyte apoptosis rates,alleviated mitochondrial swelling,vacuola-tion,and cristae rupture,lower serum levels of TNF-α,IL-6 and IL-1β,decreased Cu+levels and expres-sions of FDX1 and SLC31A1 in myocardial tissue,and increased expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1(P<0.05,P<0.01).② Compared with the cell control group,the OGD model group demonstrated signifi-cantly decreased HL-1 cell viability,increased cell apoptosis rates,Cu+and ROS levels,expressions of FDX1 and SLC31A1,elevated levels of TNF-α,IL-6 and IL-1β in cell culture supernatants,and decreased expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1(P<0.01).Compared with the OGD model group,the SAC 1,5 and 10 μmol·L-1 groups showed increased HL-1 cell viability,decreased cell apoptosis rates,Cu+and ROS levels,expressions of FDX1 and SLC31A1,reduced levels of TNF-α,IL-6 and IL-1β in cell culture supernatants,and increased expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1(P<0.05,P<0.01).Compared with the SAC 5 μmol·L-1 group,the SAC 5 μmol·L-1+ML385 2 μmol·L-1 group exhibited decreased cell viability,increased cell apoptosis rates,Cu+and ROS levels,expressions of FDX1 and SLC31A1,elevated levels of TNF-α,IL-6,and IL-1β in cell culture supernatants,and decreased expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1(P<0.01).CONSLUSION SAC can activate the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway,alleviate cuproptosis in cardiomyocytes after MI,and reduces inflammatory damage.

Objective:To explore the association between spicy food intake and the risk for cardio/cerebrovascular diseases.Methods:Data were collected from the China Kadoorie Biobank project conducted in Pengzhou, Sichuan Province. Using the Cox proportional hazards regression model, we analyzed the associations of the frequency of spicy food intake, spicy level, types of spicy food, and the age when regular intake of spicy food began (intake in 1 day/week), with the risk for cardio/cerebrovascular disease. Furthermore, the associations with the risks for ischemic heart disease (IHD) and cerebrovascular diseases, as well as the risk of ischemic stroke (IS) and hemorrhagic stroke (HS) were analyzed.Results:A total of 54 859 study participants were included in the study, in whom 49 320 had spicy food intake (89.90%). In these participants, 37 680 (68.69%) had spicy food intake in 6-7 days/week, 5 036 (9.18%) had spicy food intake in 1-5 days/week, and 6 604 (12.03%) had spicy food intake once a week; 5 539 (10.10%) had never/almost never had spicy food intake. After adjusting for multiple confounding factors, compared with those who never/almost never had spicy food intake, intake of spicy food was associated with reduced risks for IHD (intake in 6-7 days/week: HR=0.86, 95% CI: 0.78-0.95), cerebrovascular diseases (intake in 6-7 days/week: HR=0.88, 95% CI: 0.81-0.96), and IS (intak in 6-7 days/week: HR=0.85, 95% CI: 0.76-0.95). With the increase of spicy food intake frequency, the risk for cardio/cerebrovascular disease decreased (intake in 1-5 days/week: HR=0.91, 95% CI: 0.85-0.98; intake in 6-7 days/week: HR=0.89, 95% CI: 0.84-0.94) (trend test P<0.001). However, no statistical association was found between spicy food intake and the risk for HS. In terms of spicy level, after adjusting for multiple confounding factors, compared with those who never/almost never had spicy food intake, intake of spicy food was associated with reduced risk for cardio/cerebrovascular disease (moderate: HR=0.86, 95% CI: 0.82-0.90) and cerebrovascular disease (moderate: HR=0.90, 95% CI: 0.84-0.97). With the increase of spicy level, the risk for IHD decreased (moderate: HR=0.86, 95% CI: 0.79-0.93; strong: HR=0.84, 95% CI: 0.74-0.95) (trend test P<0.001). After adjusting for multiple confounding factors, compared with those who never/almost never had spicy food intake, intake of any type of spicy food was associated with reduced risk for cardio/cerebrovascular disease, IHD, and cerebrovascular disease. Regulat intake of spicy food from age 0-10 years was associated with reduced risk for cardio/cerebrovascular disease, IHD, and cerebrovascular disease. Regular intake of spicy food from age 11-20 years reduced the risk for cardio/cerebrovascular disease and IHD. There was no significant association between the regular intake of spicy food from age 21-79 years and the risks for cardio/cerebrovascular disease, IHD and cerebrovascular disease. Conclusion:The intake of spicy food could reduced the risk for cardio/cerebrovascular diseases, IHD, cerebrovascular diseases and IS in residents aged 30-79 years in Sichuan.

Objective:To investigate the effect of physical activity on mortality risk in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Sichuan Province.Methods:Based on baseline data from 2004 to 2008 from the China Kadoorie Biobank project site in Pengzhou City, Sichuan Province, a total of 8 501 COPD patients aged 30-79 years were enrolled and followed up for a long period to determine mortality outcomes. Quartiles were used to group physical activity levels. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to analyze the effect of physical activity level on mortality outcomes.Results:As of December 31, 2017, the cumulative follow-up of the participants totaled 85 600.58 person-years (mean follow-up duration: 10.07 years). During this period, a total of 2 000 deaths were recorded, yielding a cumulative mortality rate of 23.53%. Among these deaths, 665 were attributed to COPD, corresponding to a cumulative mortality rate of 7.82%; and 1 116 were attributed to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease (CVD), corresponding to a cumulative mortality rate of 13.13%. The Cox proportional hazards regression model analysis revealed that, after adjusting for confounding factors, total physical activity was associated with a reduced risk of mortality from COPD, CVD, and all causes in patients with COPD. Compared with the low-level group of total physical activity, the medium-high-level group had the lowest risk of COPD mortality, with an HR of 0.39 (95% CI: 0.30-0.49). The high-level group had the lowest risk of CVD death and all-cause death, with HRs of 0.46 (95% CI: 0.37-0.56) and 0.55 (95% CI: 0.48-0.64), respectively. The lowest risk of COPD death and CVD death was found in the medium-high level of work-based physical activity group, with HRs of 0.36 (95% CI: 0.28-0.46) and 0.43 (95% CI: 0.36-0.51), respectively; the risk of all-cause mortality was lowest in the medium-high and high-level groups, with HRs values of 0.53 (95% CI: 0.46-0.61) and 0.53 (95% CI: 0.45-0.61). The risk of COPD death was lowest in the high-level transportation physical activity group, with an HR of 0.66 (95% CI: 0.53-0.83), and the risk of CVD and all-cause death was lowest in the medium-high level group, with HRs of 0.63 (95% CI: 0.53-0.76) and 0.73 (95% CI: 0.64-0.84), respectively. The risk of COPD death and CVD death was the lowest in the high-level domestic physical activity group, with HRs of 0.66 (95% CI: 0.49-0.89) and 0.76 (95% CI: 0.61-0.95), respectively, and the risk of all-cause death was the lowest in the medium-high level group, with an HR of 0.82 (95% CI: 0.72-0.94). There is no statistical association between leisure physical activity and the risk of death from three types of diseases. Conclusions:Total physical activity, including work-based, transportation-based, and domestic physical activity, reduced the risk of COPD, CVD, and all-cause mortality in patients with COPD in Sichuan Province. The magnitude of mortality risk was influenced by the type and level of physical activity.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the regulatory effects of salvianolic acid C(SAC)on the level of cuproptosis and inflammatory injury in cardiomyocytes after myocardial infarction(MI).METHODS①C57BL/6 mice were divided into a sham group,an MI model group,and SAC(5,10 and 20 mg·kg-1)groups,with 10 mice in each group.Mice in the SAC groups were pretreated with oral gavage of SAC for 1 week,while those in the sham and model groups received an equal volume of saline.One week later,an MI model was established in the model and SAC groups by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery,while the sham group underwent thoracotomy without ligation.MI size was assessed using triphenyltetrazolium chloride(TTC)staining.Cardiomyocyte apoptosis was evaluated by TUNEL staining.The ultrastructure of cardiomyocyte mitochondria was observed under a transmission electron microscope.② Mouse cardiomyocytes HL-1 were divided into a control group,an oxygen-glucose deprivation(OGD)model group,OGD+SAC 1,5 and 10 μmol·L-1 groups,and a OGD+SAC(5 μmol·L-1)+nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)inhibitor ML385(2 μmol·L-1)group.Cells in the OGD+SAC groups were pretreated with SAC for 24 h while those in the OGD+SAC+ML385 group were pretreated with both SAC 5 μmol·L-1 and ML385 2 μmol·L-1 for 24 h.Except for the control group,an OGD model was established in HL-1 cells.ELISA was used to detect the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6)and IL-1β in mouse serum and HL-1 cell culture supernatants.The Cu+detection kit was used to measure Cu+levels in myocardial tissue and HL-1 cells.Cell viability was assessed using the CCK-8 kit.Apoptosis rates of HL-1 cells were detected by flow cytometry.Reactive oxygen species(ROS)levels in HL-1 cells were measured using a ROS detection kit.Western blotting analysis was performed to detect the expression levels of Nrf2,heme oxygenase-1(HO-1),and cupro-ptosis markers,ferredoxin 1(FDX1)and solute carrier family 31 member 1(SLC31A1)in myocardial tissue and HL-1 cells.RESLUTS ① Compared with the sham group,the MI model group exhibited increased myocardial infarction size,elevated cardiomyocyte apoptosis rates,mitochondrial swelling,vacuolation,and cristae rupture in cardiomyocytes,increased serum levels of TNF-α,IL-6,and IL-1β,elevated Cu+levels and expressions of FDX1 and SLC31A1 in myocardial tissue,and decreased expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1(P<0.01).Compared with the model group,the SAC 5,10 and 20 mg·kg-1 groups showed reduced MI size,decreased cardiomyocyte apoptosis rates,alleviated mitochondrial swelling,vacuola-tion,and cristae rupture,lower serum levels of TNF-α,IL-6 and IL-1β,decreased Cu+levels and expres-sions of FDX1 and SLC31A1 in myocardial tissue,and increased expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1(P<0.05,P<0.01).② Compared with the cell control group,the OGD model group demonstrated signifi-cantly decreased HL-1 cell viability,increased cell apoptosis rates,Cu+and ROS levels,expressions of FDX1 and SLC31A1,elevated levels of TNF-α,IL-6 and IL-1β in cell culture supernatants,and decreased expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1(P<0.01).Compared with the OGD model group,the SAC 1,5 and 10 μmol·L-1 groups showed increased HL-1 cell viability,decreased cell apoptosis rates,Cu+and ROS levels,expressions of FDX1 and SLC31A1,reduced levels of TNF-α,IL-6 and IL-1β in cell culture supernatants,and increased expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1(P<0.05,P<0.01).Compared with the SAC 5 μmol·L-1 group,the SAC 5 μmol·L-1+ML385 2 μmol·L-1 group exhibited decreased cell viability,increased cell apoptosis rates,Cu+and ROS levels,expressions of FDX1 and SLC31A1,elevated levels of TNF-α,IL-6,and IL-1β in cell culture supernatants,and decreased expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1(P<0.01).CONSLUSION SAC can activate the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway,alleviate cuproptosis in cardiomyocytes after MI,and reduces inflammatory damage.