Objective:To integrate the best available evidence regarding the management of perinatal intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in preterm infants.Methods:Using keywords such as "intracranial hemorrhage", "intraventricular hemorrhage", "germinal matrix hemorrhage", and their Chinese equivalents, we systematically searched for clinical decisions, guidelines, expert consensuses, evidence summaries, group standards, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses related to IVH management in preterm infants. Data sources included BMJ Best Practice, UpToDate, World Health Organization website, Guidelines International Network, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network, Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario, National Guideline Clearinghouse, American Academy of Pediatrics, Canadian Paediatric Society, European Foundation for the Care of Newborn Infants, British Association of Perinatal Medicine, Yiigle, Cochrane Library, Joanna Briggs Institute, PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data, and SinoMed. The search period spanned from January 2015 to December 2024. Literature screening, quality appraisal, evidence extraction, and synthesis were performed independently according to uniform standards.Results:A total of 12 publications were included, comprising three clinical decisions, three evidence-based guidelines, and six expert consensuses. Thirty-seven best evidence statements were synthesized across four domains: risk factor identification, diagnosis and monitoring, antenatal and delivery room management, and neonatal intensive care unit management. These included 28 strong recommendations (Grade A) and nine weak recommendations (Grade B).Conclusion:The 37 summarized best evidence statements provide an evidence-based foundation for developing clinical management protocols for perinatal IVH in preterm infants.

Primary immune thrombocytopenia(ITP)is an acquired autoimmune disease characterized by isolated thrombocytopenia resulting from increased platelet destruction and impaired platelet production.Although the majority of patients have a relatively good prognosis,10%?20%of children and up to 75%of adults may progress to chronic primary immune thrombocytopenia(CITP).These patients exhibit poor response to multiple therapies,leading to a significant decline in quality of life.At present,the treatment strategies for CITP mainly include first-line therapies such as glucocorticoids and gamma globulin,and second-line therapies such as thrombopoietin receptor agonists(TPO-RAs),rituximab,immunosuppressants,and splenectomy.In recent years,with the in-depth research on CITP,some new biological drugs and immunotherapies,such as Fcγ receptor(FcγR)signal transduction inhibitors,neonatal Fc receptor inhibitors,complement inhibitors,immune-cell-targeted therapies,platelet desialylation,umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell therapy,and chimeric antigen receptor T cell immunotherapy,have shown good therapeutic potential.By targeting specific pathways in the pathogenesis of CITP,these novel therapies aim to achieve individualized precision treatment,thereby providing patients with more effective therapeutic options.This article reviews the pathogenesis,second-line treatment approaches,and therapeutic advances in CITP.

Primary immune thrombocytopenia(ITP)is an acquired autoimmune disease characterized by isolated thrombocytopenia resulting from increased platelet destruction and impaired platelet production.Although the majority of patients have a relatively good prognosis,10%?20%of children and up to 75%of adults may progress to chronic primary immune thrombocytopenia(CITP).These patients exhibit poor response to multiple therapies,leading to a significant decline in quality of life.At present,the treatment strategies for CITP mainly include first-line therapies such as glucocorticoids and gamma globulin,and second-line therapies such as thrombopoietin receptor agonists(TPO-RAs),rituximab,immunosuppressants,and splenectomy.In recent years,with the in-depth research on CITP,some new biological drugs and immunotherapies,such as Fcγ receptor(FcγR)signal transduction inhibitors,neonatal Fc receptor inhibitors,complement inhibitors,immune-cell-targeted therapies,platelet desialylation,umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell therapy,and chimeric antigen receptor T cell immunotherapy,have shown good therapeutic potential.By targeting specific pathways in the pathogenesis of CITP,these novel therapies aim to achieve individualized precision treatment,thereby providing patients with more effective therapeutic options.This article reviews the pathogenesis,second-line treatment approaches,and therapeutic advances in CITP.

Objective:To integrate the best available evidence regarding the management of perinatal intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in preterm infants.Methods:Using keywords such as "intracranial hemorrhage", "intraventricular hemorrhage", "germinal matrix hemorrhage", and their Chinese equivalents, we systematically searched for clinical decisions, guidelines, expert consensuses, evidence summaries, group standards, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses related to IVH management in preterm infants. Data sources included BMJ Best Practice, UpToDate, World Health Organization website, Guidelines International Network, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network, Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario, National Guideline Clearinghouse, American Academy of Pediatrics, Canadian Paediatric Society, European Foundation for the Care of Newborn Infants, British Association of Perinatal Medicine, Yiigle, Cochrane Library, Joanna Briggs Institute, PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data, and SinoMed. The search period spanned from January 2015 to December 2024. Literature screening, quality appraisal, evidence extraction, and synthesis were performed independently according to uniform standards.Results:A total of 12 publications were included, comprising three clinical decisions, three evidence-based guidelines, and six expert consensuses. Thirty-seven best evidence statements were synthesized across four domains: risk factor identification, diagnosis and monitoring, antenatal and delivery room management, and neonatal intensive care unit management. These included 28 strong recommendations (Grade A) and nine weak recommendations (Grade B).Conclusion:The 37 summarized best evidence statements provide an evidence-based foundation for developing clinical management protocols for perinatal IVH in preterm infants.