This article systematically analyzes the historical evolution of the name， medicinal parts， origin， harvesting， processing and other aspects of Houttuyniae Herba（HH） by referring to the medical books， prescription books and other documents of the past dynasties， combined with the research materials related to modern and contemporary times， in order to provide a basis for the development of famous classical formulas containing this herb. In ancient literature， HH was often referred to as "Ji" and "Jicai"， the name of "Ji" was first recorded in Mingyi Bielu during the Han and Wei dynasties， and the name of Yuxingcao was first seen in Lyuchanyan Bencao during the southern Song dynasty and has continued to this day. The origin of HH used throughout history is consistent， all of which are the whole herb or aboveground parts of Houttuynia cordata in Saururaceae family. HH recorded throughout history has a wide range of production areas， mostly self-produced self-marketing. In ancient times， fresh HH was often used as medicine by pounding its juice without involving any processing steps. Both fresh and dried products can be used as medicine， the fresh products uses the whole plant， while the dried products uses the aboveground parts， which are cleaned， selected and processed before use. Fresh products are harvested regardless of season， while dried products are harvested in both summer and autumn， with summer as the best. In ancient times， there were no specific requirements for the quality of HH， while in modern times， "intact stems and leaves with a strong fishy smell" are preferred. In addition， the medicinal properties of HH have undergone significant changes from ancient to modern times. In the early period， it was believed that its medicinal property was slightly warm， until the 1977 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia officially changed it to slightly cold. Both ancient and modern literature states that HH can be used for the treatment of carbuncle and malignant sores， Lyuchanyan Bencao for the first time introduced HH fresh juice can relieve summer heat， since Diannan Bencao recorded that it can be used for lung carbuncle， and gradually developed into the first choice for the treatment of lung carbuncle. Based on the research results， it is suggested that fresh herb or dried aboveground parts of H. cordata are used as medicine when developing famous classical formulas.

Objective:To analyze the surveillance results of human brucellosis in Qinghai Province, to study the epidemic characteristics of brucellosis, and to provide scientific basis for formulating brucellosis prevention and control strategies and measures.Methods:By using descriptive epidemiological method, surveillance data from 4 national and 26 provincial brucellosis surveillance sites in Qinghai Province in 2022 and brucellosis related information from the "Disease Surveillance Information Reporting and Management System" in 2022 were collected and summarized. The population, time, regional distribution and epidemic characteristics of brucellosis in Qinghai Province were analyzed.Results:In 2022, a total of 12 483 people were monitored at 4 national and 26 provincial brucellosis surveillance sites. In Rose Bengal plate agglutination test (RBPT), 714 patients were positive, and the positive rate was 5.72% (714/12 483). In tube agglutination test (SAT), 508 individuals tested positive, and the positive rate was 4.07% (508/12 483). There were 1 156 reported cases in 2022, including 910 males and 246 females, with a gender ratio of 3.70 ∶ 1.00. The age range was mainly between 30 and 59 years old, accounting for 77.68% (898/1 156). Most of them were farmers engaged in breeding and transportation, accounting for 81.40% (941/1 156). The onset time was concentrated from June to August, accounting for 50.26% (581/1 156). The distribution area was mainly in the northeast of Qinghai Province (Haibei Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Xining City, Haidong City), accounting for 86.33% (998/1 156).Conclusions:The epidemic of human brucellosis in Qinghai Province is still relatively serious, especially in the northeastern agricultural area. Comprehensive measures should be taken to further curb the outbreak of human brucellosis.

Objective:To analyze the surveillance results of human brucellosis in Qinghai Province, to study the epidemic characteristics of brucellosis, and to provide scientific basis for formulating brucellosis prevention and control strategies and measures.Methods:By using descriptive epidemiological method, surveillance data from 4 national and 26 provincial brucellosis surveillance sites in Qinghai Province in 2022 and brucellosis related information from the "Disease Surveillance Information Reporting and Management System" in 2022 were collected and summarized. The population, time, regional distribution and epidemic characteristics of brucellosis in Qinghai Province were analyzed.Results:In 2022, a total of 12 483 people were monitored at 4 national and 26 provincial brucellosis surveillance sites. In Rose Bengal plate agglutination test (RBPT), 714 patients were positive, and the positive rate was 5.72% (714/12 483). In tube agglutination test (SAT), 508 individuals tested positive, and the positive rate was 4.07% (508/12 483). There were 1 156 reported cases in 2022, including 910 males and 246 females, with a gender ratio of 3.70 ∶ 1.00. The age range was mainly between 30 and 59 years old, accounting for 77.68% (898/1 156). Most of them were farmers engaged in breeding and transportation, accounting for 81.40% (941/1 156). The onset time was concentrated from June to August, accounting for 50.26% (581/1 156). The distribution area was mainly in the northeast of Qinghai Province (Haibei Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Xining City, Haidong City), accounting for 86.33% (998/1 156).Conclusions:The epidemic of human brucellosis in Qinghai Province is still relatively serious, especially in the northeastern agricultural area. Comprehensive measures should be taken to further curb the outbreak of human brucellosis.

Objective:To detect serum Col2-3/4 C-terminal cleavage product of type Ⅱ collagen (C2C) and pyridinoline (PYD) among brucellosis patients at early period, and to provide a better understanding of the changes of bone and joint collagen metabolism in the early stage of brucellosis.Methods:From 2013 to 2016, 61 cases of brucellosis patients at early period (within 6 months) from brucellosisout patient of Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control were selected as case group, and 67 cases of healthy volunteers were selected as control group. Serum C2C and PYD levels in all samples were measured simultaneously with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results:The median serum C2C of patients with early brucellosis was 83.45 ng/ml and that of the control group was 73.35 ng/ml. There was significant difference in serum C2C between the case group and the control group ( Z = 5.027, P < 0.05). The median serum PYD of patients with early brucellosis was 278.45 nmol/L and that of the control group was 212.75 nmol/L. There was significant difference in serum PYD between the case group and the control group ( Z = 6.967, P < 0.05). Conclusion:Serum C2C and PYD levels of brucellosis patients at early period are increased.

Objective To screen the most suitable medium for Brucella drug susceptibility test, and observe the resistance of human derived Brucella to different antibiotics. Methods Totally 180 strains of Brucella isolated from 25 provinces (municipalities, autonomous regions) in recent years were taken as observation objects. Mueller-Hinton ( MH ) agar , MH blood agar and Brinell agar were used to carried out the drug susceptibility test in vitro, and to compare the results of drug susceptibility test of different medium; the most suitable Brucella drug susceptibility test medium was used to detect the resistance of human derived Brucella to Doxycycline, Rifampicin, Streptomycin, Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Ceftriaxone sodium, Co-trimoxazole and Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid by K-B drug sensitive paper, and to observe the formation of antibacterial ring around the drug sensitive paper. Results The growth of Brucella on the MH agar and MH blood agar were slower than that on the Brinell agar, and the antibacterial rings were not obvious. All the 180 strains of Brucella were sensitive to seven antibiotics such as Doxycycline, Rifampicin, Streptomycin, Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Ceftriaxone sodium, and Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid; and 70 strains of Brucella were resistant to Co-trimoxazole, accounting for 39％ (70/180); Brucella strains resistant to Co-trimoxazole were found in 21 provinces. Conclusions Brinell agar is the most suitable medium for Brucella susceptibility test. The human derived Brucella is resistant to Co-trimoxazole; the resistant strains are distributed in 21 provinces ( municipalities , autonomous regions ) . It is recommended that relevant departm ents of the province ( municipalities , autonomous regions ) carry out epidemiological investigations on the resistance of Brucella, and strengthen the monitoring of drug resistance in clinical drugs of brucellosis patients.

The construction of health file of patients with brucellosis in Qinghai Province was based on the Qinghai Provincial Public Health Network Information Platform. It was jointly participated and implemented by animal husbandry and veterinary departments, animal disease control centers, disease control centers and hospitals at all levels, to achieve standardized management of early detection, early diagnosis, early treatment, as well as follow-up, review, and efficacy evaluation. After analyzing the health file of brucellosis patients, we proposed to strengthen the propaganda of brucellosis, collect information from multiple diseases, share resources with multiple departments, integrate human resources and exert management responsibilities, and explore opinions and countermeasures suitable for local working conditions. The establishment of a health file for patients with brucellosis could fully grasp the diagnosis and treatment of brucellosis patients, facilitate the management of follow-up and review, and it was helpful to understand the distribution and prevalence of brucellosis in Qinghai Province, and to warn the epidemic trend.

Objective Molecular biological methods were used to classify and analyze the isolated Brucella strains,and to understand the geographical distribution characteristics,genetic types and regional distribution characteristics of Brucella in Qinghai Province.Methods Molecular biology typing of species of isolated Brucella strains in Qinghai was studied using Multiple Locus Variable-number tandem repeat Analysis (MLVA) technology.The classification results were described by geographical information system (GIS).Results There were 3 species Brucella melitensis,Brucella abortus,and Brucella suis among the 65 strains of Brucella in Qinghai.Brucella melitensis was the dominant species.The genotypes of MLVA were 42,43,47,28,36,112 and 6.The geographical distribution features showed that the 42 belonged to the evolutionary branches of A and B,which was widely distributed.The 43 of the C evolutionary branch and 47 of the E evolution branch were mainly in the hinterland of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.When searching in the Brucella2012 MLVA database,none of the genotypes obtained in this study were identical to those in the database.Conclusions The MLVA genotypes of Brucella are varied in Qinghai Tibet Plateau.They are widely distributed,completely different from those in other areas,and different genetic variations are found in different places.

Radioembolization with yttrium-90 (90Y) microspheres is a locoregional procedure during which either resin or glass microspheres loaded with β-emitting 90Y are selectively injected into a hepatic artery.The microspheres are trapped in downstream vasculatures,at which point they deliver a cytotoxic dose of radiation to the target tumor.The safety and efficacy of this method have been demonstrated in studies of survival outcomes in patients with nonresectable hepatic malignancies.In this first part of a series of reviews on radioembolization with 90Y microspheres,we cover the basic characteristics of 90Y and 90Y microspheres,techniques for the radioembolization procedure,and methods for ensuring radiation safety and protection.

Yttrium-90 (90Y) radioembolization therapy can directly deliver a high dose of radiation to the tumor being targeted,which has been demonstrated to be effective in treating patients with hepatic malignancy.Compared with transarterial chemoembolization,90Yradioembolization is less frequently associated with toxicities such as abdominal pain,fever,nausea,and vomiting.However,the efficacy and safety of 90Y radioembolization therapy are largely reliant on careful preprocedural evaluation and diligent follow-up.This review discusses the details of essential preprocedural work-up and postprocedural follow-up for patients treated with 90Y radioembolization.

Potential complications arising from yttrium-90 (90Y) radioembolization are often related to inadvertent embolization of non-target vasculature during particle administration.Therefore,careful pretherapeutic planning with arterial mapping is especially important to help identify potential high-risk arteries and vascular communications.A complete pre-therapeutic evaluation of hepatic arterial vasculature includes selective arteriography,precautionary embolization of potential risk arteries and identification of occurrences of hepatopulmonary shunting secondary to tumor-related pathologic arteriovenous channels.The aim of this review is to discuss the pertinent arterial anatomy during 90Y radioembolization therapy and strategies on how to evaluate the risk and prevent the occurrence of non-target embolization through those vascular structures.