Remarkable progress has been made in xenotransplantation research worldwide in recent years. Although foreign scholars have increasingly intensified their research on the attitudes towards xenotransplantation across different social groups， discussions in this field remain relatively scarce in China. This paper systematically sorted out the research findings of foreign studies on attitudes toward xenotransplantation among patients， medical staff， students， and the public. It was concluded that distinct characteristics existed across different social groups. Although most respondents held positive attitudes toward xenotransplantation， their attitudes were easily influenced and changed. The differences in demand levels， the effectiveness of xenotransplantation， awareness， personal experiences and values were the primary reasons for the variations in their attitudes. Based on the analysis of foreign research methods and conclusions， three recommendations were proposed for China to carry out relevant research on attitudes towards xenotransplantation. First， it was suggested to conduct stratified research on the attitudes of stakeholders. Second， science popularization education should be strengthened， and scientific values should be established. Third， standardized attitude assessment tools should be constructed.

Objective:To study the risk factors, diagnosis and treatment of transient hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (HH) in newborns.Methods:From January 2016 to December 2020, newborns with transient HH (HH group) admitted to our hospital were enrolled in this retrospective nested case-control study. Newborns with similar gestational age (GA) (differences of GA<2 w) without HH were matched with 1∶2 ratio as the non-HH group. Clinical characteristics of the two groups were compared and the risk factors and therapeutic results of HH in newborns were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 statistical software.Results:A total of 39 cases were included in the HH group and 75 cases were matched in the non-HH group. The proportion of small for gestational age (SGA) [51.3%(20/39) vs. 32.0%(24/75)], the amount of amino acids (AA) in intravenous infusion[1.0(0.0,1.0) g/(kg·d) vs. 0.0(0.0,1.0) g/(kg·d)], the incidence of hypoglycemia [(4.3±1.9) times vs. (3.6±1.3) times] and the maximum glucose infusion rate (GIR)[(8.3±2.5) mg/(kg·min) vs. (7.4±1.1) mg/(kg·min)] in the HH group were higher than the non-HH group (all P<0.05). The platelet count in the HH group were lower than the non-HH group [(186.9±60.9)×10 9/L vs. (215.3±61.7)×10 9/L, P<0.05]. SGA ( OR=2.535, 95% CI 1.077~5.971), the amount of intravenous AA ( OR=2.180, 95% CI 1.029~4.619) and the maximum GIR ( OR=1.405, 95% CI 1.088~1.815) were independent risk factors for transient HH. In the HH group, 28/39 cases were treated with Diazoxide or Octreotide and the therapeutic effects were good with few adverse drug reactions (ADR). 37/39 cases were recovered within 28 d of birth and the other 2 cases were recovered at 2.5 m and 3.5 m, respectively. Conclusions:SGA, the amount of intravenous AA and higher GIR are risk factors for transient HH in newborns. Diazoxide or Octreotide are effective with few ADR in the treatment of transient HH. Most patients will recover from transient HH in 2 w to 3 m.

Objective:To study the clinical value of bladder stimulation technique (BST) for clean-catch urine collection in late newborns.Methods:From November 2020 to March 2022, relatively stable late newborns hospitalized in the Department of Neonatology of our hospital were enrolled in the prospective randomized controlled trial. The newborns were assigned into BST group and control group. In BST group, urine was collected using BST (suprapubic tapping alternating with lumbosacral massage for 5 min) 20~30 min after feeding and specimen were collected using urine bag before and after BST. In the control group, urine was collected using urine bag method. The urine collection was considered successful if >1 ml of urine not contaminated by faeces were collected within 60 min. The t-test and χ 2 test were used for data analysis. Results:A total of 231 late newborns were included with 117 cases in BST group and 114 in control group. The rate of successful urine collection in BST group was higher than control group (65.8% vs. 39.4%).The time needed for successful urine collection [(30.2±8.5) min vs. (40.7±12.9) min], the incidences of faeces contamination (2.5% vs. 21.1%) and urine contamination (11.7% vs. 26.7%) in BST group were all significantly lower than control group(all P<0.05). Male and female newborns in BST group had similar success rates of urine collection (65.6% vs. 66.0%). Male newborns in BST group had similar urine contamination rate with control group (9.5% vs. 11.5%) and female newborns in BST group had significantly lower urine contamination rate than control group (14.3% vs. 47.4%, P<0.05). Urine was successfully collected in 71 newborns in BST group with median duration of BST for 81 (61,132) s. No adverse effects were observed except for transient consolable crying. Conclusions:Compared with urine bag collection method, BST improves successful urine collection rates and reduces the time needed for urine collection and urine contamination rates (especially for females).

Objective:To study the efficacy and safety of oral acetaminophen or high-dose ibuprofen as rescue treatment after failure of conservative management in very preterm infants (VPIs) with haemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus (hsPDA).Methods:From May 2020 to November 2022, VPIs with hsPDA (gestational age<32 weeks and age 4~6 d) admitted to NICU of our hospital were prospectively enrolled. The rescue treatment was initiated if hsPDA still exist after 3~4 d of conservative management. The infants were randomly assigned into acetaminophen group (oral acetaminophen 15 mg/kg, once every 6 h for 3 d) and high-dose ibuprofen group (oral ibuprofen 20 mg/kg for the first dose, 10 mg/kg each dose after 24 h and 48 h). Before and after rescue treatment, the following were recorded: echocardiography, complete blood count, biochemistry, B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), fecal occult blood test (FOBT) and transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Urine output and complications were also examined. SPSS 20.0 was used for statistical analysis.Results:A total of 36 cases were in the acetaminophen group and 37 in the high-dose ibuprofen group. The two groups showed similar efficacy as rescue treatment [80.6% (29/36) vs. 78.4% (29/37), P>0.05]. No significant differences existed in the incidences of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, positive FOBT, oliguria, stage Ⅱ-Ⅲ necrotizing enterocolitis and stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ intraventricular hemorrhage between the two groups ( P>0.05). After rescue treatment, the serum cystatin C in high-dose ibuprofen group was higher [(1.72±0.29) mg/L vs. (1.58±0.26) mg/L] and 24-hours urine output was lower [(3.1±1.0) ml/(kg·h) vs. (3.7±0.7) ml/(kg·h)] than the acetaminophen group (all P<0.05). No significant differences existed in serum creatinine, platelet count, BNP, alanine aminotransferase and total serum bilirubin between the two groups ( P>0.05). Conclusions:After failure of early conservative management in VPIs with hsPDA, when initiated within 7-10 d after birth, rescue treatment with oral acetaminophen or high-dose ibuprofen has a similar efficacy of 80%, and both drugs are safe. Oral high-dose ibuprofen may have a greater effect on renal function than acetaminophen.

Objective:This study uses two markers of resting-state functional MRI (r-fMRI) to investigate changes in spontaneous neural activity and their correlation with postpartum depression (PPD) severity.Methods:A total of 15 individuals with PPD, who met the diagnostic criteria for DSM-5 unipolar depression, 24-Item Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD 24) scores greater than 20, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) score≥12, and 16 postpartum healthy mothers (control group) matched with age and education were examined using r-fMRI. Two-sample t-test was used to compare the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) and regional homogeneity (ReHo) values between groups. Pearson correlation analysis was used to determine the correlation between the ALFF and ReHo of the abnormal brain region and the HAMD 24 and EPDS scores. Results:Compared with the healthy control (HC), PPD showed increased ALFF in the right cerebellum anterior lobe culmen and the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and decreased ALFF in the right parietal lobe (individual voxel P<0.005, cluster size >10 voxels, Alphasim correction). PPD had increased ReHo values in the left superior?frontal?gyrus,?orbital?part, inferior?frontal?gyrus,?orbital?part, middle?frontal?gyrus, precuneus, inferior?parietal lobule than HC. Decreased ReHo values were found in the right inferior?occipital?gyrus, inferior?frontal?gyrus, frontal lobule and left cerebellum inferior semi-lunar lobule (individual voxel P<0.005, cluster size>10 voxels, Alphasim correction). The ALFF value of the left DLPFC was positively correlated with the HAMD 24 score in PPD ( r=0.585, P=0.022). Age, body mass index and education years of each subject was included as covariates, partial correlation coefficient was still statistically significant ( r = 0.561, P = 0.046). Conclusion:This r-fMRI study suggested that changes in the spontaneous neural activity of these regions were related to emotional responses. PPD cases with high ALFF values in the left DLPFC had severe depression.

Objective:This study uses two markers of resting-state functional MRI (r-fMRI) to investigate changes in spontaneous neural activity and their correlation with postpartum depression (PPD) severity.Methods:A total of 15 individuals with PPD, who met the diagnostic criteria for DSM-5 unipolar depression, 24-Item Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD 24) scores greater than 20, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) score≥12, and 16 postpartum healthy mothers (control group) matched with age and education were examined using r-fMRI. Two-sample t-test was used to compare the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) and regional homogeneity (ReHo) values between groups. Pearson correlation analysis was used to determine the correlation between the ALFF and ReHo of the abnormal brain region and the HAMD 24 and EPDS scores. Results:Compared with the healthy control (HC), PPD showed increased ALFF in the right cerebellum anterior lobe culmen and the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and decreased ALFF in the right parietal lobe (individual voxel P<0.005, cluster size >10 voxels, Alphasim correction). PPD had increased ReHo values in the left superior?frontal?gyrus,?orbital?part, inferior?frontal?gyrus,?orbital?part, middle?frontal?gyrus, precuneus, inferior?parietal lobule than HC. Decreased ReHo values were found in the right inferior?occipital?gyrus, inferior?frontal?gyrus, frontal lobule and left cerebellum inferior semi-lunar lobule (individual voxel P<0.005, cluster size>10 voxels, Alphasim correction). The ALFF value of the left DLPFC was positively correlated with the HAMD 24 score in PPD ( r=0.585, P=0.022). Age, body mass index and education years of each subject was included as covariates, partial correlation coefficient was still statistically significant ( r = 0.561, P = 0.046). Conclusion:This r-fMRI study suggested that changes in the spontaneous neural activity of these regions were related to emotional responses. PPD cases with high ALFF values in the left DLPFC had severe depression.

Accelerated forgetting has been identified as a feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the therapeutic efficacy of the manipulation of biological mechanisms of forgetting has not been assessed in AD animal models. Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1), a small GTPase, has been shown to regulate active forgetting in Drosophila and mice. Here, we showed that Rac1 activity is aberrantly elevated in the hippocampal tissues of AD patients and AD animal models. Moreover, amyloid-beta 42 could induce Rac1 activation in cultured cells. The elevation of Rac1 activity not only accelerated 6-hour spatial memory decay in 3-month-old APP/PS1 mice, but also significantly contributed to severe memory loss in aged APP/PS1 mice. A similar age-dependent Rac1 activity-based memory loss was also observed in an AD fly model. Moreover, inhibition of Rac1 activity could ameliorate cognitive defects and synaptic plasticity in AD animal models. Finally, two novel compounds, identified through behavioral screening of a randomly selected pool of brain permeable small molecules for their positive effect in rescuing memory loss in both fly and mouse models, were found to be capable of inhibiting Rac1 activity. Thus, multiple lines of evidence corroborate in supporting the idea that inhibition of Rac1 activity is effective for treating AD-related memory loss.

Objective To explore molecular mechanisms of dexmedetomidine(Dex)function as protec-tive effect on acute lung injury(ALI). Methods Hemorrhagic shock ALI rat model was constructed and divided into 6 groups at random:C group,control group;A group,ALI;G,ALI rat groups were treated with 5μg/kg;I1 group,ALI+PDTC(200 mg/kg);I2 group,ALI+STA-21(100 mg/kg). After 12 h modeled,all rats were anes-thetized and killed,and BALF was collected and the concentrations of TNF-α,IL-6,IL-1β,IL-4 were deter-mined using ELISA. HE staining to observe the morphology of lung tissue. Expression of NF-κB,STAT-3,p-STAT-3 proteins were determined using immunohistochemistry or Western blot. Results In A group,the structure of lung tissue were strongly destroyed ,a large number of neutrophils invasion and red blood cells leakage was found;lung tissue structure in G,I1 and I2 groups were gross integrity. The concentrations of TNF-α,IL-6,IL-1β,IL-4 in A group were significantly higher than C group(P<0.05). The concentrations of TNF-α,IL-6,IL-1β,IL-4 in G group,I1 group and I2 group was significantly lower than A group(P<0.05). The levels of NF-κB and p-STAT-3 protein in A group were obvious enhanced(P < 0.05)compared with G group,I1 group,I2 group,respectively. Conclusion Dex inhibited inflammatory to exert lung protective effect via inhibiting NF-κB,STAT-3 activation-induced by ALI.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of preemptive analgesia of parecoxib-sodium for radical mastectomy of breast cancer. METHODS:A total of 60 female patients underwent selective radical mastectomy of breast cancer under general anes-thesia were randomly divided into observation group(40 cases)and control group(20 cases). 15 min before anesthesia induction, observation group was given intravenous injection of Parecoxib-sodium for injection 40 mg. Control group was given intravenous in-jection of 0.9% Sodium chloride injection 5 mL. The pain visual analogue scale(VAS),the frequency of patient controlled intrave-nous analgesia(PCA)and ADR were observed between 2 groups at different time points after surgery. RESULTS:VAS scores of observation group were significantly lower than those of control group 2,4,6,8 h after operation,and the frequency of PCA 0-4, 4-12,12-24,24-36 h after operation was significantly lower than control group,with statistical significance(P<0.05). There was no statistical significance in the incidence of ADR between 2 groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS:The preemptive analgesia of parecoxib-sodium can effectively reduce pain degree of patients with breast cancer after radical mastectomy,the frequency of PCA, and do not increase the occurrence of ADR.

Objective:To study the in vitro antimicrobial activity of traditional Chinese medicine herbal pair of euphorbia humifusa Willd. and portulaca oleracea L. . Methods: The antibacterial effect in vitro of the traditional Chinese medicine herbal pair and the single herb of euphorbia humifusa Willd. and portulaca oleracea L. was studied on staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli and pseudo-monas aeruginosa by the 2-fold dilution method and the broth micro-dilution method in a 96-well plate. The minimum inhibitory con-centration ( MIC) , minimum bactericidal concentration ( MBC) and the diameter of inhibition zone were determined. Results:The ex-perimental strains showed the different sensitivity among the traditional Chinese medicine herbal pair and the single herb. The antibac-terial and bactericidal activity of the traditional Chinese medicine herbal pair was the most obvious(P<0. 05). As the temperature in-creasing, the antibacterial activity of all water extract on different experimental strains changed. The results of MIC and MBC showed that the effects of water extract on escherichia coli were strongest, that of stapphylococcus aureus were secong, ant that of pseudomonas aeruginosa were relatively weak. Conclusion:The traditional Chinese medicine herbal pair of euphorbia humifusa Willd. and portulaca oleracea L. has antibacterial and bactericidal activity in varying degrees on the experimental strains with some differences, and the changes in the application forms of traditional Chinese medicines has great influence on the antibacterial and bactericidal ability.