Ergonomic Principle for the Prevention of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders Part 1: General Principles (T/WSJD 14.1-2020) is the first guideline standard for the prevention of work-related musculoskeletal disorders provided to employers and occupational health technical service institutions in China, which covers ergonomic risk factors and their hazard definition, ergonomic prevention principles, risk assessment process, risk control process and risk evaluation principles. The standard specifically clarify the specific types of adverse ergonomic risk factors and control strategies and the standard process of systematic ergonomic risk assessment, providing implementation paths and practical guidance for eliminating/reducing adverse ergonomic risks and enhance workplace environments to prevent work-related musculoskeletal disorders. This paper interprets and analyzes the background of standard establishment, formulation process, fundamental basis, and main content, etc., to provide scientific and accurate technical support for enterprise managers, labours and technical personnel of occupational health institutions to optimize the use of this standard.

Objective:To investigate the incidence of shoulder work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) among occupational population in China, and to explore their intrinsic association with personal and work-related factors.Methods:In April 2024, 73497 valid questionnaires of the Chinese version of the Musculoskeletal Disorders Electronic Questionnaire were retrospectively analyzed from June 2018 to December 2023 in 22 provinces and 29 key industries in China, and the general information, occurrence of WMSDs and related risk factors of key occupational populations in different regions in China were collected. By using Chi-square test and confirmatory factor analysis, the relationship between shoulder fatigue and pain in key occupational groups and individual factors, work type, work posture and work organization was discussed, and the internal relationship was analyzed based on structural equation model.Results:Higher incidence of shoulder fatigue and pain were associated with female, lack of physical exercise, uncomfortable working posture and neck leaning forward ( P<0.05). Structural equation model analysis showed that work type, work posture and work organization were strongly correlated ( r=0.58, 0.55). Work organization and work type were strongly correlated with shoulder fatigue ( r=0.65) and moderately correlated with shoulder fatigue ( r=0.21). Shoulder fatigue was moderately associated with shoulder pain ( r=0.40). Individual factors, work type, work posture and shoulder fatigue could directly affect shoulder pain ( OR=0.07, -0.09, 0.17 and 0.40), and work type and work posture could also indirectly affect shoulder pain through shoulder fatigue ( OR=0.08, 0.03). Work organization only indirectly affected shoulder pain through shoulder fatigue ( OR=0.26) . Conclusion:The main influencing factor of shoulder pain is shoulder fatigue, followed by work posture and individual factors. Structural equation model can better reflect the complex relationship between work type, work posture and work organization and shoulder WMSDs. Improving work posture and work organization may be an effective way to control the influence of shoulder fatigue on shoulder pain.

Objective:To explore the structural equation model to explore the levels of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) and various risk factors in the feet and ankle of China's occupational population, providing scientific basis for for preventing WMSDs in feet and ankles.Methods:Data of 73497 national occupational epidemiological cases were selected from June 2018 to December 2023 used the Chinese version of the Electronic Questionnaire on Musculoskeletal Disorders. The adverse ergonomic factors and their source classification standard and confirmatory factor analysis were used to investigate foot and ankle WMSDs and their related risk factors (including individual factors, work organization, work posture, work type, fatigue, etc.) in key occupational groups in China, and structural equation model hypothesis, fitting, verification, and path and intermediary effect analysis were carried out. The model fit evaluation indexes included Chi-square specific degrees of freedom ( χ2/ df), gauge fit index (NFI), Tucker Lewis index (TLI), goodness of Fit index (GFI), adjusted Goodness of Fit index (AGFI) and approximate root mean square error (RMSEA) . Results:A total of 73497 occupational workers were surveyed, with local muscle fatigue and WMSDs incidence rates in the feet and ankles being 17.17% and 12.06%, respectively. The fitting index of the adjusted structural equation model basically meets the standard (GFI=1, AGFI=1, RMESA=0.042, NFI=0.716, TLI=0.663). The top three factors affecting feet and ankle WMSDs are feet and ankle muscle fatigue, work type, and work organization, with standardized path coefficients of 0.221, 0.105, and 0.095, respectively. The top two factors affecting feet and ankle muscle fatigue are work organization and work type, with standardized path coefficients of 0.548 and 0.383, respectively. Feet and ankle muscle fatigue, work type, work organization, and work posture have a direct effect on feet and ankle WMSDs, with effect values of 0.221, 0.105, 0.095, and 0.077, respectively. The organization and type of work can also have indirect effects through feet and ankle muscle fatigue, with effect values of 0.121 and 0.084, respectively.Conclusion:Feet and ankle muscle fatigue has a direct impact on WMSDs, and plays a mediating role between ankle and ankle WMSDs caused by work organization and work type. Feet and ankle muscle fatigue is an important pathway leading to feet and ankle WMSDs. It is recommended that employers and managers detect job fatigue early and take corresponding prevention and intervention measures, which can play a key role in preventing feet and ankle WMSDs.

Objective:To explore the structural relationship between WMSDs in the upper limbs and various risk factors in the occupational population in China, based on a large sample epidemiological survey and structural equation analysis, and to establish a structural equation model, so as to lay a foundation for the prevention and control of such diseases.Methods:The Chinese version of the Musculoskeletal Disorders Electronic Questionnaire was used to conduct a nationwide survey on the prevalence of WMSDs in the upper extremity. Six factors related to WMSDs in the upper extremity were extracted by the classification standard of adverse ergonomic factors and their source and confirmatory factor analysis, including work organization, work type, upper extremity work posture, individual factors, upper extremity fatigue and upper extremity WMSDs. The structural equation analysis was carried out and the structural equation model was established.Results:The incidence of WMSDs and fatigue in the upper limbs was 24.44% and 43.76%, respectively. The adjusted structural equation model fitting indicators were generally up to the standard (GFI=1.000, AGFI=1.000, RMSEA=0.043, NFI=0.808, TLI=0.784) . The four exogenous latent variables of work organization, work type, upper limb work posture and individual factors were correlated. There was a strong positive correlation between job type and upper limb work posture ( r=0.865) , a moderate positive correlation between work organization and job type and upper limb work posture ( r=0.570, 0.490) , and a weak negative correlation between individual factors and the other three exogenous latent variables. Upper limb work posture and individual factors had direct effects on upper limb WMSDs, and the effect coefficients were 0.10 and 0.06, respectively. Upper limb fatigue played a mediating role between work organization, work type, upper limb work posture and upper limb WMSDs. The effect coefficient was 0.46, and the composition ratios of indirect effects were 100.0%, 100.0%, and 38.3%, respectively. The direct path effect of upper limb work posture, individual factors and upper limb WMSDs was weaker than the mediating path through upper limb fatigue. Conclusion:When carrying out the prevention and control of upper limbWMSDs, it is necessary to comprehensively consider the pathogenesis path of upper limb muscle fatigue and upper limb WMSDs caused by work organization, work type, and upper limb work posture, so as to provide theoretical reference for improving the prevention and control level of such diseases.

With the rapid rise of large language models(LLM),the natural language generation capabilities of deep learning have demonstrated significant value in the medical field.However,the"closed nature"of model parameters makes them prone to generating"hallucinations",making it difficult to provide accurate answers to the latest knowledge,and the reasoning process lacks transparency and traceability.Retrieval-augmented generation(RAG)technology addresses these issues by actively connecting external information sources such as document databases and knowledge graphs during the generation process.This significantly reduces the dependence of LLM on outdated training data and introduces verifiable evidence and real-time knowledge updates into their responses.In the medical field,RAG technology effectively addresses the high-accuracy and traceability requirements of literature retrieval and clinical decision support.It is widely applied in areas such as drug discovery,pharmacovigilance,and the diagnosis and treatment of rare diseases.By integrating emerging technologies such as reinforcement learning,multimodal processing,and compliant privacy protection,RAG technology is evolving towards a more open and highly customizable direction,providing innovative intelligent solutions for medical information retrieval and decision-making support.

BACKGROUND:Studies have found that massage can reduce blood sugar,promote myogenic factor expression,and increase skeletal muscle content.The extracellular matrix is an important component of skeletal muscle,and association between massage and extracellular matrix and their mechanism of action are still unclear.OBJECTIVE:To explore the effect of massage on extracellular matrix collagen deposition in type 2 diabetic sarcopenia rats.METHODS:Totally 24 Wistar male rats were randomly divided into blank group,model group,and massage group.High-fat diet combined with the streptozotocin method was used to establish a type 2 diabetes mellitus and sarcopenia model.After successful model establishment,the massage group used abdominal massage combined with hind limbs.After 8 weeks of treatment,the fasting blood glucose and serum insulin levels of the rats were measured.The skeletal muscle mass was detected by dual-energy X-ray.The exhaustion time was measured by small animal treadmill.The sliding angle was measured by inclined board test.The pathological changes of skeletal muscle tissue were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining.The skeletal muscle collagen deposition was observed by Masson staining.The mRNA and protein expressions of type Ⅰ and type Ⅲ collagen in skeletal muscle were detected by qPCR and western blot assay.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Compared with the model group,the blood glucose(P＜0.05)and serum insulin(P＜0.01)decreased in the massage group.(2)Compared with the model group,the skeletal muscle mass,running exhaustion time,and the angle of inclined plate experiment were increased in massage group(P＜0.05).(3)Compared with the model group,the skeletal muscles of the massage group were arranged neatly,muscle atrophy was improved,and collagen fiber deposition was reduced.(4)Compared with the model group,the expression levels of type Ⅰ and type Ⅲ collagen mRNA and protein in skeletal muscle were decreased in the massage group(P＜0.05).(5)The results suggest that massage can enhance insulin sensitivity,lower blood sugar,improve skeletal muscle mass,strength and function,and diminish collagen deposition in rats with type 2 diabetes,and may be a potential target for massage to exert its therapeutic effects.

Objective To study the effect of medial collateral ligament(MCL)release on the squatting motion followling total knee arthroplasty(TKA)and provide reference data for ligament release during knee replacement surgery.Methods Based on CT and MRI images of a volunteer,a three-dimensional(3D)geometric anatomical model of the natural knee joint including bone tissues and major soft tissues was established.A finite element model of the artificial knee joint was established by simulating TKA surgery.The squatting motion after 30％release of the upper end,lower end,and both ends of the MCL was simulated,and motion characteristic data of the knee joint at flexion/extension angles from 0° to 135° were obtained.Results The effects of ligament release at different locations on knee squatting motion varied.After releasing the lower end,the medial translation,posterior translation,superior translation,and adduction of the femur relative to the tibia increased by 13.74％,3.83％,9.74％,and 2.37％,respectively,while the external rotation decreased by 36.8％.After releasing the upper end,the medial translation and posterior translation increased by 10.65％and 10％,respectively,while the superior translation,adduction,and external rotation decreased by 4.52％,33.89％,and 67.1％,respectively.After releasing both ends,the medial translation,posterior translation,and superior translation increased by 14.77％,9.39％,and 22.56％,respectively,while the adduction and external rotation decreased by 15.62％and 47.3％,respectively.Conclusions After MCL released,the medial translation,anterior translation,superior translation,and abduction of the femur relative to the tibia increased,while the external rotation decreased.Releasing the lower end had the least effect on these femoral movements,showing an obvious advantage.

Objective To study the effect of medial collateral ligament(MCL)release on the squatting motion followling total knee arthroplasty(TKA)and provide reference data for ligament release during knee replacement surgery.Methods Based on CT and MRI images of a volunteer,a three-dimensional(3D)geometric anatomical model of the natural knee joint including bone tissues and major soft tissues was established.A finite element model of the artificial knee joint was established by simulating TKA surgery.The squatting motion after 30％release of the upper end,lower end,and both ends of the MCL was simulated,and motion characteristic data of the knee joint at flexion/extension angles from 0° to 135° were obtained.Results The effects of ligament release at different locations on knee squatting motion varied.After releasing the lower end,the medial translation,posterior translation,superior translation,and adduction of the femur relative to the tibia increased by 13.74％,3.83％,9.74％,and 2.37％,respectively,while the external rotation decreased by 36.8％.After releasing the upper end,the medial translation and posterior translation increased by 10.65％and 10％,respectively,while the superior translation,adduction,and external rotation decreased by 4.52％,33.89％,and 67.1％,respectively.After releasing both ends,the medial translation,posterior translation,and superior translation increased by 14.77％,9.39％,and 22.56％,respectively,while the adduction and external rotation decreased by 15.62％and 47.3％,respectively.Conclusions After MCL released,the medial translation,anterior translation,superior translation,and abduction of the femur relative to the tibia increased,while the external rotation decreased.Releasing the lower end had the least effect on these femoral movements,showing an obvious advantage.

BACKGROUND:Studies have found that massage can reduce blood sugar,promote myogenic factor expression,and increase skeletal muscle content.The extracellular matrix is an important component of skeletal muscle,and association between massage and extracellular matrix and their mechanism of action are still unclear.OBJECTIVE:To explore the effect of massage on extracellular matrix collagen deposition in type 2 diabetic sarcopenia rats.METHODS:Totally 24 Wistar male rats were randomly divided into blank group,model group,and massage group.High-fat diet combined with the streptozotocin method was used to establish a type 2 diabetes mellitus and sarcopenia model.After successful model establishment,the massage group used abdominal massage combined with hind limbs.After 8 weeks of treatment,the fasting blood glucose and serum insulin levels of the rats were measured.The skeletal muscle mass was detected by dual-energy X-ray.The exhaustion time was measured by small animal treadmill.The sliding angle was measured by inclined board test.The pathological changes of skeletal muscle tissue were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining.The skeletal muscle collagen deposition was observed by Masson staining.The mRNA and protein expressions of type Ⅰ and type Ⅲ collagen in skeletal muscle were detected by qPCR and western blot assay.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Compared with the model group,the blood glucose(P＜0.05)and serum insulin(P＜0.01)decreased in the massage group.(2)Compared with the model group,the skeletal muscle mass,running exhaustion time,and the angle of inclined plate experiment were increased in massage group(P＜0.05).(3)Compared with the model group,the skeletal muscles of the massage group were arranged neatly,muscle atrophy was improved,and collagen fiber deposition was reduced.(4)Compared with the model group,the expression levels of type Ⅰ and type Ⅲ collagen mRNA and protein in skeletal muscle were decreased in the massage group(P＜0.05).(5)The results suggest that massage can enhance insulin sensitivity,lower blood sugar,improve skeletal muscle mass,strength and function,and diminish collagen deposition in rats with type 2 diabetes,and may be a potential target for massage to exert its therapeutic effects.

With the rapid rise of large language models(LLM),the natural language generation capabilities of deep learning have demonstrated significant value in the medical field.However,the"closed nature"of model parameters makes them prone to generating"hallucinations",making it difficult to provide accurate answers to the latest knowledge,and the reasoning process lacks transparency and traceability.Retrieval-augmented generation(RAG)technology addresses these issues by actively connecting external information sources such as document databases and knowledge graphs during the generation process.This significantly reduces the dependence of LLM on outdated training data and introduces verifiable evidence and real-time knowledge updates into their responses.In the medical field,RAG technology effectively addresses the high-accuracy and traceability requirements of literature retrieval and clinical decision support.It is widely applied in areas such as drug discovery,pharmacovigilance,and the diagnosis and treatment of rare diseases.By integrating emerging technologies such as reinforcement learning,multimodal processing,and compliant privacy protection,RAG technology is evolving towards a more open and highly customizable direction,providing innovative intelligent solutions for medical information retrieval and decision-making support.