With the development of artificial intelligence， machine learning has shown great potential in the field of medical health. Machine learning conducts a comprehensive analysis of patient data including clinical features， blood tests， and imaging examinations and establishes corresponding mathematical models to achieve the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and the prediction of disease conditions， thereby guiding disease management. With reference to the latest research findings， this article reviews the application of machine learning in chronic hepatitis C and related research advances.

[Objective] To retrospectively analyze the detection results of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) unqualified repeat blood donors in Guangzhou, so as to provide evidence for further expanding the repeat blood donor pool, reducing the rate of blood discarding and improving the qualified rate of blood test. [Methods] Blood donors with unqualified ALT in Guangzhou Blood Center from January 2018 to April 2024 were selected as the research objects. The past blood donation and population characteristics were analyzed according to the number of blood donations and ALT unqualified times. [Results] Among repeat blood donors with previous ALT disqualification, 99.5% to 99.7% did not have reactive markers for transfusion-transmitted diseases (TTD), which was higher than the rate among first-time blood donors with unqualified ALT (95.8%) (P<0.05). The rate of single-item ALT disqualification in repeat blood donors was higher in males than in females (P<0.05); it also varied by age (18-25 years > 26-35 years > 36-45 years > over 45 years) (P<0.05); and by quarter (third and fourth quarters > first and second quarters) (P<0.05). The ALT unqualified rate was significantly higher whole blood donors than that of platelet donors and returning blood donors (P<0.05). The overall ALT level (51.0 U/L), individual ALT level (56.0 U/L) and individual ALT unqualified rate (66.7%) of repeat blood donors with multiple ALT disqualifications were higher than those of repeat blood donors with single-item ALT disqualifications (26.0 U/L, 38.5 U/L, and 33.3%, respectively) (P<0.05). Moreover, as the number of ALT disqualifications increased, the overall level of ALT in repeat blood donors also increased (P<0.05), and the average level of individual ALT and individual ALT unqualified ratio tended to increase. Repeat blood donors with frequent ALT disqualifications had higher ALT levels (69.0 U/L). [Conclusion] The ALT unqualified rates of repeat blood donors were mostly non-specific elevation without TTD. Repeat blood donors with multiple ALT disqualifications tend to have continuous high ALT. Moreover, and with the increase of ALT disqualifications times, the overall ALT levels the average individual ALT levels and individual ALT unqualified rates showed an increasing trend.

Objective To explore the application effect of prone position ventilation combined with veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) in the treatment of severe primary graft dysfunction (PGD) after lung transplantation. Methods The clinical data of 75 lung transplant recipients who developed severe PGD after lung transplantation and were treated with VV-ECMO from January 2021 to June 2024 at Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University were collected. The patients with severe graft dysfunction after lung transplantation were divided into VV-ECMO group (control group, 45 cases) and prone position ventilation combined with VV-ECMO group (treatment group, 30 cases). The general data of the two groups of patients were compared, including the donors' clinical data (age, gender and oxygenation index, etc) and the recipients' clinical data [gender, age and body mass index (BMI), etc]. Cox regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors of the recipients' 30-day, 90-day and 180-day survival after surgery. The survival curves of the two groups of recipients were drawn using Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Results The intensive care unit (ICU) stay time, ECMO application time and ventilator use time of control group were longer than those of treatment group. The proportion of male recipients and the BMI of control group were lower than those of treatment group. The 30-day, 90-day and 180-day survival of control group was worse than that of treatment group, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). The univariate Cox regression analysis of the recipients' 30-day survival after surgery showed that the recipients' BMI, history of diabetes, enlargement of the right atrium and right ventricle, intraoperative blood transfusion volume and intraoperative red blood cell transfusion volume were statistically significant (all P<0.05). The multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the history of diabetes and enlargement of the right atrium and right ventricle were risk factors affecting the 30-day survival of lung transplant recipients (all P<0.05). The univariate Cox regression analysis of the recipients' 90-day survival after surgery showed that the recipients' BMI, history of diabetes, enlargement of the right atrium and right ventricle, intraoperative blood transfusion volume, intraoperative red blood cell transfusion volume and group variable were statistically significant (all P<0.05). The multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the history of diabetes, enlargement of the right atrium and right ventricle and group variable were risk factors affecting the 90-day survival of lung transplant recipients (all P<0.05). The univariate Cox regression analysis of the recipients' 180-day survival after surgery showed that the recipients' BMI, history of diabetes, right atrium and right ventricle enlargement, intraoperative blood transfusion volume, intraoperative red blood cell transfusion volume and group variable were statistically significant (all P<0.05). The multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the history of diabetes, enlargement of the right atrium and right ventricle and group variable were risk factors affecting the 180-day survival of lung transplant recipients (all P<0.05). The 30-day, 90-day and 180-day survival rates of control group were lower, and the differences between the two groups were statistically significant (all P<0.05), with a median survival time of 100 days in control group. Conclusions In the clinical treatment of severe PGD after lung transplantation, prone position ventilation combined with VV-ECMO may shorten ECMO application time, invasive ventilation time and ICU stay time, and improve the short-term prognosis of lung transplantation.

In the century-long evolution of insulin pharmaceuticals, each transformative advancement in this drug class has been closely tied to the ability to obtain new insulin isoforms for research. Despite this, the recently discovered naturally occurring isoforms of glycosylated human insulin have remained largely unattainable for proper characterization. Herein, we demonstrate for the first time that total chemical synthesis can be used to generate all isoforms. This achievement required maintaining the correct positions of the interchain disulfide bonds while effectively removing protecting groups on complex glycans. Notably, the availability of seven glycoforms reveals the important effects of natural sialylated glycans in suppressing insulin self-association and enhancing its solubility, surpassing the performance of currently employed rapid-acting insulin drugs. This work not only offers a readily adaptable platform for exploring natural O-glycosylation in other therapeutic proteins and peptides but also lays the groundwork for further research into harnessing natural glycosylation for therapeutic applications.

[Objective] To analyze the influence of the cycle length of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) double reagent positive samples collected from voluntary blood donors in Guangzhou on the detection results. [Methods] A total of 127 044 blood samples from voluntary blood donors at Guangzhou Blood Center from August 10 to December 9, 2023 were selected. Two ELISA reagents were used for HBsAg detection, and samples with HBsAg double reagent positive and S/CO values<10 were tested continuously for 7 days to observe the changes in their S/CO values. [Results] A total of 505 HBsAg double reagent positive samples were detected, of which 52 had S/CO values less than 10. After 7 consecutive days of uninterrupted testing, the S/CO values of Wantai (median 5 decreased to 3) and Xinchuang (median 5 decreased to 3) showed an overall downward trend, and the HBsAg missed detection rate showed an upward trend (from 0 on the first day to 1/10 000 on the seventh day). A total of 13 cases had negative double reagent test results within the 7-day testing cycle. [Conclusion] With the extension of the detection cycle, the S/CO value of HBsAg detection shows a downward trend, and the missed detection rate of HBsAg shows an upward trend. Samples used for HBsAg detection should be tested promptly after sampling to improve the quality of blood testing.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of ultrasound-guided internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve(ibSLN) block on the quality of anesthesia recovery in the patients undergoing intracranial tumor surgery.Methods:The data from patients of either gender, aged 18-65 yr, with a body mass index of 18-28 kg/m 2, who underwent intracranial tumor surgery from December 2022 to October 2023, were retrospectively collected. Patients were divided into control group (group C) and ultrasound-guided ibSLN block group (group U). Bilateral ibSLN block was performed with 0.375% ropivacaine hydrochloride 2 ml.The tracheal extubation time, emergence time, development of cardiovascular events within 15 min after extubation, emergence agitation, Ramsay sedation score, Steward recovery score, visual analogue scale scores at 10 min after extubation and development of postoperative sore throat and hoarseness in postanesthesia care unit were recorded. Results:Compared with group C, the incidence of emergence agitation, Ramsay sedation score, visual analogue scale scores and sore throat were significantly decreased, the incidence of hoarseness was increased ( P<0.05), and no significant change was found in the extubation time, emergence time and Steward recovery score in group U( P>0.05). No hypertension, hypotension, tachachycardia and bradycardia were found in two groups. Conclusions:Ultrasound-guided ibSLN block can improve the quality of anesthesia recovery in the patients undergoing intracranial tumor surgery.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of ultrasound-guided subserratus anterior plane block on postoperative analgesia in patients un-dergoing laparoscopic radical gastrectomy.Methods:Sixty patients who underwent elective laparoscopic radical gastrectomy were enrolled between May 2022 and October 2023 at Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute&Hospital.Patients were assigned into two groups us-ing a random number table method:the control(group C)and the ultrasound-guided serratus anterior plane block(SAPB)(group S).Patient-controlled intravenous analgesia(PCIA)was administered at the end of the surgery.After surgery,visual analogue scale(VAS)of static pain scores was evaluated at 1,6,12,24,and 48 hours.PCIA pump was started at the VAS pain score≥4 after surgery,and sufentanil 0.1μg/kg was intravenously injected when the efficacy was inadequate.The requirement for PCIA use,time to first postoperative anal exhaust,first postoperative out-of-bed activity,first oral intake,and the duration of hospitalization stay were recorded for the two groups.Results:VAS scores were significantly lower at postoperative 1,6,and 12 h in group S than in group C(P<0.05).Additionally,the number of effective uses of PCIA,and rescue analgesia were significantly lower in group S[(6.1±0.4)(2)]than in group C[(18.6±1.4)(17)](P<0.001).The time to first postoperative anal exhaust,first postoperative out-of-bed activity,first oral intake,and duration of hospital stay were shortened in group S than in group C(P<0.05).There were no significant differences in other parameters between these two groups.Conclusion:Ultrasound-guided SAPB can reduce postoperative pain and facilitate fast recovery in laparoscopic radical gastrectomy patients.

【Objective】 To investigate the distribution of ABO and RhD blood groups among voluntary blood donors in Guangzhou, in order to ensure clinical blood safety and better serve blood donors. 【Methods】 Routine ABO and RhD blood group screening tests were carried out among voluntary blood donors from January 2021 to December 2022. The composition ratio of ABO blood group was statistically analyzed. The samples with discrepancy between forward and reverse blood grouping and negative RhD blood group samples were further verified by serological test to analyze the ABO subtypes and the reasons for missed detection. 【Results】 A total of 749 123 blood samples were screened from January 2021 to December 2022, and 513 291 samples were collected after excluding repeat blood donors, with the ABO blood groups as 208 126(40.55%) of O type, 138 859(27.05%) of A type, 130 987(25.52%) of B type and 35 319(6.88%) of AB type. The screening results showed discrepancy between forward and reverse blood grouping in 506 samples, of which 58 were with weak/non-erythrocyte reaction, 16 with erythrocyte reaction, 215 with weak/non-serum reaction, and 217 with serum reaction. Further serological test indicated that 44 samples were ABO subtypes, among which 13 were subtype A, 26 subtype B, 5 subtype AB and 3 B (A) and 14 Bombay-like blood group. The blood group with the highest missed detection rate in repeat blood donors were A3/B3 subtype (68.42%). A total of 128 unexpected antibody positive samples were detected among 513 291 samples A total of 2 277 samples were screened negative for RhD blood type, of which 2 188 were confirmed to be Rh negative (2 188/513 291, 0.43%), 89 were D variants (89/513 291, 0.02%, ) and 30 were detected with unexpected antibodies (30/2 188, 1.37%). 【Conclusion】 The ABO blood group distribution of blood donors in Guangzhou is O>A>B>AB, and the proportion of RhD negative population is 0.43%, slightly highter than 0.3%-0.4% of Han population nationwide. The ABO blood group subtype is dominated by B subtype. The detection rate and missed detection rate of A3/B3 subtypes in routine blood group tests are the highest.

【Objective】 To investigate the population data of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections among voluntary blood donors in Guangzhou between 2012 and 2022, and analyze its characteristics and trends, so as to provide valuable data for formulating targeted prevention and ensuring blood safety. 【Methods】 Voluntary blood donors samples from 2012 to 2022 were screened for p24 antigen and anti-HIV by two ELISA diagnostic kits and HIV RNA by nucleic acid test(NAT). The reactive blood samples were sent to the Disease Control and Prevention Center of Guangzhou for anti-HIV confirmatory test by Western blot. The population characteristics of blood donors with confirmed-positive HIV were subsequently analyzed. 【Results】 There were a total of 3 351 596 blood samples from voluntary blood donors in Guangzhou from 2012 to 2022, of which 708 samples were confirmed-positive of anti-HIV, with a total positive rate of 21.12/100 000, showing a decreasing trend (P<0.05). 1) The positive rates of age groups from high to low were 25-34 year old group, 35-44 year old group, 18-24 year old group, and≥45 year old group. The differences among various groups are statistically significant; 2) The anti-HIV positive rate of first-time blood donors (39.23/100 000) was significantly higher than that of repeat blood donors (10.78/100 000) (P<0.05); 3) The anti-HIV positive rate of male blood donors was 30.45/100 000, which was significantly higher than that of female blood donors (3.46/100 000); 4) The anti-HIV positive rate of individual blood donors (32.18/100 000) was higher than that of group blood donors (9.10/100 000) (P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 From 2012 to 2022, the confirmed-positive rate of anti-HIV among voluntary blood donors in Guangzhou showed a downward trend, which was significantly correlated with the implementation of voluntary blood donation and AIDS prevention policies. Young blood donors are of high risk of HIV, and it is necessary to enhance publicity and education on AIDS prevention through multiple channels among young population. Given that the anti-HIV positive rate of first-time blood donors is much higher than that of repeat blood donors, it is recommended to further optimize the health consultation and physical examination process before blood donation, and take multiple measures to screen high-risk behavior groups. Besides, more efforts should be made to promote publicity and education on AIDS prevention among regular blood donors. It is also important to recruit blood donors from low-risk groups and inform the donors about confidential unit exclusion.

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of "Tongdu Zhiyu" acupuncture therapy in patients with post-stroke depression (PSD) and its impact on scores of various factors and items of 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17). Methods The data of PSD hospitalized patients or treated in outpatient department in the Sixth Department of Brain Disease of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. The patients were treated with "Tongdu Zhiyu" acupuncture therapy, and the changes in total score, item scores, and factor scores of HAMD-17 before and after treatment were compared. Results A total of 122 patients were included in this study. The treatment was effective with no adverse reactions. After treatment, there were no significant differences in the scores of interest and work, gastrointestinal symptoms, sexual symptoms, and weight loss compared with those before treatment (P > 0.05). However, there were significant differences in the scores of other items in HAMD-17 compared with those before treatment (P < 0.05). After treatment, except for factor 2 (weight factor), the scores of all other factors in HAMD-17 were lower than those before treatment (P < 0.05). Conclusion "Tongdu Zhiyu" acupuncture therapy can significantly improve the symptoms of anxiety and somatization, sleep disorder, cognitive impairment, and retardation in PSD patients, which is a safe and effective treatment method.