With the change of infectious disease incidence pattern and the development of related technologies, progresses have been made in the research of infectious disease epidemiology. In recent years, due to the change in the requirements of infectious disease prevention and control, the research focus has expanded from common infectious diseases to diseases which have been eliminated or might be eliminated, as well as emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Infectious disease data has been characterized by multiple sources and modalities. Along with the rapid development of pathogen detection methods, infectious disease surveillance has shifted from a single disease-targted one to a comprehensive one. Moreover, novel technologies such as multi-omics and artificial intelligence have been applied in infectious disease epidemiology research. The international cooperation in this field has become increasingly crucial, and the revision of the International Health Regulations and the negotiation of pandemic agreement will have a profound impact. In the future, infectious disease epidemiology research will develop with more powerful tools to improve its capabilities.

The integration of multi-source data and the establishment of early warning indicator systems constitute pivotal elements for advancing surveillance and early warning capacities in respiratory infectious diseases. Given the multifaceted transmission mechanisms and complex contributing factors inherent in respiratory infectious diseases, surveillance datasets and associated early warning indicators demonstrate notable heterogeneity and sophisticated interrelationships. Furthermore, as surveillance and early warning requirements significantly vary across diverse epidemiological scenarios, accurate assessment of the value and applicability of distinct data types and indicators is imperative. This paper systematically reviews and synthesizes recent advancements in surveillance data and early warning indicators for respiratory infectious diseases, drawing on both domestic and international research. Particular attention is dedicated to analyzing the applicability and efficacy of various data types and indicators within multiple practical contexts, aiming to provide robust theoretical frameworks and methodological guidance to facilitate the development of resilient and efficient surveillance and early warning systems for respiratory infectious diseases.

With the change of infectious disease incidence pattern and the development of related technologies, progresses have been made in the research of infectious disease epidemiology. In recent years, due to the change in the requirements of infectious disease prevention and control, the research focus has expanded from common infectious diseases to diseases which have been eliminated or might be eliminated, as well as emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Infectious disease data has been characterized by multiple sources and modalities. Along with the rapid development of pathogen detection methods, infectious disease surveillance has shifted from a single disease-targted one to a comprehensive one. Moreover, novel technologies such as multi-omics and artificial intelligence have been applied in infectious disease epidemiology research. The international cooperation in this field has become increasingly crucial, and the revision of the International Health Regulations and the negotiation of pandemic agreement will have a profound impact. In the future, infectious disease epidemiology research will develop with more powerful tools to improve its capabilities.

The integration of multi-source data and the establishment of early warning indicator systems constitute pivotal elements for advancing surveillance and early warning capacities in respiratory infectious diseases. Given the multifaceted transmission mechanisms and complex contributing factors inherent in respiratory infectious diseases, surveillance datasets and associated early warning indicators demonstrate notable heterogeneity and sophisticated interrelationships. Furthermore, as surveillance and early warning requirements significantly vary across diverse epidemiological scenarios, accurate assessment of the value and applicability of distinct data types and indicators is imperative. This paper systematically reviews and synthesizes recent advancements in surveillance data and early warning indicators for respiratory infectious diseases, drawing on both domestic and international research. Particular attention is dedicated to analyzing the applicability and efficacy of various data types and indicators within multiple practical contexts, aiming to provide robust theoretical frameworks and methodological guidance to facilitate the development of resilient and efficient surveillance and early warning systems for respiratory infectious diseases.

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) in cases of febrile respiratory syndrome in China from 2010 to 2020.Methods:Based on the sub-project of the National Science and Technology Major Project for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control "Infectious Disease Monitoring Technology Platform", active monitoring of febrile respiratory syndrome cases was conducted in sentinel hospitals in 31 provinces across China (excluding Hong Kong, Macau, and Chinese Taiwan) from January 2010 to December 2020, resulting in the inclusion of 191 441 cases. Clinical specimens of monitored cases were screened for HRSV nucleic acid, and the differences in HRSV detection rates among different age groups, regions, and time periods were analyzed using the χ 2 test/Fisher exact probability method. Results:Among the 191 441 cases of febrile respiratory syndrome in China from 2010 to 2020, the age group M ( Q1, Q3) was 9 (2, 40) years old, with 83 773 cases (43.8%) in the <5 years old group. There were 113 660 males, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.5∶1.0. There were as many as 105 508 cases (55.2%) of scattered children and preschool children. About 70 565 cases (36.9%) lived in the northern region. There were 13 858 HRSV positive cases, with a total positive rate of 7.2%. The positive rate of HRSV detection in the northern population was 5.7% (4 004/70 565), which was lower than that in the southern population (8.2%, 9 854/120 876), and the difference was statistically significant (χ 2=407.4, P<0.001). HRSV was detected in all age groups, with the highest positive rate of 23.9% in the <6 months age group. The month with the highest positive rate was December, and autumn and winter were the main epidemic seasons. Both northern and southern HRSV subtypes were mainly infected with type A, with a low proportion of mixed infections of type A and type B. Conclusion:HRSV is a common pathogen causing respiratory infections in children from 2010 to 2020. It can be detected throughout the year and shows the main peak of prevalence in autumn and winter. The HRSV strain is mainly classified as a type A infection.

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) in cases of febrile respiratory syndrome in China from 2010 to 2020.Methods:Based on the sub-project of the National Science and Technology Major Project for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control "Infectious Disease Monitoring Technology Platform", active monitoring of febrile respiratory syndrome cases was conducted in sentinel hospitals in 31 provinces across China (excluding Hong Kong, Macau, and Chinese Taiwan) from January 2010 to December 2020, resulting in the inclusion of 191 441 cases. Clinical specimens of monitored cases were screened for HRSV nucleic acid, and the differences in HRSV detection rates among different age groups, regions, and time periods were analyzed using the χ 2 test/Fisher exact probability method. Results:Among the 191 441 cases of febrile respiratory syndrome in China from 2010 to 2020, the age group M ( Q1, Q3) was 9 (2, 40) years old, with 83 773 cases (43.8%) in the <5 years old group. There were 113 660 males, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.5∶1.0. There were as many as 105 508 cases (55.2%) of scattered children and preschool children. About 70 565 cases (36.9%) lived in the northern region. There were 13 858 HRSV positive cases, with a total positive rate of 7.2%. The positive rate of HRSV detection in the northern population was 5.7% (4 004/70 565), which was lower than that in the southern population (8.2%, 9 854/120 876), and the difference was statistically significant (χ 2=407.4, P<0.001). HRSV was detected in all age groups, with the highest positive rate of 23.9% in the <6 months age group. The month with the highest positive rate was December, and autumn and winter were the main epidemic seasons. Both northern and southern HRSV subtypes were mainly infected with type A, with a low proportion of mixed infections of type A and type B. Conclusion:HRSV is a common pathogen causing respiratory infections in children from 2010 to 2020. It can be detected throughout the year and shows the main peak of prevalence in autumn and winter. The HRSV strain is mainly classified as a type A infection.

Compelling evidence has demonstrated the critical role of circular RNAs (circRNAs) during lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) progression. Herein, we explored a novel circRNA, circ_0129047, and detailed its mechanism of action. The expression of circ 0129047, microRNA-665 (miR-665), and protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type B (PTPRB) in LUAD tissues and cells was determined using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Cell Counting Kit-8 and colony formation assays were conducted to detect LUAD cell proliferation, and western blotting was performed to quantify apoptosis-related proteins (Bcl-2 and Bax). Luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation assays were used to validate the predicted interaction between miR-665 and circ_0129047 or PTPRB.A xenograft assay was used for the in vivo experiments. Circ_0129047 and PTPRB were downregulated in LUAD tissues and cells, whereas miR-665 expression was upregulated. Overexpression of circ_0129047 suppresses LUAD growth in vivo and in vitro. Circ_0129047 is the target of miR-665, and the miR-665 mimic ablated the antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic phenotypes of LUAD cells by circ_0129047 augmentation. MiR-665 targets the 3ʹUTR of PTPRB and downregulates PTPRB expression. PTPRB overexpression offsets the pro-proliferative potential of miR-665 in LUAD cells. Circ_0129047 sequestered miR-665 and upregulated PTPRB expression, thereby reducing LUAD progression, suggesting a promising approach for preventing LUAD.

Objective:To explore the feasibility of a method based on neuroimaging and surface markers for locating scalp projection of intracranial lesions.Methods:The clinical data of 46 patients who were used ‘double-circle method’ for locating scalp projection of intracranial lesions at Department of Neurosurgery,the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University from January to June 2021 were retrospective analyzed. All patients with 2 electrodes(artificial fiducials) randomly attached to scalp had been examed thin-layer brain CT. The distances from the center of each fiducial to the root of the nose and tragus were measured through the images. A compass was used to draw two arcs with the root of nose and the tragus as the center and the pre-measured distance as the radius on patient′s scalp. Then two arcs′ intersection on the scalp was the fiducial. The method was named ‘double-circle method’. Two neurosurgeons were arranged to perform fiducial identification with double-circle method, and record the error between the result and the actual fiducial point.Independent sample t test was used for data comparison, and Kappa test was used to analysis the inter-group consistency. Results:Ninety-two fiducial points of 46 patients were collected. Time consuming of doctor A was (8.1±2.3) minutes(range:5 to 15 minutes)and doctor B was (8.9±3.5) minutes(range:4 to 17 minutes).The positioning error from the doctor A was (4.4±2.4)mm(range:0 to 12 mm) and doctor B was(4.2±2.6) mm(range:0 to 14 mm)( t=-0.575, P=0.567),the difference was not statistically significant. The Kappa value of the consistency test of error between two doctors was 0.517( P=0.001).The consistency was moderate.Eight patients used ‘double-circle method’ and neuronavigation for locating scalp projection of intracranial lesions at the same time. The diameter of the lesions was (3.8±0.9)cm (range: 2.6 to 5.1 cm), and the positioning error of the ‘double-circle method’ and navigation was (4.0±1.9) mm(range: 1 to 6 mm), and all patients were confirmed to be accurately located during surgery. Conclusion:‘Double-circle method’ is a simple,convenient and accurate way in locating intracranial lesions and has certain clinical significance.

Objective:To explore the feasibility of a method based on neuroimaging and surface markers for locating scalp projection of intracranial lesions.Methods:The clinical data of 46 patients who were used ‘double-circle method’ for locating scalp projection of intracranial lesions at Department of Neurosurgery,the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University from January to June 2021 were retrospective analyzed. All patients with 2 electrodes(artificial fiducials) randomly attached to scalp had been examed thin-layer brain CT. The distances from the center of each fiducial to the root of the nose and tragus were measured through the images. A compass was used to draw two arcs with the root of nose and the tragus as the center and the pre-measured distance as the radius on patient′s scalp. Then two arcs′ intersection on the scalp was the fiducial. The method was named ‘double-circle method’. Two neurosurgeons were arranged to perform fiducial identification with double-circle method, and record the error between the result and the actual fiducial point.Independent sample t test was used for data comparison, and Kappa test was used to analysis the inter-group consistency. Results:Ninety-two fiducial points of 46 patients were collected. Time consuming of doctor A was (8.1±2.3) minutes(range:5 to 15 minutes)and doctor B was (8.9±3.5) minutes(range:4 to 17 minutes).The positioning error from the doctor A was (4.4±2.4)mm(range:0 to 12 mm) and doctor B was(4.2±2.6) mm(range:0 to 14 mm)( t=-0.575, P=0.567),the difference was not statistically significant. The Kappa value of the consistency test of error between two doctors was 0.517( P=0.001).The consistency was moderate.Eight patients used ‘double-circle method’ and neuronavigation for locating scalp projection of intracranial lesions at the same time. The diameter of the lesions was (3.8±0.9)cm (range: 2.6 to 5.1 cm), and the positioning error of the ‘double-circle method’ and navigation was (4.0±1.9) mm(range: 1 to 6 mm), and all patients were confirmed to be accurately located during surgery. Conclusion:‘Double-circle method’ is a simple,convenient and accurate way in locating intracranial lesions and has certain clinical significance.

Domestic and foreign literatures related to the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 and the re-positive cases infected with SARS-CoV-2 were reviewed, and the characteristics and infectivity of the re-positive cases were analyzed to provide scientific evidence for the improvement of case management and the development of measures to stop the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Existing studies have shown that re-positive rate of SARS-CoV-2 ranged from 2.4% to 19.8%, the median of interval between re-positive detection and discharge was 4-15 days. Following the second course of the disease, the anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM, IgG and IgA positive rates of the cases were 11.11%-86.08%, 52.00%-100.00% and 61.54%-100.00% respectively, the total antibody and neutralizing antibody positive rates were 98.72% and 88.46%. The viral load of the re-positive cases was lower than that in the initial infection. At least 3 380 re-positive cases have been reported globally. SARS-CoV-2 strains were isolated from the samples of 3 re-positive cases (1 immunodeficiency case and 2 cases with abnormal pulmonary imaging). There were close contacts that were infected by an asymptomatic case taking immunosuppressive agents. In conclusion, the infectivity of re-positive cases infected with SARS-CoV-2 is generally very low. Rare re-positive cases infected with SARS-CoV-2 might cause further transmission. The management approach for the re-positive cases can be based on the assessment of the individual transmission risk according to the pathogen detection results.
Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Antibodies, Viral ; COVID-19 ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin M ; SARS-CoV-2