Objective To construct a nomogram model for prolonged length of stay in patients with acute cerebral infarction(ACI)based on total cerebral small vessel disease(CSVD)burden scores,and validate its effectiveness.Methods A total of 462 ACI patients admitted to the Department of Neurology of South Taihu Hospital Affiliated To Huzhou College from January 2021 to December 2023 were selected as the study subjects.According to the ratio of 7:3,patients were divided into training group of 323 cases and validation group of 139 cases.Lasso-Logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors for prolonged length of stay in ACI patients,construct a nomogram model and validate the model using validation data.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve were used to evaluate the predictive performance of the model.Results Based on the training group data,Lasso regression screened four non-zero coefficient indicators,including baseline National Institutes of Health stroke scale(NIHSS)score,age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index(aCCI)score,neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio(NLR)and total CSVD burden score.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that baseline NIHSS score,aCCI score,NLR and total CSVD burden score were independent risk factors for prolonged length of stay in ACI patients(P＜0.05).Based on the above four indicators,a nomogram model was constructed.The results showed that the ROC curve area of the model predicted prolonged length of stay between training group and validation group were 0.812(95％CI:0.756-0.868)and 0.820(95％CI:0.730-0.909).Conclusion The nomogram model for prolonged length of stay in ACI patients based on total CSVD burden score has good predictive performance and can be used as a screening tool for evaluating the prolonged length of stay in ACI patients.

Objective:To investigate the interplay between childhood traumatic experiences,mental disorders,and cognitive function among patients with alcohol use disorder(AUD).Methods:A cross-sectional study was con-ducted involving 160 patients with AUD hospitalized in the department of alcohol dependence.They were catego-rized into three groups based on their symptoms,namely the simple alcohol dependence group(AD group,n=86),the alcohol dependence with hallucinatory delusion group(ADHD group,n=43),and the alcohol dependence with delirium tremens group(ADDT group,n=31).The adverse childhood experiences,cognitive function,and child-hood trauma were assessed with the Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire(ACE-IQ),Mont-real Cognitive Assessment(MoCA),and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire(CTQ-SF).Results:The MoCA scores were significantly higher in the AD group than in the ADHD and ADDT groups[21.0(19.0,23.0)vs.19.0(15.0,22.0)vs.18.0(16.0,22.0),P＜0.01].The ADDT group had higher sexual abuse scores of CTQ-SF than the AD group.Lower MoCA score was associated with hallucination and delusion(OR=0.82,P＜0.01)or deliri-um tremens(OR=0.81,P＜0.01)in AUD patients.Higher ACE-IQ score was associated with hallucination and delusion in AUD patients(OR=1.51,P＜0.01).Conclusion:Mostpatients with alcohol use disorder have child-hood trauma and cognitive dysfunction.Poor cognitive function and adverse childhood experiences are risk factors for mental disorders among patients with alcohol use disorder.

Pain modulation encompasses a complex neurobiological process, in which the lateral habenula (LHb) plays a crucial role in integrating, regulating and modulating pain signals. It is also involved in pain-related memory functions associated with perception, transmission and regulation of pain. Furthermore, the LHb collaborates with structures such as the spinal dorsal horn, forebrain, and amygdala to form an essential neural circuit that contributes to sensitization, development of tolerance, and adaptation processes related to pain. However, there remains limited understanding regarding the specific roles and interactions among different neuron subtypes within the LHb concerning pain regulation. Additionally, further investigation is warranted to explore functional changes and plasticity within both the LHb and its associated neural circuits in chronic pain models. Future research endeavors should utilize advanced neuroimaging techniques alongside optogenetics and gene editing technologies to elucidate intricate neural circuits, cellular architecture, and molecular mechanisms governing LHb function in pain regulation. In conclusion, this paper aims to comprehensively review existing literature on the involvement of the LHb and its neural circuits in modulating pain, thereby enhancing our understanding of their neurobiological mechanisms while providing novel targets for precise therapeutic strategies aimed at alleviating pain.

Objective:To explore the relationship between college students' Type D personality and problematic social media usage, as well as the mediating and moderating roles of cognitive flexibility.Methods:From April to July 2024, totally 489 college students were investigated using the problematic social media use scale, cognitive flexibility scale and type D personality scale. SPSS 27.0 was used for descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, moderating effect analysis and common method bias test. AMOS 26.0 was used to analyze the mediating effect relationship.Results:(1) Type D personality (26.68±11.62) was positively correlated with problematic social media usage(18.11±3.54)( r=0.46, P<0.01). (2) Flexible control played a partial mediating role in the relationship between Type D personality and problematic social media usage (effect value=0.23, 95% CI=0.12-0.33). (3) Type D personality college students’ flexible control moderated the effect of Type D personality on independent problematic social media usage( β=-0.542, P<0.05). Conclusion:The increased cognitive flexibility helps mitigate college students' levels of problematic social media usage. For college students with low cognitive flexibility, type D personality scores had a more significant effect on problematic social media usage.

Objective To construct a nomogram model for prolonged length of stay in patients with acute cerebral infarction(ACI)based on total cerebral small vessel disease(CSVD)burden scores,and validate its effectiveness.Methods A total of 462 ACI patients admitted to the Department of Neurology of South Taihu Hospital Affiliated To Huzhou College from January 2021 to December 2023 were selected as the study subjects.According to the ratio of 7:3,patients were divided into training group of 323 cases and validation group of 139 cases.Lasso-Logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors for prolonged length of stay in ACI patients,construct a nomogram model and validate the model using validation data.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve were used to evaluate the predictive performance of the model.Results Based on the training group data,Lasso regression screened four non-zero coefficient indicators,including baseline National Institutes of Health stroke scale(NIHSS)score,age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index(aCCI)score,neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio(NLR)and total CSVD burden score.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that baseline NIHSS score,aCCI score,NLR and total CSVD burden score were independent risk factors for prolonged length of stay in ACI patients(P＜0.05).Based on the above four indicators,a nomogram model was constructed.The results showed that the ROC curve area of the model predicted prolonged length of stay between training group and validation group were 0.812(95％CI:0.756-0.868)and 0.820(95％CI:0.730-0.909).Conclusion The nomogram model for prolonged length of stay in ACI patients based on total CSVD burden score has good predictive performance and can be used as a screening tool for evaluating the prolonged length of stay in ACI patients.

Objective:To investigate the interplay between childhood traumatic experiences,mental disorders,and cognitive function among patients with alcohol use disorder(AUD).Methods:A cross-sectional study was con-ducted involving 160 patients with AUD hospitalized in the department of alcohol dependence.They were catego-rized into three groups based on their symptoms,namely the simple alcohol dependence group(AD group,n=86),the alcohol dependence with hallucinatory delusion group(ADHD group,n=43),and the alcohol dependence with delirium tremens group(ADDT group,n=31).The adverse childhood experiences,cognitive function,and child-hood trauma were assessed with the Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire(ACE-IQ),Mont-real Cognitive Assessment(MoCA),and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire(CTQ-SF).Results:The MoCA scores were significantly higher in the AD group than in the ADHD and ADDT groups[21.0(19.0,23.0)vs.19.0(15.0,22.0)vs.18.0(16.0,22.0),P＜0.01].The ADDT group had higher sexual abuse scores of CTQ-SF than the AD group.Lower MoCA score was associated with hallucination and delusion(OR=0.82,P＜0.01)or deliri-um tremens(OR=0.81,P＜0.01)in AUD patients.Higher ACE-IQ score was associated with hallucination and delusion in AUD patients(OR=1.51,P＜0.01).Conclusion:Mostpatients with alcohol use disorder have child-hood trauma and cognitive dysfunction.Poor cognitive function and adverse childhood experiences are risk factors for mental disorders among patients with alcohol use disorder.

This study aims to determine the nephrotoxic effects of 3-monochloropropanel-1,2-diol(3-MCPD)on female and male SD rats.A nephrotoxicity model was established by gavage of dif-ferent doses of 3-MCPD,and 80 SD rats were randomly divided into four groups:the control group(0 mg/kg 3-MCPD),low-dose group(15 mg/kg 3-MCPD),medium-dose group(30 mg/kg 3-MCPD),high-dose group(60 mg/kg 3-MCPD),with half female and half male.The body mass and food intake of the rats were recorded weekly,and the urine and blood and kidney tissues were col-lected after 28 consecutive days of gavage,and the blood erythrocyte count(WBC),white blood cell count(RBC),hemoglobin(HGB),erythrocyte-compaction-transfer-value(HCT),creatinine(CREA),serum urea nitrogen(BUN),and the indexes of blood phosphorus(P)and calcium(Ca)were detected;the level of kidney injury molecule(KIM-1)was measured by ELISA kit;the renal pathological changes was observed by histopathology method;and transcriptome sequencing was used to analyze differential genes in female and male rats.The results showed that 3-MCPD did not significantly affect the growth of male rats,but high doses significantly reduced the weight and food intake of female rats.The high-dose group of 3-MCPD caused a significant decrease in RBC,HGB,and HCT levels in both male and female rats,resulting in a significant increase in KIM-1 and P,and a significant decrease in Ca,but only a significant increase in CREA and BUN in female rats.Histopathology showed that in the high-dose group of male rats,only mild renal tubular dilation,epithelial cell edema,and clear tubular type were observed in the kidneys,while in female rats,a large number of renal sacs,clear tubular type,and interstitial inflammatory cells with fibrosis were observed in the kidneys.Transcriptome sequencing showed 1 712 differentially expressed genes in the high-dose group of female rats and 1 153 differentially expressed genes in the high-dose group of male rats.KEGG enrichment analysis showed that both male and female rats in the high-dose group experienced oxidative stress and cell apoptosis,but 3-MCPD may also participate in the process of kidney damage in females by inhibiting autophagy and inducing iron death pathways.The above results indicate that high-dose 3-MCPD has a more significant nephrotoxic effect on fe-male rats.

Pain modulation encompasses a complex neurobiological process, in which the lateral habenula (LHb) plays a crucial role in integrating, regulating and modulating pain signals. It is also involved in pain-related memory functions associated with perception, transmission and regulation of pain. Furthermore, the LHb collaborates with structures such as the spinal dorsal horn, forebrain, and amygdala to form an essential neural circuit that contributes to sensitization, development of tolerance, and adaptation processes related to pain. However, there remains limited understanding regarding the specific roles and interactions among different neuron subtypes within the LHb concerning pain regulation. Additionally, further investigation is warranted to explore functional changes and plasticity within both the LHb and its associated neural circuits in chronic pain models. Future research endeavors should utilize advanced neuroimaging techniques alongside optogenetics and gene editing technologies to elucidate intricate neural circuits, cellular architecture, and molecular mechanisms governing LHb function in pain regulation. In conclusion, this paper aims to comprehensively review existing literature on the involvement of the LHb and its neural circuits in modulating pain, thereby enhancing our understanding of their neurobiological mechanisms while providing novel targets for precise therapeutic strategies aimed at alleviating pain.

Objective:To explore the relationship between college students' Type D personality and problematic social media usage, as well as the mediating and moderating roles of cognitive flexibility.Methods:From April to July 2024, totally 489 college students were investigated using the problematic social media use scale, cognitive flexibility scale and type D personality scale. SPSS 27.0 was used for descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, moderating effect analysis and common method bias test. AMOS 26.0 was used to analyze the mediating effect relationship.Results:(1) Type D personality (26.68±11.62) was positively correlated with problematic social media usage(18.11±3.54)( r=0.46, P<0.01). (2) Flexible control played a partial mediating role in the relationship between Type D personality and problematic social media usage (effect value=0.23, 95% CI=0.12-0.33). (3) Type D personality college students’ flexible control moderated the effect of Type D personality on independent problematic social media usage( β=-0.542, P<0.05). Conclusion:The increased cognitive flexibility helps mitigate college students' levels of problematic social media usage. For college students with low cognitive flexibility, type D personality scores had a more significant effect on problematic social media usage.

This study aims to determine the nephrotoxic effects of 3-monochloropropanel-1,2-diol(3-MCPD)on female and male SD rats.A nephrotoxicity model was established by gavage of dif-ferent doses of 3-MCPD,and 80 SD rats were randomly divided into four groups:the control group(0 mg/kg 3-MCPD),low-dose group(15 mg/kg 3-MCPD),medium-dose group(30 mg/kg 3-MCPD),high-dose group(60 mg/kg 3-MCPD),with half female and half male.The body mass and food intake of the rats were recorded weekly,and the urine and blood and kidney tissues were col-lected after 28 consecutive days of gavage,and the blood erythrocyte count(WBC),white blood cell count(RBC),hemoglobin(HGB),erythrocyte-compaction-transfer-value(HCT),creatinine(CREA),serum urea nitrogen(BUN),and the indexes of blood phosphorus(P)and calcium(Ca)were detected;the level of kidney injury molecule(KIM-1)was measured by ELISA kit;the renal pathological changes was observed by histopathology method;and transcriptome sequencing was used to analyze differential genes in female and male rats.The results showed that 3-MCPD did not significantly affect the growth of male rats,but high doses significantly reduced the weight and food intake of female rats.The high-dose group of 3-MCPD caused a significant decrease in RBC,HGB,and HCT levels in both male and female rats,resulting in a significant increase in KIM-1 and P,and a significant decrease in Ca,but only a significant increase in CREA and BUN in female rats.Histopathology showed that in the high-dose group of male rats,only mild renal tubular dilation,epithelial cell edema,and clear tubular type were observed in the kidneys,while in female rats,a large number of renal sacs,clear tubular type,and interstitial inflammatory cells with fibrosis were observed in the kidneys.Transcriptome sequencing showed 1 712 differentially expressed genes in the high-dose group of female rats and 1 153 differentially expressed genes in the high-dose group of male rats.KEGG enrichment analysis showed that both male and female rats in the high-dose group experienced oxidative stress and cell apoptosis,but 3-MCPD may also participate in the process of kidney damage in females by inhibiting autophagy and inducing iron death pathways.The above results indicate that high-dose 3-MCPD has a more significant nephrotoxic effect on fe-male rats.