The American Heart Association (AHA) and the American College of Cardiology (ACC), in collaboration with multiple professional organizations, jointly released the "Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults" in August 2025. Based on the latest evidence-based medical findings from February 2015 to January 2025, the guideline proposes an individualized treatment strategy grounded in total cardiovascular disease risk stratification, incorporates the novel PREVENT risk assessment model, lowers the medication initiation threshold and control targets for high-risk populations, and provides specific management recommendations for special populations. This article provides an interpretation of these updates and conducts a comparative analysis with the current status of hypertension prevention and treatment in China as well as Chinese guidelines, aiming to offer reference for hypertension control practices in China.

The American Heart Association (AHA) officially released the "2025 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association" on January 27, 2025. This report systematically compiles the latest statistics on major cardiovascular diseases worldwide, while simultaneously integrating relevant outcome indicators, including quality of care, procedures, and economic costs, and updating the global prevalence patterns and evolving trends of diverse risk factors impacting cardiovascular health, providing essential guidance for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Synthesizing insights from this pivotal report and other relevant studies, this article highlights key findings concerning the global prevalence and mortality of heart diseases, associated risk factors, and emerging diagnostic and therapeutic technologies.

With the rapid development of generative artificial intelligence(GAI)technologies,their widespread application in academic research and writing is continuously expanding the boundaries of sci-entific inquiry.However,this trend has also raised a series of ethical and regulatory challenges,inclu-ding issues related to authorship,content authenticity,citation accuracy,and accountability.In light of the growing involvement of AI in generating academic content,establishing an open,controllable,and trustworthy ethical governance framework has become a key task for safeguarding research integrity and maintaining trust within the academic community.This expert consensus outlines ethical requirements across key stages of AI-assisted academic writing-including topic selection,data management,citation practices,and authorship attribution.It aims to clarify the boundaries and ethical obligations surrounding AI use in academic writing,ensuring that technological tools enhance efficiency without compromising in-tegrity.The goal is to provide guidance and institutional support for building a responsible and sustainable research ecosystem.

Immunometabolism studies focus on the relationships between immune cell functions and cellular energy metabolism pathways.Immunometabolism plays an important regulatory role in immune-related diseases.Mycobacterium tuberculosis(M.tb),an important intracellular pathogenic bacterium,enters alveolar macrophages after infection.The confrontation between M.tb and the host is a complex and dynamic process involving multiple aspects and mechanisms,such as the immune response,granuloma formation,and immune evasion.M.tb effector proteins play key roles in maintaining bacterial virulence and regulating host cell metabolism.This article reviews the reprogramming process of glucose metabolism,lipid metabolism,and immunometabolism,as well as changes in mi-tochondrial function in M.tb-infected host cells,thereby revealing the relationship between M.tb pathogenicity and host metabolic regu-lation,which is important for understanding tuberculosis.

Metabolic-bariatric surgery(MBS)has become an important treatment for pathological obesity and metabolic diseases.However,common postoperative nutritional complications—such as protein-energy malnutrition,iron deficiency anemia,and vitamin B12 deficiency—significantly affect patients' long-term prognosis.Traditional nutritional management models rely on static monitoring and standardized supplementation,which are insufficient to address individual variability and dynamic postoperative changes.Artificial intelligence(AI),through integrating multimodal data(such as biochemical indicators,imaging information,and wearable device monitoring)and intelligent modeling,offers new approaches for dynamic monitoring,risk prediction,and personalized intervention.Based on literature from 2017 to 2025,this article systematically evaluates the application of AI in perioperative nutritional management for MBS,covering key technologies including machine learning,deep learning,and natural language processing.It also analyzes current challenges in clinical translation,such as data fragmentation,lack of model interpretability,and limited long-term validation.In the future,enhanced multi-center collaboration,the development of standardized databases,and explainable models will be essential to advancing nutritional management in MBS from empirical practice to precision medicine.

Catalpol,the primary active component of Rehmannia glutinosa,exhibits potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and regulatory effects on glucose and lipid metabolism.This article systematically reviews recent studies on the impact of catalpol in addressing glycolipid metabolic disorders and related diseases and the underlying mechainsms.Catalpol can correct glucose and lipid metabolism imbalances to prevent the development and progression of diabetes complications including macrovascular and microvascu-lar diseases,through modulating the adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase signaling pathway to regulate lipogenesis and fat oxidation and altering the phosphorylation of forkhead transcription factor 1 and glycogen synthase kinase 3 to influence glyco-gen synthesis and breakdown.Catalpol plays a protective role in the cardio-cerebrovascular system,renal function,and retinal struc-ture and function through mediating signaling pathways such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B and oxidized low-density lipoprotein/lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1.By suppressing the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells pathway and endoplasmic reticulum stress,catalpol can alleviate inflammatory responses,thereby mitigat-ing inflammation-induced insulin resistance and glycolipid metabolic disorders.

Objective To investigate the influencing factors of autism spectrum disorder(ASD)among the children in Bijie City.Methods A total of 195 children diagnosed as ASD in Bijie City from June 2022 to August 2023 were selected as the case group and 201 healthy children extracted from the urban and rural kin-dergartens by the simple random sampling survey method served as the control group.The guardians of the children were surveyed by using a self-designed questionnaire.The logistic regression was adopted to analyze the influencing factors of childhood ASD onset.Results The univariate analysis results revealed that the differences in the sex,age,residential environment,maternal education level,maternal occupation,maternal age at pregnancy,maternal prenatal depression,health status at birth,feeding mode,early health status after birth,primary caregiver before 1 year old,left-behind experience before 3 years old,parenting attitude towards discipline and parental disciplinary severity between the two groups had statistical significance(P＜0.05).The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the child's sex,age,residential environment,mater-nal education level,maternal occupation,annual household income,maternal age at pregnancy,health status in neonatal period,primary caregiver beforel year old and left-behind experience before 3 years old were the inde-pendent influencing factors for ASD occurrence(P＜0.05).The specific manifestations included the boys,aged 5-6 years old,living in urban areas,mothers with a junior high school education or below,mothers as full-time housewives,family average annual income＜50 000 Yuan,mother pregnancy age＜20 years old,dyspnea or suffocation at birth,mainly taking care by others before 1 year old,and experience of being a left-behind child before 3 years old,which were more likely to develop autism.Conclusion The onset of childhood ASD is the results of multiple factors concurrent action.

Biofilm formation is one of the key reasons that bacterial infections are difficult to treat.So it is of great significance to develop effective strategies to resist bacterial biofilms.Although antibiotics are important clinical tools for the treatment of bacterial infections,their therapeutic efficacy is often unsatisfactory when targeting bacterial biofilm-associated diseases.In this study,exopolysaccharides(EPS)from Escherichia coli(E.coli)were extracted and purified.It was demonstrated that the obtained E.coli EPS had the ability to inhibit methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)biofilm formation and disperse a mature biofilm.To improve the anti-biofilm effect of vancomycin(VAN),E.coli EPS was used in combination with VAN.The combination increased the inhibition rate of MRSA biofilm and increased the dispersion rate of mature biofilm from 10%to 80%.When combined with E.coli EPS,the number of bacterial colonies within the MRSA biofilm remarkably decreased by 88%,resulting in a significant improvement over the use of VAN alone at an equivalent concentration.Meanwhile,E.coli EPS could down-regulate the expression of MRSA biofilm-related genes.E.coli EPS showed good anti-biofilm effect,and E.coli EPS/VAN combination could provided a potential strategy for treatment of MRSA biofilm infections.

Objective:To analyze the clinical features and risk factors for renal injury in children with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-positive IgA vasculitis (IgAV).Methods:A case-control study was conducted. Seventy-two ANCA-positive IgAV children hospitalized at the Children′s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from January 2017 to October 2022 were enrolled as the ANCA-positive group. Propensity score matching (1∶4) using the nearest neighbor was performed with age and gender as covariate, and 288 cases ANCA-negative IgAV children were included as the ANCA-negative group. Patients with renal injury were named ANCA-positive IgAV nephritis (IgAVN) group and ANCA-negative IgAVN group, respectively. The ANCA-positive IgAVN group was further divided into myeloperoxidase (MPO) group and proteinase 3 (PR3) group based on the type of ANCA. Clinical data including manifestations, laboratory tests, renal injury, and prognosis were collected. Comparisons between groups were performed using independent sample t-tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, χ2 tests, or Fisher′s exact tests. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to assess differences in the time to renal injury onset, and multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify independent risk factors for renal injury. Results:Among the 72 ANCA-positive IgAV children (41 males, 31 females, age of 7.7 (5.3, 11.2) years), no significant difference in age or gender was observed compared to the ANCA-negative group (both P>0.05). The ANCA-positive group had higher IgM levels, a higher incidence of recurrent rash, and shorter thrombin time (all P<0.05). Among children with renal injury, the ANCA-positive group showed significant differences in the incidence of hematuria, clinical classification, and grade A prognosis compared to the ANCA-negative group (all P<0.05), but no difference was found in the time to renal involvement onest or renal pathology (all P>0.05). The MPO group had higher rates of microscopic hematuria, gross hematuria, acute renal insufficiency, glomerular sclerosis, and grade B prognosis compared to the ANCA-negative IgAVN group (all P<0.05), with a later onset of renal involvement ( P<0.05). Elevated serum creatinine ( OR=1.08, 95% CI 1.03-1.14) and shortened thrombin time ( OR=0.71, 95% CI 0.55-0.92) were independent risk factors for renal injury in ANCA-positive IgAV children (all P<0.05). Conclusions:Children with ANCA-positive IgAV are more likely to experience recurrent rash. MPO-ANCA-positive IgAVN children have higher risks of hematuria, acute kidney injury and glomerular sclerosis, with later-onset but poorer renal prognosis compared to ANCA-negative IgAVN children. Higher serum creatinine levels and shorter thrombin time may be associated with renal injury in children with ANCA-positive IgAV.

Objective:To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of dupilumab in the treatment of pediatric prurigo nodularis (PN), and to explore factors associated with the treatment response.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on clinical data from 26 children with PN who received dupilumab treatment at the Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital between December 2022 and January 2025. Primary efficacy endpoints were the proportion of patients achieving investigator's global assessment-activity (IGA PN-A) and stage (IGA PN-S) scores of 0/1 at week 8; secondary efficacy endpoints included the proportion of patients achieving a ≥ 4-point reduction in the pruritus numerical rating scale (NRS) and changes in laboratory parameters. Paired t tests or Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used for pre- and post-treatment comparisons; generalized estimating equation models were applied to evaluate changes in eczema area and severity index (EASI) scores over time; univariate logistic regression analysis was performed to calculate odds ratios ( ORs) and 95% confidence intervals ( CIs) to analyze factors influencing efficacy. Results:Among the 26 children with PN, 14 (53.8%) were males and 12 (46.2%) were females, with ages ( M[ Q1, Q3]) of 4.50 (3.00, 9.25) years and disease duration of 1.00 (0.48, 2.25) years. Twenty-four (92.3%) patients had comorbid atopic diseases, including 17 with allergic rhinitis and 15 with atopic dermatitis (AD). At week 8, IGA PN-A scores decreased from 3.27 ± 0.53 points at baseline to 1.31 ± 0.84 points ( t = 10.44, P < 0.001), with 16 (61.5%) patients achieving IGA PN-A 0/1; IGA PN-S scores decreased from 3.15 ± 0.46 points at baseline to 1.73 ± 0.78 points ( t = 10.33, P < 0.001), with 10 (38.5%) patients achieving IGA PN-S 0/1; pruritus NRS scores decreased from 5.00 (5.00, 6.00) points at baseline to 2.00 (1.00, 3.00) points ( Z = -3.82, P < 0.001), with 10 (38.5%) patients achieving a ≥ 4-point reduction in NRS scores. At week 40, 7 patients who continued treatment achieved complete remission. Univariate logistic regression showed that head/face involvement ( OR = 7.000, 95% CI: 1.200 - 40.829) and disease duration of < 1 year ( OR = 7.000, 95% CI: 1.200 - 40.829) were associated with better treatment response, while baseline IGA scores of 4 points predicted poorer outcomes ( OR = 0.114, 95% CI: 0.017 - 0.742). During treatment, conjunctivitis and local infection occurred in 2 cases without discontinuation, and no serious adverse events occurred in any of the cases. Conclusions:Dupilumab demonstrated rapid and sustained efficacy in pediatric PN with a favorable safety profile. Head/face involvement, shorter disease duration, and lower baseline severity were associated with better treatment response.