OBJECTIVE To conduct a clinical comprehensive evaluation of five marketed thrombopoietin receptor agonists （TPO-RA） approved in China， providing quantitative evidence for drug selection and therapeutic decision-making in medical institutions. METHODS Relevant data on Romiplostim for injection， Eltrombopag olamine tablets， Herombopag olamine tablets， Avatrombopag maleate tablets， and Lusutrombopag tablets were collected. Based on the Chinese Rapid Guide for Drug Evaluation and Selection in Medical Institutions （Second Edition）， 12 formulations of these five TPO-RA were scored quantitatively and comparatively across five dimensions： pharmacological characteristics， efficacy， safety， cost-effectiveness， and other attributes. RESULTS The comprehensive scores of the 12 formulations ranged from 62.56 to 75.50 points， with most scoring ≥70 points. Using the highest-scoring formulation for each generic name as a representative， the overall rankings of the five TPO-RA were as follows： Lusutrombopag tablets （75.50 points）， Eltrombopag olamine tablets （75.10 points）， Avatrombopag maleate tablets （70.40 points）， Romiplostim for injection （63.93 points）， and Herombopag olamine tablets （63.52 points）. Lusutrombopag tablets scored relatively high in pharmacological characteristics， safety， and cost-effectiveness， while Eltrombopag olamine tablets performed well in efficacy and cost-effectiveness. The other formulations showed varying scores across evaluation dimensions. CONCLUSIONS The five TPO-RA demonstrate favorable overall clinical value， with Lusutrombopag tablets and Eltrombopag olamine tablets ranking higher in comprehensive scores， these two drugs should be prioritized in drug selection and formula optimization by medical institutions.

Hepatic fibrosis is the common key pathological link of various chronic liver diseases and can progress to malignant diseases such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma； however， there is still a lack of effective targeted therapeutic drugs at present. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has a marked clinical effect in the prevention and treatment of hepatic fibrosis， yet its precise clinical application and global promotion are greatly limited by the complex components of compound prescriptions and unclear mechanism of action. In recent years， multimodal high-throughput omics technology has achieved rapid development， providing strong technical support for elaborating on the scientific connotation of TCM in the treatment of complex diseases due to its advantages of systematic profiling， big-data analytics， and precise target prediction. In particular， integrated transcriptomic， proteomic， and metabolomic strategies comprehensively elucidate key signaling networks， cellular phenotypic transitions， and extracellular matrix metabolic homeostasis modulated by TCM compounds and monomers and assist in the screening and assessment of effective component groups and novel biomarkers. This article systematically reviews the advances in basic research on TCM prevention and treatment of hepatic fibrosis based on multi-omics technologies in the past five years， summarizes the “drug-target-pathway-phenotype” regulatory network， and elaborates on the core mechanisms of TCM in regulating hepatic stellate cell activation and reversing hepatic fibrosis. Future studies should further delve into the interdisciplinary integration and dynamic analytical methodologies of multi-omics technologies， precisely identify the core regulatory target networks modulated by TCM， and systematically unravel the scientific connotation of compatibility rule in compound prescriptions， in order to provide a theoretical basis for developing efficient targeted drugs for hepatic fibrosis and individualized diagnosis and treatment strategies.

Purpose To investigate correlation of ADP ribosylation-like factor 6 interacting protein 4(ARL6IP4)expression with the pathological characteristics and clinical prognosis in primary colon cancer.Methods The ARL6IP4 mRNA expression in tumor and adjacent normal tissues of 133 colon cancer patients was analyzed by RT-qPCR,and its relationship with tumor location,pathological TNM stage,and 3-year survival prognosis was assessed.Additionally,ARL6IP4 protein expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in 30 cases,of which 16 cases were analyzed by immunofluorescence.Results The colon cancer presented significantly higher mRNA and protein levels of ARL6IP4 than adjacent normal tissues(t=4.221,P=5.200 × 10-5;t=7.421,P=3.537 × 10-8).The relative ex-pression level of ARL6IP4 mRNA in colon cancer was positively correlated with pathological TNM stage,N stage and M stage(P＜0.05),and negatively correlated with 3-year cumulative survival probability(P＜0.01).Additionally,sig-moid colon cancer presented significantly higher ARL6IP4 expression than other colon cancers,and at the cellular lev-el,ARL6IP4 was predominantly expressed in the cell nucleus.Conclusion The ARL6IP4 expression in colon cancer is higher than that in adjacent normal tissues,which is closely related to tumor metastasis and clinical prognosis.

This study aimed to comprehensively examine the association of gallstones, cholecystectomy, and cancer risk. Multivariable logistic regressions were performed to estimate the observational associations of gallstones and cholecystectomy with cancer risk, using data from a nationwide cohort involving 239 799 participants. General and gender-specific two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was further conducted to assess the causalities of the observed associations. Observationally, a history of gallstones without cholecystectomy was associated with a high risk of stomach cancer (adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=2.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.50-4.28), liver and bile duct cancer (aOR=2.46, 95% CI 1.17-5.16), kidney cancer (aOR=2.04, 95% CI 1.05-3.94), and bladder cancer (aOR=2.23, 95% CI 1.01-5.13) in the general population, as well as cervical cancer (aOR=1.69, 95% CI 1.12-2.56) in women. Moreover, cholecystectomy was associated with high odds of stomach cancer (aOR=2.41, 95% CI 1.29-4.49), colorectal cancer (aOR=1.83, 95% CI 1.18-2.85), and cancer of liver and bile duct (aOR=2.58, 95% CI 1.11-6.02). MR analysis only supported the causal effect of gallstones on stomach, liver and bile duct, kidney, and bladder cancer. This study added evidence to the causal effect of gallstones on stomach, liver and bile duct, kidney, and bladder cancer, highlighting the importance of cancer screening in individuals with gallstones.
Humans ; Mendelian Randomization Analysis ; Gallstones/complications* ; Female ; Male ; Cholecystectomy/statistics & numerical data* ; Middle Aged ; Risk Factors ; Aged ; Adult ; Neoplasms/etiology* ; Stomach Neoplasms/epidemiology*

AIM:To establish a physiological-based pharmacokinetic(PBPK)model of ertapen-em in elderly patients with chronic kidney disease,and to analyze the pharmacokinetic/pharmacody-namic index f％ T＞MIC at different doses.METH-ODS:The physicochemical properties and pharma-cokinetic characteristics of ertapenem were collect-ed by reviewing the literature and databases,and a healthy adult model was established in PKSim? software,and then extrapolated to the PBPK model of the elderly.The clinical pharmacokinetic re-search data were used to optimize and validate the model,and the mean folding error(MFE)was used as the index to evaluate the prediction perfor-mance of the model.The final model was used to simulate the in vivo exposure of elderly patients with chronic kidney disease after administration,and the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic index of commonly used clinical dosing regimens was an-alyzed,and the recommended dosing regimens were given.RESULTS:The MFE of the area under the curve(AUC0-t),peak concentration(Cmax)and peak time(Tmmax)predicted by the established PBPK model of ertapenem in adults were 0.92,0.79 and 1.02,respectively,and the predicted value of the optimized PBPK model of ertapenem in the elderly was also consistent with the observed value of 0.5＜MFE＜2 standards,all of which have good predictive performance.With f％ T＞MIC greater than 40％as the drug efficacy target,the minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)is 0.5-1 μg/mL for sensitive bacteria,and elderly patients with chronic kidney disease can consider reducing the drug dose as ap-propriate.CONCLUSION:The PBPK model of ertap-enem in elderly patients with renal insufficiency has been successfully established,and the model has good prediction performance and provides a reference for clinical personalized medication in el-derly patients with renal insufficiency.

Purpose To investigate correlation of ADP ribosylation-like factor 6 interacting protein 4(ARL6IP4)expression with the pathological characteristics and clinical prognosis in primary colon cancer.Methods The ARL6IP4 mRNA expression in tumor and adjacent normal tissues of 133 colon cancer patients was analyzed by RT-qPCR,and its relationship with tumor location,pathological TNM stage,and 3-year survival prognosis was assessed.Additionally,ARL6IP4 protein expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in 30 cases,of which 16 cases were analyzed by immunofluorescence.Results The colon cancer presented significantly higher mRNA and protein levels of ARL6IP4 than adjacent normal tissues(t=4.221,P=5.200 × 10-5;t=7.421,P=3.537 × 10-8).The relative ex-pression level of ARL6IP4 mRNA in colon cancer was positively correlated with pathological TNM stage,N stage and M stage(P＜0.05),and negatively correlated with 3-year cumulative survival probability(P＜0.01).Additionally,sig-moid colon cancer presented significantly higher ARL6IP4 expression than other colon cancers,and at the cellular lev-el,ARL6IP4 was predominantly expressed in the cell nucleus.Conclusion The ARL6IP4 expression in colon cancer is higher than that in adjacent normal tissues,which is closely related to tumor metastasis and clinical prognosis.

AIM:To establish a physiological-based pharmacokinetic(PBPK)model of ertapen-em in elderly patients with chronic kidney disease,and to analyze the pharmacokinetic/pharmacody-namic index f％ T＞MIC at different doses.METH-ODS:The physicochemical properties and pharma-cokinetic characteristics of ertapenem were collect-ed by reviewing the literature and databases,and a healthy adult model was established in PKSim? software,and then extrapolated to the PBPK model of the elderly.The clinical pharmacokinetic re-search data were used to optimize and validate the model,and the mean folding error(MFE)was used as the index to evaluate the prediction perfor-mance of the model.The final model was used to simulate the in vivo exposure of elderly patients with chronic kidney disease after administration,and the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic index of commonly used clinical dosing regimens was an-alyzed,and the recommended dosing regimens were given.RESULTS:The MFE of the area under the curve(AUC0-t),peak concentration(Cmax)and peak time(Tmmax)predicted by the established PBPK model of ertapenem in adults were 0.92,0.79 and 1.02,respectively,and the predicted value of the optimized PBPK model of ertapenem in the elderly was also consistent with the observed value of 0.5＜MFE＜2 standards,all of which have good predictive performance.With f％ T＞MIC greater than 40％as the drug efficacy target,the minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)is 0.5-1 μg/mL for sensitive bacteria,and elderly patients with chronic kidney disease can consider reducing the drug dose as ap-propriate.CONCLUSION:The PBPK model of ertap-enem in elderly patients with renal insufficiency has been successfully established,and the model has good prediction performance and provides a reference for clinical personalized medication in el-derly patients with renal insufficiency.

A combined radiation-wound injury refers to a radiation injury combined with a traumatic wound, with the characteristics of repeated ulceration and a long and difficult healing process, which is a focus in the field of research on difficult-to-heal wounds. To research combined radiation-wound injuries, the establishment of animal models is a key part, and appropriate animal models are a guarantee of reliable experimental results. This review summarizes the current research progress on various animal models of combined radiation-wound injuries in terms of radiation types, animal species, and injury types and location, aiming to provide a scientific basis for establishing standardized animal models, studying injury mechanisms, and evaluating prevention and treatment efficacy for combined radiation-wound injuries.

Objective:To evaluate the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of HEMO-FISS-QoL(HF-QoL) questionnaire (HF-QoL-C) in the Chinese population with hemorrhoids.Methods:From November 2021 to November 2022, a self-constructed general information questionnaire, HF-QoL-C, and the 36-item short form health survey (SF-36), Goligher classification, and Giordano severity of hemorrhoid symptom questionnaire (GSQ) were used to conduct a questionnaire survey on 760 hemorrhoid patients in the anorectal department of six hospitals. The data was analyzed for reliability and validity using SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 26.0 software.Results:The Cronbach's α coefficient of HF-QoL-C and its dimension ranged from 0.831 to 0.960, and the split coefficient was 0.832-0.915. Four common factors were extracted through principal component exploratory factor analysis. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated acceptable structural validity( χ2/ df=8.152, RSMEA=0.097, CFI=0.881, IFI=0.881, NFI=0.867). HF-QoL-C was correlated with SF36 and GSQ( r=-0.694, 0.501, both P<0.01). There were differences in the total score and dimensional scores of HF-QoL-C between surgical and drug treated patients, different grades of Goligher classification for hemorrhoidal disease, and different ranges of hemorrhoid prolapse (all P<0.001). No ceiling effect was found in the total score and the scores of each dimension(0.3%-2.0%). There was a floor effect in both psychological function and sexual activity dimensions (16.7%, 35.1%). Conclusion:HF-QoL-C has good reliability and validity, which can be used to measure the quality of life of Chinese hemorrhoid patients.

Background/Aims: Low educational attainment is a well-established risk factor for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in developed areas. However, the association between educational attainment and the risk of NAFLD is less clear in China. Methods: A cross-sectional study including over 200,000 Chinese adults across mainland China was conducted. Information on education level and lifestyle factors were obtained through standard questionnaires, while NAFLD and advanced fibrosis were diagnosed using validated formulas. Outcomes included the risk of NAFLD in the general population and high probability of fibrosis among patients with NAFLD. Logistic regression analysis was employed to estimate the risk of NAFLD and fibrosis across education levels. A causal mediation model was used to explore the potential mediators. Results: Comparing with those receiving primary school education, the multi-adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for NAFLD were 1.28 (1.16 to 1.41) for men and 0.94 (0.89 to 0.99) for women with college education after accounting for body mass index. When considering waist circumference, the odds ratios (95% CIs) were 0.94 (0.86 to 1.04) for men and 0.88 (0.80 to 0.97) for women, respectively. The proportions mediated by general and central obesity were 51.00% and 68.04% for men, while for women the proportions were 48.58% and 32.58%, respectively. Furthermore, NAFLD patients with lower educational attainment showed an incremental increased risk of advanced fibrosis in both genders. Conclusions In China, a low education level was associated with a higher risk of prevalent NAFLD in women, as well as high probability of fibrosis in both genders.