Objective To propose a lightweight end-to-end neural network model for automated Korotkoff sound phase recognition and subsequent blood pressure (BP) measurement, aiming to improve measurement accuracy and population adaptability. Methods We developed a streamlined architecture integrating depthwise separable convolution (DSConv), multi-head attention (MHA), and bidirectional gated recurrent unit (BiGRU). The model directly processes Korotkoff sound time-series signals to identify auscultatory phases. Systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were determined using phase Ⅰ and phaseⅤdetections, respectively. Given the clinical relevance of phase Ⅳ for specific populations (e.g., children and pregnant women, denoted as DBPⅣ), BP values from this phase were also recorded.Results The study enrolled 106 volunteers with 70 males and 36 females at mean age of (40.0±12.0) years. The model achieved 94.25% phase recognition accuracy. Measurement errors were (0.1±2.5) mm Hg (SBP), (0.9±3.4) mm Hg (DBPⅣ), and (0.8±2.6) mm Hg (DBP). Conclusion Our method enables precise phase recognition and BP measurement, demonstrating potential for developing population-adaptive blood pressure monitoring systems.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between 24 hour activity behaviors and fine motor development in preschool children, and to simulate the effects of reallocating time among different activity behaviors on fine motor development using isotemporal substitution analysis. Methods: From March to July 2022, a stratified cluster random sampling method was used to recruit 447 preschool children aged 3-6 years (254 boys and 193 girls) from Pingxiang City, Jiangxi Province. The 24 hour activity behaviors in preschool children were measured using ActiGraph wGT3-BT accelerometers and subjective sleep reports. Fine motor development was assessed using the Gesell Developmental Schedules. A component linear regression model was employed to analyze the impact of 24 hour activity behaviors on the development of fine motor activities, and the potential effects of adjusting activity behaviors were simulated through an isochoric substitution model. Results: The daily durations of sedentary behavior (SB) was ( 572.92 ±102.96) min (accounting for 39.79% of 24 h), the duration of light physical activity (LPA) was (131.21± 38.11 ) min ( 9.11% ), the duration of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was (65.61±22.21) min (4.56%), and sleep duration was (670.65±57.58) min (46.82%). Sleep composition was positively associated with fine motor development ( β =2.74), while MVPA ( β =-0.84) and SB ( β =-1.93) compositions were negatively associated with fine motor development (all P <0.01). Isochoric substitution analysis showed that sleep had positive effects on the development of fine motor skills when replacing other activity behaviors (all P < 0.05), with the substitution effect for MVPA being the most significant and gradually increasing with the duration of substitution (60 min: β =28.66); sleep replacement of SB and LPA also showed positive effects (60 min: β =4.25, 2.00) (all P < 0.05). On the contrary, the substitution of sleep with MVPA showed negative effects (60 min: β =-7.86), and the substitution of LPA and SB with MVPA also showed negative effects (60 min: β =-5.65, -3.40) (all P <0.05). Conclusions The overall composition of 24 hour activity behaviors is associated with fine motor development in preschool children, with sleep playing a crucial role. Ensuring adequate sleep and optimizing the structure of activity behaviors may effectively promote the development of fine motor skills in preschool children.

ObjectiveTo analyze the pharmacodynamic activity of Bupleuri Radix processed with Trionyx sinensis blood in the treatment of Yin deficiency and study the spectrum-effect relationship of this medicine. MethodsHigh performance liquid chromatography was employed to establish the fingerprints of 15 batches of Bupleuri Radix processed with Trionyx sinensis blood， and the similarity was evaluated according to the SOP of Similarity Evaluation System of Chromatographic Fingerprint of TCM （version 2012）. A mouse model of Yin deficiency induced by thyroxine was established. The relationship between the active components and the effect on Yin deficiency was explored by grey correlation analysis and partial least squares method based on the changes in the serum levels of triiodothyronine （T3）， thyroxine （T4）， cyclic adenosine phosphate （cAMP）， and cyclic guanosine phosphate （cGMP）. The components screened out based on the spectrum-effect relationship were used for retrieval of the targets from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology and Analysis Database （TCMSP）， The Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicine （ETCM）， and Integrative Pharmacology-based Research Platform of Traditional Chinese Medicine （TCMIP）. Furthermore， the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man （OMIM）， GeneCards， TTD， DisGeNET， and Drugbank were employed to establish the active component-target against Yin deficiency network of Bupleuri Radix processed with Trionyx sinensis blood. Gene Ontology （GO） and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG） pathway enrichment analyses were carried out for the core targets. Real-time PCR was conducted to verify the predicted key pathways and mechanisms. ResultsThe fingerprints of the 15 batches of Bupleuri Radix processed with Trionyx sinensis blood showed the similarities of 0.976-0.999 with the control fingerprint. Compared with the model group， the drug administration group showed elevated levels of T3 and T4 and lowered levels of cAMP， cGMP and cAMP/cGMP. The results of grey correlation analysis showed that active components in terms of the correlations followed the trend of saikosaponin B₁ > saikosaponin B₂ > saikosaponin C > saikosaponin D > saikosaponin A. The partial least squares analysis showed that saikosaponins A， D， B₁， and B₂ had higher VIP values. Network pharmacology predicted a total of 30 common targets， which were enriched in 276 GO terns and 115 KEGG pathways. The results of Real-time PCR showed that the model group had lower mRNA levels of Caspase-9， kinase insert domain receptor （KDR）， and mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR） and higher mRNA level of mouse double minute 2 homolog （MDM2） than the blank group and the drug administration group. ConclusionBupleuri Radix processed with Trionyx sinensis blood has therapeutic effect on Yin deficiency syndrome， which provides a new idea for studying Bupleuri Radix processed with Trionyx sinensis blood.

Objective To explore the application effect of ultrasound-assisted localization in spinal anesthesia for elderly patients with hip fractures.Methods A total of 114 elderly patients undergoing hip fracture surgery with spinal anesthesia in our hospital from September 2022 to June 2024 were enrolled.The random number table method was applied to allocate participants into two groups:surface anatomical landmark localization group and ultrasound-assisted localization group,with 57 patients in each group.Both groups of patients underwent spinal anesthesia via the paramedian approach for puncture.The first-attempt puncture success rate,success rate of the initial puncture site,number of skin punctures,number of adjusted epidural needle direction,positioning time of the puncture point,puncture time(puncture success time,anesthesia time,and total time),adverse events during the puncture process(nerve hypersensitivity and accidental puncture of the dura mater),spinal anesthesia related complications(back pain,headache,and nerve injury),patient satisfaction and hospital stay were observed and compared between the two groups.The quality of early postoperative recovery was evaluated by using the 15-Item Quality of Recovery(QOR-15)scale at 24 h after surgery.Results The first-attempt puncture success rate in the ultrasound-assisted localization group was 71.9％(41/57),which was significantly higher than that in the surface anatomical landmark localization group[28.1％(16/57),x2=21.930,P=0.000].The success rate of the initial puncture site in the ultrasound-assisted localization group was 87.7％(50/57),which was significantly higher than that in the surface anatomical landmark localization group[54.4％(31/57),x2=15.396,P=0.000].The number of skin punctures and adjusted epidural needle direction in the ultrasound-assisted localization group were 1(1,1)and 0(0,1)times,while in the surface anatomical landmark localization group were 2(1,3)and 3(0,5)times,with statistically significant differences(all P=0.000).The puncture positioning time in the ultrasound-assisted localization group was 2.2(1.7,3.2)min,which was significantly longer than that in the surface anatomical landmark localization group[0.8(0.5,1.2)min,Z=-8.418,P=0.000].The puncture success time,anesthesia time,and total time of the ultrasound-assisted localization group were 1.9(1.7,2.3),4.9(4.3,5.3),and 7.1(6.3,8.7)min,while of the surface anatomical landmark localization group were 5.1(2.3,8.0),7.9(5.7,11.0),and 8.6(6.6,12.0)min,with statistically significant differences(all P＜0.05).There were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of nerve hypersensitivity during operation(3.5％vs.7.0％,x2=0.176,P=0.675),accidental puncture of the dura mater by epidural needles(0％vs.3.5％,P=0.496),postoperative headache(0％vs.3.5％,P=0.496),and back pain(1.8％vs.10.5％,x2=2.435,P=0.119)between the two groups.Both groups of patients showed no symptoms of nerve injury after surgery.There were no statistically significant differences in QOR-15 scores at 24 h postoperatively[119(115,124)points vs.116(112,121)points,Z=-1.858,P=0.063]and length of hospital stay[10.0(9.0,12.5)dvs.10.0(8.0,13.0)d,Z=-0.043,P=0.966]between the two groups.The satisfaction of patients in the ultrasound-assisted localization group was significantly higher than that in the surface anatomical landmark localization group(P=0.004).Conclusion Application of ultrasound-guided localization in spinal anesthesia for elderly patients with hip fractures significantly improves the first-attempt puncture and initial puncture site success rates,reduces skin puncture attempts and adjustments of the epidural needle direction,shortens time of anesthetic procedure,and enhances patient satisfaction,making it highly recommendable for clinical use.

Objective To explore the application effect of ultrasound-assisted localization in spinal anesthesia for elderly patients with hip fractures.Methods A total of 114 elderly patients undergoing hip fracture surgery with spinal anesthesia in our hospital from September 2022 to June 2024 were enrolled.The random number table method was applied to allocate participants into two groups:surface anatomical landmark localization group and ultrasound-assisted localization group,with 57 patients in each group.Both groups of patients underwent spinal anesthesia via the paramedian approach for puncture.The first-attempt puncture success rate,success rate of the initial puncture site,number of skin punctures,number of adjusted epidural needle direction,positioning time of the puncture point,puncture time(puncture success time,anesthesia time,and total time),adverse events during the puncture process(nerve hypersensitivity and accidental puncture of the dura mater),spinal anesthesia related complications(back pain,headache,and nerve injury),patient satisfaction and hospital stay were observed and compared between the two groups.The quality of early postoperative recovery was evaluated by using the 15-Item Quality of Recovery(QOR-15)scale at 24 h after surgery.Results The first-attempt puncture success rate in the ultrasound-assisted localization group was 71.9％(41/57),which was significantly higher than that in the surface anatomical landmark localization group[28.1％(16/57),x2=21.930,P=0.000].The success rate of the initial puncture site in the ultrasound-assisted localization group was 87.7％(50/57),which was significantly higher than that in the surface anatomical landmark localization group[54.4％(31/57),x2=15.396,P=0.000].The number of skin punctures and adjusted epidural needle direction in the ultrasound-assisted localization group were 1(1,1)and 0(0,1)times,while in the surface anatomical landmark localization group were 2(1,3)and 3(0,5)times,with statistically significant differences(all P=0.000).The puncture positioning time in the ultrasound-assisted localization group was 2.2(1.7,3.2)min,which was significantly longer than that in the surface anatomical landmark localization group[0.8(0.5,1.2)min,Z=-8.418,P=0.000].The puncture success time,anesthesia time,and total time of the ultrasound-assisted localization group were 1.9(1.7,2.3),4.9(4.3,5.3),and 7.1(6.3,8.7)min,while of the surface anatomical landmark localization group were 5.1(2.3,8.0),7.9(5.7,11.0),and 8.6(6.6,12.0)min,with statistically significant differences(all P＜0.05).There were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of nerve hypersensitivity during operation(3.5％vs.7.0％,x2=0.176,P=0.675),accidental puncture of the dura mater by epidural needles(0％vs.3.5％,P=0.496),postoperative headache(0％vs.3.5％,P=0.496),and back pain(1.8％vs.10.5％,x2=2.435,P=0.119)between the two groups.Both groups of patients showed no symptoms of nerve injury after surgery.There were no statistically significant differences in QOR-15 scores at 24 h postoperatively[119(115,124)points vs.116(112,121)points,Z=-1.858,P=0.063]and length of hospital stay[10.0(9.0,12.5)dvs.10.0(8.0,13.0)d,Z=-0.043,P=0.966]between the two groups.The satisfaction of patients in the ultrasound-assisted localization group was significantly higher than that in the surface anatomical landmark localization group(P=0.004).Conclusion Application of ultrasound-guided localization in spinal anesthesia for elderly patients with hip fractures significantly improves the first-attempt puncture and initial puncture site success rates,reduces skin puncture attempts and adjustments of the epidural needle direction,shortens time of anesthetic procedure,and enhances patient satisfaction,making it highly recommendable for clinical use.

OBJECTIVE To explore the potential mechanisms of forkhead box protein A1(FOXA1)in benzo[a]pyrene(BaP)-induced carcinogenesis by investigating the effect of FOXA1 by knockout on microRNA(miRNA)expression profiles in BaP malignant transformed cells THBEc1 and establishing regulatory networks between FOXA1,miRNA and their target genes.METHODS FOXA1 knockout THBEc1 cells THBEc1-ΔFOXA1-c34 and control cells THBEc1-ctrl were used as study models.Western blotting was employed to determine FOXA1 protein expression levels.Next-generation sequencing(NGS)tech-nology was used to identify differentially expressed miRNAs between THBEc1-ΔFOXA1-c34 and THBEc1-ctrl cells,with subsequent validation by RT-qPCR.Five databases(ENCORI,miRDB,mirDIP,miRWalk and TargetScan 8.0)were used in conjunction with NGS results of mRNA between THBEc1-ΔFOXA1-c34 and THBEc1-ctrl to predict different expressed genes(DEGs)regulated by the identified differentially expressed miRNAs.GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were conducted on the DEGs using the DAVID database.Interaction network analysis of the proteins encoded by the DEGs was performed using STRING 12.0 and Cytoscape 3.10.2 software.RESULTS No FOXA1 expression was detected in THBEc1-ΔFOXA1-c34 cells.A differential analysis of miRNA expressions revealed 33 miRNAs with a fold change of＞2 or＜0.5 and a false discovery rate of＜0.05 between THBEc1-ΔFOXA1-c34 and THBEc1-ctrl cells,13 of which were down-regulated and 20 were up-regulated in THBEc1-ΔFOXA1-c34 cells.A regulatory network was formed by 11 down-regulated miRNAs and 32 up-regulated mRNAs,while a second network included 16 up-regulated miRNAs and 56 down-regulated mRNAs.The 27 differentially expressed miRNAs participated in various biological processes through the regulation of 88 DEGs,primarily associated with cell growth,proliferation,migration,apoptosis,angiogenesis,epithe-lial-mesenchymal transition,and signal transduction(TGF-β,Hippo,NF-kappa B and MAPK pathways).CONCLUSION The miRNA expression profile in BaP-malignant transformed THBEc1 cells is altered following FOXA1 knockout that may disrupt TGF-β and MAPK signaling pathways by changing miRNA expression levels,thereby inhibiting cell proliferation and migration.

Erectile Dysfunction(ED)is a relatively common clinical condition characterized by male sexual dysfunction.Macrophages,as key components of the immune and inflammatory response systems,play crucial roles in immune surveillance,tissue repair,and the maintenance of tissue homeostasis in processes related to erectile function.Immune inflammation is recognized as one of the pathological factors contributing to ED,and inflammatory markers—including macrophages—are widely believed to be closely associated with the onset of the disorder.This review summarizes the multifaceted roles of macrophages in vascular injury,neural repair,hormonal balance,and immune microenvironment remodeling in the context of erection.It aims to provide a theoretical foundation for further investigation into the involvement of macrophages in ED and discusses the potential of macrophage-targeted therapies for treating ED.

Erectile Dysfunction(ED)is a relatively common clinical condition characterized by male sexual dysfunction.Macrophages,as key components of the immune and inflammatory response systems,play crucial roles in immune surveillance,tissue repair,and the maintenance of tissue homeostasis in processes related to erectile function.Immune inflammation is recognized as one of the pathological factors contributing to ED,and inflammatory markers—including macrophages—are widely believed to be closely associated with the onset of the disorder.This review summarizes the multifaceted roles of macrophages in vascular injury,neural repair,hormonal balance,and immune microenvironment remodeling in the context of erection.It aims to provide a theoretical foundation for further investigation into the involvement of macrophages in ED and discusses the potential of macrophage-targeted therapies for treating ED.

OBJECTIVE To establish an in vitro simulated one compartment extravascular adminis-tration model with lanthanum nitrate as the test substance,and explore the differences between this model and the classic in vitro administration model in lanthanum nitrate induced HepG2 cell death.METHODS An in vitro administration device was designed based on compartment model theories which consisted of four functional chambers:the liquid storage chamber,mixing chamber,toxicant exposure chamber,and waste liquid receiving chamber.The four chambers were connected by peristaltic pump hoses.The peristaltic pumps were employed to ensure unidirectional and constant speed trans-mission of liquid between these chambers.According to the preset toxicokinetic parameters such as T1/2a and T1/2,an in vitro simulated one compartment extravascular administration model of lanthanum nitrate was constructed using the device.The content of lanthanum nitrate in the toxicant exposure chamber at different time points was measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.The concentration-time curves of lanthanum nitrate were analyzed using PKsolver and GraphPad Prism 8.0 software.The constructed in vitro simulated one compartment extravascular administration model was evaluated by comparing the measured and theoretical values of toxicokinetic parameters.HepG2 cells were treated with lanthanum nitrate in the in vitro simulated one compartment extravascular administration model and classic in vitro administration model,respectively,and cell death was measured using the Hoechst 33342/propidium iodide staining method.RESULTS Within the Cmax range of 3.91-1 000.00 μmol·L-1,the measured concentration-time curves of lanthanum nitrate in the toxicant expo-sure chamber almost conformed with the corresponding calculated theoretical curves(the correlation coefficients were all>0.998 0).The measured values of toxicokinetic parameters,including Ke,T1/2,Ka,T1/2a,Tmax,Cmax,CL and AUC0-∞,were close to the corresponding theoretical values.The fitting coeffi-cients(R2)of the concentration-time curves for each experimental group were all>0.990 0,which was consistent with one compartment model for extravascular administration.In the simulated one compart-ment extravascular administration model,no significant death of HepG2 cells was observed in any lanthanum nitrate dose group.In the classic in vitro administration model,the cell death rate of the 0.500 mmol·L-1 lanthanum nitrate group was higher than that of the solvent control group,but no significant cell death was observed in the 0.119 mmol·L-1 group or 0.243 mmol·L-1 group.When Cmax or Cadministration was 0.500 mmol·L-1,classic in vitro administration induced a higher cell death rate than simulated one compart-ment extravascular administration.However,there was no statistically significant difference in lanthanum nitrate induced HepG2 cell death between the two administration models when the AUC was equal.CONCLUSION The device designed in this study can be used to in vitro simulate one compartment extravascular administration,making in vitro toxicity testing more similar to in vivo scenarios,and providing data for optimizing administration methods of in vitro toxicity testing.There are differences in lanthanum nitrate induced HepG2 cell death between simulated one compartment extravascular administration and classic in vitro administration,indicating that different in vitro exposure modes can affect toxicity.