Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD)is a chronic liver condition intricately linked to metabolic abnormalities such as obesity,type 2 diabetes,dyslipidemia,and hypertension.The global prevalence of MASLD continues to rise,posing a significant public health challenge.The pathogenesis of MASLD is multifactorial,with the"multiple-hit"hypothesis suggesting that hepatic lipid accumulation,insulin resistance,oxidative stress,gut microbiota dysbiosis,and genetic factors collectively drive disease progression.Currently,clinical management primarily relies on lifestyle interventions;however,there is a lack of targeted pharmacological interventions,and there is an urgent need to investigate novel adjunctive therapeutic strategies.In recent years,probiotics have demonstrated potential value in MASLD treatment due to their capacity to modulate gut microbiota,enhance insulin sensitivity,and reduce liver inflammation.This review systematically examines the pathogenesis of MASLD and the limitations of existing therapeutic approaches,synthesizing the latest evidence of probiotics-assisted therapy for MASLD from the perspectives of animal studies and clinical trials.By analyzing the target mechanisms and molecular pathways of different strains(e.g.,Bifidobacterium,Lactobacillus),this review explores the translational potential of probiotics in MASLD treatment,aiming to provide a theoretical foundation and future research directions.

Objective : To investigate the prevalence and distribution of skeletal malocclusion and axial inclination of the maxillary central incisors in short root anomaly (SRA) patients in Kunming city, to provide some reference and guidance for SRA patients′ clinical diagnosis and treatment and prevention in SRA patients. Methods: A total of 1 000 cases were randomly selected from the CBCT database of patients admitted to the author′s hospital from January 2011 to July 2019, and a retrospective analysis was performed. A total of 27 patients with SRA were diagnosed (SRA group).The control group, consisted of 100 randomly selected patients from non-SRA patients. According to the clinical data and cephalometric data, skeletal malocclusion was divided into three subgroups: Class I skeletal malocclusion, Class II skeletal malocclusion and Class Ⅲ skeletal malocclusion. Additionally, the axial inclination of the central incisors was divided into three subgroups: the lingual inclination group, labial inclination group and normal inclination group. The two groups each according to sex, skeletal malocclusion and types of axial inclination of the maxillary central incisors were discussed. Results : The prevalence rate of SRA in the selected population was 2.7%, and the prevalence of SRA in females was 3.67% (21/572) , which was higher than that in males by 1.4% (6/428), and was significantly different between sexes (χ2=4.562, P=0.033). There was a significant difference between SRA patients and control group in terms of skeletal malocclusion (χ2=8.710, P=0.013). Class Ⅲ skeletal malocclusion was the main type of skeletal malocclusion in SRA. There was a significant difference between SRA patients and control group in terms of the axial inclination of the maxillary central incisors (χ2=16.75,P<0.001). Lingual inclination of the maxillary central incisors was the main type of axial inclination of the maxillary central incisors in SRA. Conclusion There is a certain correlation between class Ⅲ skeletal malocclusion and lingual inclination of the maxillary central incisors and SRA, and the root-crown ratio and root shape of these patients should be evaluated before orthodontics are implemented.