ObjectiveTo investigate the regulatory effect of circular RNA circ_0120051 on the fibrotic phenotype of cardiac fibroblasts and the potential mechanism involved. MethodsThe expression of circ_0120051 and its host gene of solute carrier family 8 member A1（SLC8A1） mRNA in the myocardium of healthy organ donors （n=24） and heart failure （HF） patients （n=21） were assessed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction （RT-qPCR） assay. RNA stability of circ_0120051 was identified by RNase R exonuclease digestion assay. The cytoplasmic and nuclear distribution of circ_0120051 in human cardiomyocyte AC16 was detected by RT-qPCR assay. The expression of fibrosis-related genes in mouse cardiac fibroblasts （mCFs） with adenovirus-mediated overexpression of circ_0120051 was detected by RT-qPCR and Western blot assay， respectively. The effect of overexpression of circ_0120051 on the migration activity of mCFs was evaluated by wound-healing assay. RNA co-immunoprecipitation （RIP） was conducted to detect the interaction between circ_0120051 and miR-144-3p. The binding site of miR-144-3p in the 3'-UTR of isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 （Idh2） mRNA was identified by the dual luciferase reporter gene assay. ResultsCirc_0120051 was significantly up-regulated in the myocardium of HF patients， while the mRNA expression of its host gene SLC8A1 was not changed. Circ_0120051 was mainly located in the cytoplasm of human AC16 cells. Results of RNase R exonuclease digestion revealed that circ_0120051 possesses the characteristic stability of circular RNA compared to the linear SLC8A1 mRNA. Overexpression of circ_0120051 could inhibit the expression of fibrosis-related gene in mCFs and mCFs migration. RIP assay confirmed the specific interaction between circ_0120051 and miR-144-3p. Transfection of miR-144-3p mimic could efficiently promote the expression of fibrosis-related genes in mCFs and reverse the inhibitory effect of circ_0120051 on the fibrotic phenotype of mCFs. Results of the dual luciferase reporter gene assay confirmed the interaction between miR-144-3p and the 3'-UTR of Idh2. Transfection of miR-144-3p transcriptionally inhibited Idh2 expression， and overexpression of circ_0120051 enhanced IDH2 expression in mCFs. MiR-144-3p mimic and Idh2 small interfering RNA （siRNA） could consistently reverse the inhibitory effects of circ_0120051 on fibrosis-related genes expression in mCFs and mCFs migration. ConclusionsCirc_0120051 inhibits the fibrotic phenotype of cardiac fibroblasts via sponging miR-144-3p to enhance the target gene of IDH2 expression.

Objective To investigate the effects of nicorandil combined with rosuvastatin calcium on monocyte-to-high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (MHR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), and cardiac function in patients with coronary slow flow (CSF). Methods A group case-control study was used to select 240 patients with CSF confirmed by coronary angiography, and they were randomly divided into observation group and control group, with 120 patients in each group. On the basis of conventional drug treatment, the control group was treated with rosuvastatin calcium, while the observation group was treated with nicorandil combined with rosuvastatin calcium for 6 months. Clinical efficacy, inflammatory markers[high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), MHR, SII], corrected TIMI frame count (CTFC) of major coronary branches [left anterior descending branch (LAD), left circumflex branch (LCX), right coronary artery (RCA)], cardiac function indicators[left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), global longitudinal strain (GLS)], and the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) were compared between the two groups. Results The total effective rate in the observation groupwas significantly higher than that in the control group (95.00% versus 80.00%, P < 0.05). After treatment, the duration, severity, andfrequency of angina pectoris attacks were reduced or shortened in both groups, with more changes observed in the observation group (P < 0.05). Serum levels of hs-CRP, MHR, and SII were lower in both groups after 6 months of treatment, and the observation group with significantly was lower compared to the control group (P < 0.05). CTFC values of LAD, LCX, and RCA were also lower in both groups after 6 months, with the observation group showing significantly lower values (P < 0.05). The absolute values of LVEF and GLS increased in both groups after 6 months of treatment, and the observation group was higher than the control group (P < 0.05). However, no significant difference was observed in LVEDD and occurrence of MACE between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion The application of nicorandil combined with rosuvastatin calcium in the treatment of CSF patients can significantly improve the overall treatment efficacy, reduce hs-CRP, MHR, and SII levels, enhance cardiac function indicators such as LVEF, LVEDD, and GLS, and effectively alleviate the severity of angina pectoris attacks.

Objective:To explore the impact of female body mass index (BMI) on clinical outcomes in patients treated with intrauterine insemination (IUI).Methods:This study was a retrospective cohort study. A total of 21 137 patients who visited the Reproductive Medical Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2010 to December 2021 were recruited. The patients underwent the first IUI cycles, including artificial insemination by husband (AIH) and artificial insemination by donor (AID). According to clinical pregnancy or not, it is divided into pregnancy group and non-pregnancy group. The basic parameters between clinical pregnancy group and non-clinical pregnancy group were compared. According to the BMI, patients were divided into 4 groups, group A: BMI≤18.5 kg/m 2, group B: 18.6-23.9 kg/m 2, group C: 24.0-27.9 kg/m 2and group D: BMI≥28.0 kg/m 2. Patients' basic parameters and clinical outcomes were compared among the four groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to explore the impact of BMI on pregnancy outcomes. Results:In all IUI cycles, BMI was significantly different between pregnant patients and non-pregnant patients [(24.58±3.52) kg/m 2vs. (23.35±4.20) kg/m 2, P<0.001]. In AIH cycles, clinical pregnancy rate [18.21% (877/4 815), 17.12% (222/1 297)] and early spontaneous miscarriage rate [17.10% (150/877), 21.62% (48/222)] were significantly higher in patients of group C and group D than in group A [11.24% (130/1 157), 10.77% (14/130)] and group B [13.40% (1 229/9 174), 15.30% (188/1 229)]. The differences among the 4 groups were statistically significant ( P=0.012, P=0.003). However, BMI was not associated with clinical pregnancy rate in multivariate logistic analysis, but obesity was a predictor for early spontaneous miscarriage ( OR=1.63, 95% CI: 1.25-1.95, P=0.003). In AID cycles, pregnancy outcomes were comparable among the four BMI groups. Obesity significantly increased early spontaneous miscarriage rate ( OR=1.58, 95% CI: 1.14-1.87, P=0.016). Conclusion:Female BMI is not associated with clinical outcomes in IUI cycles. Obesity is a predictor for early spontaneous miscarriage in both AIH and AID cycles.

Objective:To investigate the detection of myocardial bridge in civil aviation pilots and whether there is abnormal ventricular repolarization in the pilots with myocardial bridge, and to explore the effect of myocardial bridge on ventricular repolarization.Methods:Retrospective study was used to analyze the data of submaximal treadmill exercise test in 2019 for the civil aviation pilots aged ≥40. Pilots with cardiovascular diseases affecting ventricular repolarization were excluded. The resting electrocardiogram before exercise and 1 min QT interval after exercise were measured, and the QT dispersion (QT d) was calculated. The pilots were divided into myocardial bridge group and control group according to whether myocardial bridge was detected. The positive rate of treadmill exercise test and the incidence of ventricular extrasystole were compared between the pilots in myocardial bridge group and control group. The QT/RR slope was statistically analyzed in the pilots received 24 h electrocardiogram monitoring. Results:A total of 243 pilots were enrolled, including 242 males and 1 female. Among the 243 cases, 27 cases of myocardial bridge pilots were detected, and the myocardial bridge was mainly found in the anterior descending branch of left coronary artery (25/27, 92.6%). The 24 h dynamic electrocardiogram was examined in 17 cases, 6 cases were in the myocardial bridge group and 11 cases were in the control group. The total flying hours of the myocardial bridge group was longer than that of the control group ( Z=2.29, P=0.022); the positive rate or suspected positive rate of submaximal treadmill exercise test and the incidence of ventricular extrasystole in the myocardial bridge group were higher than those in the control group, and the differences were significant ( χ2=52.74, 5.78, P<0.001, =0.016); the 1 min QT d in the convalescent phase of the treadmill exercise test in the myocardial bridge group was longer than that in the control group, and the difference was significant ( Z=-2.20, P=0.028). The average frequency of 24 h ventricular extrasystole, QT e/RR slope and QT a/RR slope in the myocardial bridge group were higher than those in the control group, and the differences were significant ( t=2.37, 4.26, 2.51, P=0.034, <0.001, =0.024). Conclusions:Pilots with myocardial bridge may have prolonged ventricular repolarization and are prone to ventricular arrhythmias. In order to ensure flight safety, attention should be paid to the physical examination and flight adaptability evaluation of the pilots with myocardial bridge, especially to strengthen daily health management of the pilots with ventricular repolarization abnormalities.

Objective:To explore the impact of female body mass index (BMI) on clinical outcomes in patients treated with intrauterine insemination (IUI).Methods:This study was a retrospective cohort study. A total of 21 137 patients who visited the Reproductive Medical Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2010 to December 2021 were recruited. The patients underwent the first IUI cycles, including artificial insemination by husband (AIH) and artificial insemination by donor (AID). According to clinical pregnancy or not, it is divided into pregnancy group and non-pregnancy group. The basic parameters between clinical pregnancy group and non-clinical pregnancy group were compared. According to the BMI, patients were divided into 4 groups, group A: BMI≤18.5 kg/m 2, group B: 18.6-23.9 kg/m 2, group C: 24.0-27.9 kg/m 2and group D: BMI≥28.0 kg/m 2. Patients' basic parameters and clinical outcomes were compared among the four groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to explore the impact of BMI on pregnancy outcomes. Results:In all IUI cycles, BMI was significantly different between pregnant patients and non-pregnant patients [(24.58±3.52) kg/m 2vs. (23.35±4.20) kg/m 2, P<0.001]. In AIH cycles, clinical pregnancy rate [18.21% (877/4 815), 17.12% (222/1 297)] and early spontaneous miscarriage rate [17.10% (150/877), 21.62% (48/222)] were significantly higher in patients of group C and group D than in group A [11.24% (130/1 157), 10.77% (14/130)] and group B [13.40% (1 229/9 174), 15.30% (188/1 229)]. The differences among the 4 groups were statistically significant ( P=0.012, P=0.003). However, BMI was not associated with clinical pregnancy rate in multivariate logistic analysis, but obesity was a predictor for early spontaneous miscarriage ( OR=1.63, 95% CI: 1.25-1.95, P=0.003). In AID cycles, pregnancy outcomes were comparable among the four BMI groups. Obesity significantly increased early spontaneous miscarriage rate ( OR=1.58, 95% CI: 1.14-1.87, P=0.016). Conclusion:Female BMI is not associated with clinical outcomes in IUI cycles. Obesity is a predictor for early spontaneous miscarriage in both AIH and AID cycles.

Objective:To investigate the detection of myocardial bridge in civil aviation pilots and whether there is abnormal ventricular repolarization in the pilots with myocardial bridge, and to explore the effect of myocardial bridge on ventricular repolarization.Methods:Retrospective study was used to analyze the data of submaximal treadmill exercise test in 2019 for the civil aviation pilots aged ≥40. Pilots with cardiovascular diseases affecting ventricular repolarization were excluded. The resting electrocardiogram before exercise and 1 min QT interval after exercise were measured, and the QT dispersion (QT d) was calculated. The pilots were divided into myocardial bridge group and control group according to whether myocardial bridge was detected. The positive rate of treadmill exercise test and the incidence of ventricular extrasystole were compared between the pilots in myocardial bridge group and control group. The QT/RR slope was statistically analyzed in the pilots received 24 h electrocardiogram monitoring. Results:A total of 243 pilots were enrolled, including 242 males and 1 female. Among the 243 cases, 27 cases of myocardial bridge pilots were detected, and the myocardial bridge was mainly found in the anterior descending branch of left coronary artery (25/27, 92.6%). The 24 h dynamic electrocardiogram was examined in 17 cases, 6 cases were in the myocardial bridge group and 11 cases were in the control group. The total flying hours of the myocardial bridge group was longer than that of the control group ( Z=2.29, P=0.022); the positive rate or suspected positive rate of submaximal treadmill exercise test and the incidence of ventricular extrasystole in the myocardial bridge group were higher than those in the control group, and the differences were significant ( χ2=52.74, 5.78, P<0.001, =0.016); the 1 min QT d in the convalescent phase of the treadmill exercise test in the myocardial bridge group was longer than that in the control group, and the difference was significant ( Z=-2.20, P=0.028). The average frequency of 24 h ventricular extrasystole, QT e/RR slope and QT a/RR slope in the myocardial bridge group were higher than those in the control group, and the differences were significant ( t=2.37, 4.26, 2.51, P=0.034, <0.001, =0.024). Conclusions:Pilots with myocardial bridge may have prolonged ventricular repolarization and are prone to ventricular arrhythmias. In order to ensure flight safety, attention should be paid to the physical examination and flight adaptability evaluation of the pilots with myocardial bridge, especially to strengthen daily health management of the pilots with ventricular repolarization abnormalities.

Objective:To explore the relationship between fragmented QRS complex and heart rate variability (HRV) and ventricular arrhythmia in patients with old myocardial infarction.Methods:From August 2018 to October 2019, 200 patients with old myocardial infarction were first treated in the Department of cardiac function examination of the First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University. The patients were divided into 99 cases of old myocardial infarction with fragmented QRS wave group and 101 cases of old myocardial infarction without fragmented QRS wave group according to the case bank data and conventional 12 lead ECG diagnosis in our hospital for the first time. Then, the 24-h ambulatory ECG reexamined within 1 year after discharge was retrospectively analyzed. The incidence of ventricular arrhythmia was compared between the two groups by χ 2 test. The difference of heart rate variability between the two groups was compared by rank sum test. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyze the value of different indexes of heart rate variability in the evaluation of fragmented QRS complex in old myocardial infarction. Drawing the receiver operating characteristic (ROC), and the area under the curve (AUC) was used to analyze the diagnostic accuracy of different indexes of heart rate variability in the broken QRS complex of old myocardial infarction. Results:According to the Lown classification of ventricular premature contraction, the number of positive ventricular arrhythmias in patients with Grade Ⅰ of ventricular premature contraction and Grade Ⅲ-Ⅴ of ventricular premature contraction in the old myocardial infarction fragmented QRS group was higher than that in the old myocardial infarction non fragmented QRS group (Grade Ⅰ of ventricular premature contraction: 54.5% (54/99)and 39.6%(40/101); χ 2=4.484, P<0.05;Grade Ⅲ-Ⅴ of ventricular premature contraction: 34.3% (34/99) and 9.9%(10/101); χ 2=17.406, P<0.05)). Ventricular premature contraction Grade 0 old myocardial infarction fragmented QRS group was lower than old myocardial infarction non fragmented QRS group (8.1% (8/99) and 48.5% (49/101); χ 2=37.995, P<0.05). The total number of positive cases of ventricular arrhythmia in the old myocardial infarction group with fragmented QRS wave was higher than that in the old myocardial infarction group without fragmented QRS wave (91.9% (91/99) and 51.5%(52/101); χ 2=57.146, P<0.05)). There was no significant difference in the number of positive ventricular arrhythmias between the old myocardial infarction fragmentation QRS group and the old myocardial infarction non fragmentation QRS group ( P>0.05). The standard deviation of NN intervals (SDNN) and the standard deviation of average NN intervals (SDANN) of HRV time domain indexes in the old myocardial infarction fragmented QRS group were higher than those in the old myocardial infarction non fragmented QRS Group (SDNN:143.00(122.00,166.00) vs. 110.00(95.00,130.50), Z=5.780, P<0.05; SDANN:112.00(100.00,136.00) vs. 96.00(76.00,118.50), Z=4.013, P<0.05). Multiple Logistics regression analysis results of HRV domain shows that HRV time domain SDNN and SDANN have diagnositic value in diagnosis fQRS after OMI(SDNN: OR=0.949, 95% CI:0.922-0.977, P<0.001; SDANN: OR=1.036, 95% CI:1.005-1.068, P=0.022). Area under ROC curve of HRV time domain SDNN and SDANN have particular diagnositic accuracy in diagnosis fQRS after OMI(SDNN: AUC 0.737, 95% CI 0.666-0.807, Sensitivity 0.818, Specificity 0.634; SDANN: AUC 0.664, 95% CI 0.587-0.741, Sensitivity 0.737, Specificity 0.673. 0.5

OBJECTIVES: Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a syndrome that excludes secondary causes such as intracranial space-occupying lesion, hydrocephalus, cerebrovascular disease, and hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. If not be treated promptly and effectively, IIH can cause severe, permanent vision disability and intractable, disabling headache. This study aims to explore the clinical and image features for IIH, to help clinicians to understand this disease, increase the diagnose rate, and improve the outcomes of patients. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 15 cases of IIH that were admitted to Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, during January 2015 to September 2020. The diagnosis of IIH was based on the updated modified Dandy criteria. We analyzed clinical data of patients and did statistical analysis, including age, gender, height, weight, medical history, physical examination, auxiliary examination, treatment and outcome. RESULTS: There were 10 females and 5 males. Female patients were 22 to 42 years old with median age of 39.5. Male patients were 27 to 52 years old with the median age of 44.0. The BMI was 24.14-34.17 (28.71±2.97) kg/m CONCLUSIONS IIH primarily affects women of childbearing age who are overweight. The major hazard of IIH is the severe and permanent visual loss. Typical image signs have high specificity in IIH diagnosis. Prompt diagnosis and effective treatment are significantly important to improve the outcomes of patients.
Adult ; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency ; Female ; Humans ; Intracranial Hypertension ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pseudotumor Cerebri/diagnostic imaging* ; Retrospective Studies ; Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt ; Young Adult

Objective:To explore the value of prenatal MRI in the diagnosis of isolated mild and moderate bilateral ventriculomegaly and neural development of the fetuses after birth.Methods:This is a retrospective study involving 244 singleton fetuses with isolated mild or moderate lateral ventriculomegaly diagnosed by both prenatal ultrasound and MRI in Huzhou Maternity & Child Health Care from May 2013 to June 2017, consisting of 82 cases with bilateral ventriculomegaly (BVM) and 162 with unilateral ventriculomegaly (UVM). The two groups were further divided into two subgroups: mild (lateral ventricle width: 10.0-12.0 mm, bilateral 56 cases, unilateral 120 cases) and moderate group (lateral ventricle width: >12.0-<15.0 mm, bilateral 26 cases, unilateral 42 cases). In addition, 50 singleton fetuses without any abnormality in the nervous system in prenatal check were included in the control group during the same period. All neonates were reexamined by ultrasound within one week after birth, and followed up regularly at the age of 3, 6, 12 and 18 months. Gesell Development Schedules (GDS) were used to evaluate the central nervous system's function, and postnatal changes in lateral ventriculomegaly were observed. Statistical analysis was performed by t, F, Chi-square tests (or Fisher's exact test). Results:(1) There was no difference among intervals between MRI scan and delivery in the BVM, UVM, and the control groups. The disappearance rate of lateral ventriculomegaly after birth was 80.4% (45/56) in the mild BVM group, 42.3% (11/26) in the moderate BVM group, 88.3% (106/120) in the mild UVM group, and 57.1% (24/42) in the moderate UVM group ( χ2=35.183, P<0.001). (2) The GDS evaluation results in the BVM group at 6, 12, and 18 months after birth were worse than those in the UVM group (all P<0.0167). The GDS evaluation results in the BVM group were worse than those in the control group at 3 and 6 months after birth [3 months: normal: 58.5% (48/82) vs 86.0% (43/50), borderline: 22.0% (18/82) vs 10.0% (5/50), delay: 19.5% (16/82) vs 4.0% (2/50), χ2=11.425; 6 months: normal: 63.4% (52/82) vs 88.0% (44/50), borderline: 19.5% (16/82) vs 8.0% (4/50), delay: 17.1% (14/82) vs 4.0% (2/50), χ2=9.678; all P<0.0167]. (3) The GDS evaluation results in the moderate BVM group at 6, 12, and 18 months after birth were worse than those in the moderate UVM group [6 months: normal: 30.8% (8/26) vs 69.0% (29/42), borderline: 30.8% (8/26) vs 21.4% (9/42), delay: 38.5% (10/26) vs 9.5% (4/42), χ2=11.417; 12 months: normal: 53.8% (14/26) vs 88.1% (37/42), borderline: 23.1% (6/26) vs 9.5% (4/42), delay: 23.1% (6/26) vs 2.4% (1/42), χ2=11.199; 18 months: normal: 65.4% (17/26) vs 95.2% (40/42), borderline: 15.4% (4/26) vs 2.4% (1/42), delay: 19.2% (5/26) vs 2.4% (1/42), χ2=10.568; all P<0.0167]. The GDS evaluation results of the moderate BVM group at 3, 6, 12, and 18 months after birth were worse than the control group. (4) In the BVM group, the GDS scores at 18 months of age were better than those at three months of age ( χ2=8.224, P=0.016). Conclusions:(1) Most mild BVM would disappear spontaneously after birth, while more in mild UVM cases. (2) The postnatal GDS evaluation results of the BVM group is significantly worse than that of the UBM group at months of age; (3) Fetuses with less severe isolated BVM are more likely to have improved GDS score after birth.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Saccharomyces boulardii in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) in infants and young children. Method: From November 2012 to September 2013, ten research units of large teaching hospitals or children′s hospitals participated in this multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial. Hospitalized young children aged between 1 month and 3 years (nongastrointestinal infection and antibiotic therapy required)were involved in our study. The children were randomly divided into control group and prevention group by means of block random allocation method. The control group received antibiotic therapy and other conventional treatment. The prevention group was given additional Saccharomyces boulardii (250 mg/d) orally. Diarrhea rates of two groups were compared both during the usage of antibiotics and within 14 days after the antibiotics withdrawal. The adverse reactions of Saccharomyces boulardii were observed all through this study. The results were analyzed by χ² test or Kruskal-Wallis test or t test. Result: Totally 408 cases (213 cases in prevention group and 195 cases in control group) were enrolled. The age ranged from 1 month to 3 years, with an average age of 1.14 years. The basic diseases were parenteral infections: 368 cases with different kinds of respiratory tract infections or pneumonia, 10 cases of bacterial meningitis, 9 cases with septicemia or sepsis, 6 cases with pertussis or pertussis like syndrome, 5 cases with urinary infection, 5 cases with skin or subcutaneous tissue infections, 3 cases of Kawasaki disease, one with scarlet fever and one with congenital syphilis. During the administration of antibiotics, the incidence of AAD in prevention group was 10.3% (22 cases), which was significantly lower than that of control group (57 cases, 29.2%, χ²=23.296, P<0.05). Within 14 days after the discontinuation of antibiotics, the percent of new diarrhea cases in prevention group (2.4%, 5/213) was also significantly lower than that in control group (16.4%, 32/195, χ²=23.4, P<0.05). Further analysis revealed that the rate of AAD in children less than or equal to 1 year old (25.1%, 52/207) was significantly higher than that of over 1 year old (13.4%, 27/201, χ²=8.922, P<0.05). The incidence of AAD in children treated with antibiotics for more than 5 days was 22.2%(60/270), which was significantly higher than that of less than or equal to 5 days (13.8%, 19/138, χ²=4.180, P<0.05). Although no significant difference was observed, the AAD rate of patients with combined use of two antibiotics was higher than that of using one. During the antibiotic therapy, compared with the control group, the risk of AAD in children under 1 year old was reduced by 52% (χ²=9.217, P<0.05), and 91% (χ²=20.35, P<0.05) in the children over 1 year old in prevention group. The risk of AAD of prevention group decreased by 66% (χ²=13.67, P<0.05) in patients treated with one antibiotics, and 65% in children with combined use of antibiotics (χ²=10.57, P<0.05). In patients treated with antibiotics for less than or equal to 5 days, the risk of AAD decreased by 74% in prevention group (χ²=7.38, P<0.05); and 63% if the course lasted for over 5 days (χ²=16.87, P<0.05). Within 14 days after the withdrawal of antibiotics, compared with the control group, the risk of diarrhea in the prevention group decreased by 82% (χ²=13.35, P<0.05) in infants (≤1 year old) and 93% (χ²=12.00, P<0.05) in children (>1 year old); the risk of diarrhea was reduced by 86% (χ²=9.57, P<0.05) and 87% (χ²=17.71, P<0.05) respectively in prevention group with single and combined use of antibiotics. In patients treated with antibiotics for more than 5 days, the risk of diarrhea in prevention group was reduced by 63% (χ²=22.79, P<0.05), while there was no significant difference if the antibiotics course was less than or equal to 5 days (χ²=2.97, P>0.05). No adverse effects related with Saccharomyces boulardii were observed in our study. Conclusion Saccharomyces boulardii is effective and safe to prevent AAD of infants and young children both during the usage of antibiotics and up to 14 days after drug discontinuance. It can be one of the drugs of for choice prevention of AAD in infants and young children. Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Tegister, ChiECRCT-2012-25.