OBJECTIVE:Based on different algorithms of machine learning,the prediction model of lumbar disc herniation has become a trend and hot spot in the development of precision medicine.However,there is limited evidence on the reporting quality and methodological quality of prediction models of lumbar disc herniation outcomes using machine learning.This article is aimed to explore the performance of machine learning algorithms in predicting the prognosis of lumbar disc herniation by comprehensively analyzing the report quality and risk of bias of previous studies that developed and validated prognosis prediction models based on machine learning through a comprehensive literature search,in order to explore the performance of machine learning algorithms in predicting the prognosis of lumbar disc herniation.METHODS:The databases of CNKI,WanFang,VIP,SinOMED,PubMed,Web of Science,Embase,and The Cochrane Library were searched by computer.Studies on the use of machine learning to develop(and/or validate)prognostic prediction models for lumbar disc herniation were collected from the inception of the database to December 31,2023.Two researchers independently screened the literature,extracted data,and assessed the risk of bias of the included studies.The reporting quality and risk of bias of the included studies were assessed by the Multivariable Transparent Reporting of Predictive Models(TRIPOD)statement and the Predictive Model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool(PROBAST).The results of the evaluation were analyzed using descriptive statistics and visual charts.RESULTS:(1)A total of 23 articles were included,and the TRIPOD compliance of each study ranged from 11％to 87％,with a median compliance of 54％.The quality of reporting of titles,detailed descriptions of treatment measures,blinding of predictors,handling of missing data,details of risk stratification,specific procedures for enrollment,model interpretation,and model performance was mostly poor,with TRIPOD adherence rates ranging from 4％to 35％.(2)Of all included studies,61％had a high risk of bias and 39％had an unclear overall risk of bias.The area under the curve,accuracy,sensitivity and specificity were used to evaluate the performance of the model.The areas under the curve of 20 models were reported,ranging from 0.561 to 0.999.Three models reported the accuracy of the model,ranging from 82.07％to 89.65％.(3)Among all included studies,the statistical analysis domain was most often assessed as having a high risk of bias,mainly due to the small number of valid samples,the selection of predictors based on univariate analysis and the lack of calibration and discrimination assessment of the model in the study.CONCLUSION:These results indicate that machine learning can achieve good predictive ability in the development and validation of prognostic models for lumbar disc herniation.The commonly used algorithms include regression algorithm,support vector machine,decision tree,random forest,artificial neural network,naive Bayes and other algorithms.Reasonable algorithms combined with clinical practice can improve the accuracy of prognosis prediction of lumbar disc herniation.However,the reporting and methodological quality of prognosis prediction models based on machine learning are poor,the prediction performance of different models varies greatly,and the generalization and extrapolation of research models are unclear.There is an urgent need to improve the design,implementation and reporting of such studies.To promote the application of machine learning in the clinical practice of lumbar disc herniation prediction models,it is necessary to comprehensively consider various predictors related to the prognosis of the disease before modeling,and strictly follow the relevant standards of PROBAST tool during modeling.

ObjectiveThis paper aims to investigate the effects of icariin on spermatogenesis in mice with exercise-induced fatigue and explore the underlying mechanisms. MethodsICR male mice were screened by swimming and randomly divided into normal group， model group， vitamin C group， icariin groups with low， medium， and high doses， and medium-dose icariin+N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester （L-NAME） group， with 10 mice per group. Except for the normal group， all the other groups underwent weighted swimming training to establish an exercise-induced fatigue model. No gavage was administered during the first two weeks of the weighted training. From week three to four， the icariin groups with low， medium， and high doses received 0.03， 0.06， and 0.12 g·kg^-1 icariin via gavage， respectively. The vitamin C group received 0.2 g·kg^-1 vitamin C. The L-NAME group received 0.06 g·kg^-1 icariin and 0.01 g·kg^-1 L-NAME via intraperitoneal injection. The normal and model groups received equivalent physiological saline. After the experiment， body weight and the last exhaustive swimming time were recorded. Blood urea nitrogen （BUN）， lactate （LA）， lactate dehydrogenase （LDH）， malondialdehyde （MDA）， testicular testosterone （T）， testicular Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺-adenosine triphosphatase （ATPase） （micro-assay）， and the levels of testicular cyclic guanosine monophosphate （cGMP） were measured by using kits. Sperm CD46 levels were detected by flow cytometry. Testicular seminiferous tubules were observed via hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining， and the testicular morphometric score （TMS） was used to evaluate the spermatogenic function. Protein expression of regucalcin （RGN， SMP30）， cGMP-dependent protein kinase 1 （PKG）， and cGMP-dependent protein kinase anchoring protein （GKAP1） was detected by Western blot. Testicular regucalcin expression was examined by immunofluorescence （IF）. The epididymal sperm quality of mice was observed under a microscope. Fluorescence-stained sections of stimulated by retinoic acid gene 8 （STRA8）， synaptonemal complex protein 3 （SCP3）， and transition protein 1（TNP1） in testicular seminiferous tubules were assessed by immunohistochemistry （IHC）. ResultsCompared with the normal group， the model group showed decreased body weight and exhaustive swimming time （P<0.01）， significantly increased fatigue markers （LA， LDH， and BUN） and lipid peroxidation product MDA （P<0.01）， reduced testicular RGN， PKG， GKAP1， testosterone， Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺-ATPase， and cGMP levels （P<0.01）， decreased sperm motility， sperm count， and TMS scores， and downregulated the expression of STRA8， SCP3， and TNP1. Compared with the model group， the icariin group with high dose exhibited increased exhaustive swimming time （P<0.01）， reduced LA， LDH， BUN， and MDA levels （P<0.01）， elevated superoxide dismutase （SOD） （P<0.01）， upregulated testicular RGN， PKG， GKAP1， testosterone， Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺-ATPase， and cGMP levels （P<0.01）， improved sperm motility， sperm count， and TMS scores， and enhanced STRA8， SCP3， and TNP1 expression. Compared with the L-NAME group， the icariin group with medium dose showed increased expression of STRA8， SCP3， and TNP1 in the testicular tissue （P<0.01） and elevated cGMP and GKAP1 levels （P<0.01）. ConclusionExercise-induced fatigue reduces the expression of RGN and cGMP/PKG/GKAP1 in mice， thereby causing abnormal spermatogenesis and impairing reproductive function in mice. Icariin ameliorates spermatogenic dysfunction in exercise-induced fatigue mice by promoting the expression of RGN and cGMP/PKG/GKAP1， thereby mitigating the damage of exercise-induced fatigue to the reproductive system.

ObjectiveThis paper aims to investigate the effects of icariin on spermatogenesis in mice with exercise-induced fatigue and explore the underlying mechanisms. MethodsICR male mice were screened by swimming and randomly divided into normal group， model group， vitamin C group， icariin groups with low， medium， and high doses， and medium-dose icariin+N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester （L-NAME） group， with 10 mice per group. Except for the normal group， all the other groups underwent weighted swimming training to establish an exercise-induced fatigue model. No gavage was administered during the first two weeks of the weighted training. From week three to four， the icariin groups with low， medium， and high doses received 0.03， 0.06， and 0.12 g·kg^-1 icariin via gavage， respectively. The vitamin C group received 0.2 g·kg^-1 vitamin C. The L-NAME group received 0.06 g·kg^-1 icariin and 0.01 g·kg^-1 L-NAME via intraperitoneal injection. The normal and model groups received equivalent physiological saline. After the experiment， body weight and the last exhaustive swimming time were recorded. Blood urea nitrogen （BUN）， lactate （LA）， lactate dehydrogenase （LDH）， malondialdehyde （MDA）， testicular testosterone （T）， testicular Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺-adenosine triphosphatase （ATPase） （micro-assay）， and the levels of testicular cyclic guanosine monophosphate （cGMP） were measured by using kits. Sperm CD46 levels were detected by flow cytometry. Testicular seminiferous tubules were observed via hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining， and the testicular morphometric score （TMS） was used to evaluate the spermatogenic function. Protein expression of regucalcin （RGN， SMP30）， cGMP-dependent protein kinase 1 （PKG）， and cGMP-dependent protein kinase anchoring protein （GKAP1） was detected by Western blot. Testicular regucalcin expression was examined by immunofluorescence （IF）. The epididymal sperm quality of mice was observed under a microscope. Fluorescence-stained sections of stimulated by retinoic acid gene 8 （STRA8）， synaptonemal complex protein 3 （SCP3）， and transition protein 1（TNP1） in testicular seminiferous tubules were assessed by immunohistochemistry （IHC）. ResultsCompared with the normal group， the model group showed decreased body weight and exhaustive swimming time （P<0.01）， significantly increased fatigue markers （LA， LDH， and BUN） and lipid peroxidation product MDA （P<0.01）， reduced testicular RGN， PKG， GKAP1， testosterone， Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺-ATPase， and cGMP levels （P<0.01）， decreased sperm motility， sperm count， and TMS scores， and downregulated the expression of STRA8， SCP3， and TNP1. Compared with the model group， the icariin group with high dose exhibited increased exhaustive swimming time （P<0.01）， reduced LA， LDH， BUN， and MDA levels （P<0.01）， elevated superoxide dismutase （SOD） （P<0.01）， upregulated testicular RGN， PKG， GKAP1， testosterone， Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺-ATPase， and cGMP levels （P<0.01）， improved sperm motility， sperm count， and TMS scores， and enhanced STRA8， SCP3， and TNP1 expression. Compared with the L-NAME group， the icariin group with medium dose showed increased expression of STRA8， SCP3， and TNP1 in the testicular tissue （P<0.01） and elevated cGMP and GKAP1 levels （P<0.01）. ConclusionExercise-induced fatigue reduces the expression of RGN and cGMP/PKG/GKAP1 in mice， thereby causing abnormal spermatogenesis and impairing reproductive function in mice. Icariin ameliorates spermatogenic dysfunction in exercise-induced fatigue mice by promoting the expression of RGN and cGMP/PKG/GKAP1， thereby mitigating the damage of exercise-induced fatigue to the reproductive system.

OBJECTIVE:Based on different algorithms of machine learning,the prediction model of lumbar disc herniation has become a trend and hot spot in the development of precision medicine.However,there is limited evidence on the reporting quality and methodological quality of prediction models of lumbar disc herniation outcomes using machine learning.This article is aimed to explore the performance of machine learning algorithms in predicting the prognosis of lumbar disc herniation by comprehensively analyzing the report quality and risk of bias of previous studies that developed and validated prognosis prediction models based on machine learning through a comprehensive literature search,in order to explore the performance of machine learning algorithms in predicting the prognosis of lumbar disc herniation.METHODS:The databases of CNKI,WanFang,VIP,SinOMED,PubMed,Web of Science,Embase,and The Cochrane Library were searched by computer.Studies on the use of machine learning to develop(and/or validate)prognostic prediction models for lumbar disc herniation were collected from the inception of the database to December 31,2023.Two researchers independently screened the literature,extracted data,and assessed the risk of bias of the included studies.The reporting quality and risk of bias of the included studies were assessed by the Multivariable Transparent Reporting of Predictive Models(TRIPOD)statement and the Predictive Model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool(PROBAST).The results of the evaluation were analyzed using descriptive statistics and visual charts.RESULTS:(1)A total of 23 articles were included,and the TRIPOD compliance of each study ranged from 11％to 87％,with a median compliance of 54％.The quality of reporting of titles,detailed descriptions of treatment measures,blinding of predictors,handling of missing data,details of risk stratification,specific procedures for enrollment,model interpretation,and model performance was mostly poor,with TRIPOD adherence rates ranging from 4％to 35％.(2)Of all included studies,61％had a high risk of bias and 39％had an unclear overall risk of bias.The area under the curve,accuracy,sensitivity and specificity were used to evaluate the performance of the model.The areas under the curve of 20 models were reported,ranging from 0.561 to 0.999.Three models reported the accuracy of the model,ranging from 82.07％to 89.65％.(3)Among all included studies,the statistical analysis domain was most often assessed as having a high risk of bias,mainly due to the small number of valid samples,the selection of predictors based on univariate analysis and the lack of calibration and discrimination assessment of the model in the study.CONCLUSION:These results indicate that machine learning can achieve good predictive ability in the development and validation of prognostic models for lumbar disc herniation.The commonly used algorithms include regression algorithm,support vector machine,decision tree,random forest,artificial neural network,naive Bayes and other algorithms.Reasonable algorithms combined with clinical practice can improve the accuracy of prognosis prediction of lumbar disc herniation.However,the reporting and methodological quality of prognosis prediction models based on machine learning are poor,the prediction performance of different models varies greatly,and the generalization and extrapolation of research models are unclear.There is an urgent need to improve the design,implementation and reporting of such studies.To promote the application of machine learning in the clinical practice of lumbar disc herniation prediction models,it is necessary to comprehensively consider various predictors related to the prognosis of the disease before modeling,and strictly follow the relevant standards of PROBAST tool during modeling.

Intelligent prescription recommendation has become an important research direction in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), offering new opportunities to support clinical decision-making and promote the modernization of TCM practice. With the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI), a variety of computational approaches have been proposed to learn prescription patterns from clinical data and generate personalized treatment recommendations. However, despite increasing research activity, systematic and comprehensive reviews of AI-driven methods for TCM prescription recommendation remain limited. In this study, we present a comprehensive review of computational approaches for herbal prescription recommendation (HPR) in TCM. Existing methods are systematically categorized into several major paradigms, including traditional machine learning methods, topic model methods, sequential generative methods, deep learning and graph-based methods, and large language model–based frameworks. In addition to summarizing methodological developments, we also review commonly used public datasets and evaluation metrics in this field. Furthermore, representative models with publicly available implementations are experimentally evaluated on multiple benchmark datasets to provide a comparative analysis of their performance on the HPR task. Finally, we discuss the key challenges that hinder the practical deployment of intelligent prescription recommendation systems, including data heterogeneity, limited interpretability, and insufficient integration of TCM domain knowledge. Future research directions are outlined to facilitate the development of more reliable, interpretable, and clinically applicable AI-assisted HPR systems for TCM.

Objective To investigate the effect of Yiqi Wenfei Tongqiao decoction on the inflammatory response in rats with allergic rhi-nitis(AR)of lung qi deficiency and cold type based on the Janus kinase 1(JAK1)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3)signaling pathway.Methods A AR model of lung qi deficiency and cold type was established in rats using ovalbumin(OVA)combined with smoking and cold stimulation.After modeling,the rats were randomly divided into model,loratadine,low-dose Chinese medicine,high-dose Chinese medicine,and high-dose Chinese medicine+RO8191(JAK1/STAT3 signaling pathway activator)groups,with 12 rats per group.Twelve healthy rats were used as controls.After 14 days of drug intervention,the changes in the symptoms of lung qi deficiency and cold syndrome and AR were observed in the rats.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α),interleukin(IL)-4,interferon-γ(IFN--γ),and ovalbumin-specific immunoglobulin E(OVA-sIgE).The number of inflammatory cells in the nasal lavage fluid was determined and the eosinophil(EOS)percentage was calculated.Pathological changes in the nasal mucosal tissue were observed after hematoxylin and eosin(HE)staining.Western blotting was used to detect the expression of JAK1/STAT3 signaling pathway-related proteins in nasal mucosal tissue.Results Compared with those in the model group,the AR symptom score,serum IL-4,TNF-α,and OVA-sIgE levels,EOS percentage in nasal lavage fluid,and levels of p-JAK1/JAK1 and p-STAT3/STAT3 in the nasal mucosal tissue of rats in the loratadine,low-dose Chinese medicine,and high-dose Chinese medicine groups were lower,whereas the serum IFN-γ level was higher(P＜0.05).RO8191 weakened the inhibitory effect of Yiqi Wenfei Tongqiao decoction on the inflammatory response in rats with AR of lung qi deficiency and cold type.Conclusion Overall,Yiqi Wenfei Tongqiao decoction can alleviate the inflammatory response in rats with AR of lung qi deficiency and cold type by inhibiting JAK1/STAT3 signaling pathway acti-vation and regulating the balance of Th1/Th2 cytokines.

Objective:To analyze the three-dimensional radiographic characteristics of solid variant of odontogenic keratocyst(SOKC)using multi-slice spiral tomography(MSCT).Methods:Clinical records,histopathological reports and MSCT images of 8 patients were retrospectively acquired,radiographic features,including lesion site,size,borders,jaw expansion,internal structures and relationship with surrounding tissues were analyzed.Results:8 cases(4 males and 4 females)aged 37-65 years were included.Among them,4 lesions were located in the maxilla and the other 4 in mandible.Clinically,the lesions manifested as an enlargement of the affected area in the jaw bone,with pain present in 6 cases.On MSCT scans,all lesions showed evident jaw expansion.The boundaries of the lesions were clear in 3 cases,and unclear in 5 cases.4 cases exhibited multilocular radiolucent lesions,while the other 4 cases showed mixed radiolucent/opaque lesions resembling fibro-osseous lesion.The maxilla lesions involved the palate,na-sal cavity,maxillary sinus and orbital floor.All mandible SOKCs were recurrent and infectious,with involvement of the surrounding soft tissue.Conclusion:SOKC exhibits imaging characteristics that differentiate from conventional odontogenic keratocysts.Radio-graphically,it presents as a benign or low-grade malignant solid jaw mass.

Objective:To explore the impacts of Yiqi Wenfei Tongqiao Formula on inflammatory response and T helper cell(Th)1/Th2 immune balance in rats with lung Qi deficiency cold type allergic rhinitis.Methods:Sixty SD rats were randomly divided into model group,low dose Yiqi Wenfei Tongqiao Formula group,medium dose Yiqi Wenfei Tongqiao Formula group,high dose Yiqi Wenfei Tongqiao Formula group,and desloratadine group,with 12 rats in each group,using a combination of smoking,cold stimula-tion combined with ovalbumin(OVA)sensitization and stimulation construct lung Qi deficiency cold type allergic rhinitis model.An-other 12 normal SD rats were selected as control group.Each group of rats was treated with corresponding drugs once a day for 14 days.Model group and control group rats were given physiological saline.Scoring method was used to analyze the behavioral score and lung index of rats with allergic rhinitis.HE staining was applied to detect pathological changes in rat nasal mucosa tissue.ELISA was ap-plied to detect levels of IFN-γ,IL-4 and TNF-α in rats serum;flow cytometry was applied to detect Th1/Th2.Western blot was applied to detect expressions of T-bet and GATA-3 protein in nasal mucosa tissues of rats in each group.Results:Compared with control group,pathological damage to nasal mucosa tissue of model group rats was severe,allergic rhinitis behavior score(days 41,48,56),lung index,levels of IL-4 and TNF-α,Th2 and protein expression of GATA-3 were increased,while levels of IFN-γ,Th1,Th1/Th2,and protein expression of T-bet were decreased(P<0.05);compared with model group,pathological damage to nasal mucosa tissue of rats in low,medium,high doses Yiqi Wenfei Tongqiao Formula groups and desloratadine group were alleviated,the allergic rhinitis behavior score(days 48,56),lung index,levels of IL-4 and TNF-α,Th2 and protein expression of GATA-3 were decreased,while levels of IFN-γ,Th1,Th1/Th2,and protein expression of T-bet were increased(P<0.05).Conclusion:Yiqi Wenfei Tongqiao Formula can inhibit inflammatory response of lung Qi deficiency cold type allergic rhinitis rats By regulating Th1/Th2 immune balance.

Objective:To explore the impacts of Yiqi Wenfei Tongqiao Formula on inflammatory response and T helper cell(Th)1/Th2 immune balance in rats with lung Qi deficiency cold type allergic rhinitis.Methods:Sixty SD rats were randomly divided into model group,low dose Yiqi Wenfei Tongqiao Formula group,medium dose Yiqi Wenfei Tongqiao Formula group,high dose Yiqi Wenfei Tongqiao Formula group,and desloratadine group,with 12 rats in each group,using a combination of smoking,cold stimula-tion combined with ovalbumin(OVA)sensitization and stimulation construct lung Qi deficiency cold type allergic rhinitis model.An-other 12 normal SD rats were selected as control group.Each group of rats was treated with corresponding drugs once a day for 14 days.Model group and control group rats were given physiological saline.Scoring method was used to analyze the behavioral score and lung index of rats with allergic rhinitis.HE staining was applied to detect pathological changes in rat nasal mucosa tissue.ELISA was ap-plied to detect levels of IFN-γ,IL-4 and TNF-α in rats serum;flow cytometry was applied to detect Th1/Th2.Western blot was applied to detect expressions of T-bet and GATA-3 protein in nasal mucosa tissues of rats in each group.Results:Compared with control group,pathological damage to nasal mucosa tissue of model group rats was severe,allergic rhinitis behavior score(days 41,48,56),lung index,levels of IL-4 and TNF-α,Th2 and protein expression of GATA-3 were increased,while levels of IFN-γ,Th1,Th1/Th2,and protein expression of T-bet were decreased(P<0.05);compared with model group,pathological damage to nasal mucosa tissue of rats in low,medium,high doses Yiqi Wenfei Tongqiao Formula groups and desloratadine group were alleviated,the allergic rhinitis behavior score(days 48,56),lung index,levels of IL-4 and TNF-α,Th2 and protein expression of GATA-3 were decreased,while levels of IFN-γ,Th1,Th1/Th2,and protein expression of T-bet were increased(P<0.05).Conclusion:Yiqi Wenfei Tongqiao Formula can inhibit inflammatory response of lung Qi deficiency cold type allergic rhinitis rats By regulating Th1/Th2 immune balance.

Cerebrovascular diseases, characterized by high incidence, disability, and mortality rates, have emerged as a leading global cause of death and long-term disability. Organoid technology, a three-dimensional in vitro culture system derived from stem cells or tissue cells, enables the simulation of organ development, physiological processes, and pathological mechanisms, demonstrating significant potential in cerebrovascular disease research and therapeutic development. This review summarizes recent advances in organoid applications for cerebrovascular diseases, with a focus on strategies for constructing vascularized cerebral organoids, including in vivo transplantation, in vitro culture systems, and bioengineering approaches. Studies reveal that these models not only recapitulate neurovascular unit interactions but also serve as powerful platforms for drug screening and mechanistic investigations, offering novel therapeutic strategies for cerebrovascular disorders. Current challenges include insufficient vascularization efficiency and limited integration capacity with host tissues. Future integration of gene editing, microfluidic chips, and high-throughput 3D bioprinting technologies is expected to enhance the functionality and clinical translatability of vascularized cerebral organoids, thereby advancing personalized medicine and precision healthcare.