Precancerous lesions of gastric cancer （PLGC） are a group of pathological changes caused by abnormalities in the structure， morphology， and differentiation of gastric mucosal epithelial cells. Since the early symptoms are hidden and non-specific， PLGC is not easy to be diagnosed and it has often developed into intermediate or advanced gastric cancer once being diagnosed and missed the best time for treatment. Accordingly， the incidence of this disease is increasing year by year， which lifts a heavy burden on the patients. The pathogenesis of PLGC is complex， involving inflammatory microenvironment， bile reflux， glycolysis， autophagy， and apoptosis. Currently， PLGC is mainly treated with anti-inflammatory and endoscopic therapies， which are difficult to curb the development of PLGC. Therefore， seeking a safe and effective therapy is an important topic of modern research. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， characterized by treatment based on syndrome differentiation and a holistic view， exerts effects via multiple pathways， mechanisms， and targets. Recent studies have confirmed that TCM can regulate the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin （PI3K/Akt/mTOR）， Wnt/β-catenin， Sonic Hedgehog， nuclear factor-κB （NF-κB）， Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription （JAK/STAT）， hypoxia-inducible factor-1α （HIF-1α）， neurogenic locus notch homolog protein （Notch）， nuclear factor E₂-related factor 2 （Nrf2） and other signaling pathways. By targeting these pathways， TCM can inhibit aerobic glycolysis， reduce oxidative stress， repair the inflammatory microenvironment， regulate cellular autophagy， and promote vascular normalization， thereby delaying or reversing PLGC. However， few researchers have systematically summarized the TCM regulation of PLGC-associated pathways. By reviewing the relevant articles at home and abroad， this paper summarized the roles of the above signaling pathways in the development of PLGC and the research progress in the regulation of signaling pathways by TCM in the treatment of PLGC， with a view to providing a new theoretical basis for the clinical research on PLGC and the drug development for this disease.

Objective To explore the nephrotoxic effects of exposure to perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and its mechanism in mice, with a particular focus on analyzing the changes in kidney metabolism and their potential implications. Methods The specific pathogen free C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into control group, low-dose group, and high-dose group, with 10 mice in each group. Mice in the three groups received intragastric administration of PFBA solution at doses of 0, 35 and 350 mg/kg body weight, once per day for seven consecutive days. The histopathological changes of kidneys of mice in these three groups were evaluated. Metabolomic profiling of mouse kidneys was performed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were identified based on the Human Metabolome Database, and related metabolic pathways were analyzed through MetaboAnalyst 6.0 and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Results Histopathological analysis of kidneys showed that the renal pelvis mucosa of mice in the low-dose group presented focal mild inflammatory changes without marked structural damage, whereas mice in the high-dose group showed severe inflammation and partial destruction of renal structure. The kidney coefficient of mice in both low-dose group and the high-dose group decreased (both P<0.05), and the Paller scores of renal tissues increased (both P<0.05) compared with that in the control group. The Paller score of mouse renal tissue in the high-dose group was higher than that in the low-dose group (P<0.05). Metabolomic profiling identified 46 DAMs (26 upregulated, 20 downregulated) in the low-dose group and 104 DAMs (54 upregulated, 50 downregulated) in the high-dose group, with 26 shared DAMs between the two dose groups. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that DAMs were mainly involved in metabolic pathways such as glycerophospholipid metabolism, glycerolipid metabolism, sphingolipid and steroid hormone synthesis. Conclusion Acute exposure to PFBA can cause kidney injury in mice. Lipid metabolism pathways such as glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid metabolism is involved in the development of acute renal toxicity of PFBA.

Background::An evidence gap still exists regarding the efficacy and safety of tegoprazan in patients with erosive esophagitis (EE) in China. This study aimed to verify the efficacy and safety of tegoprazan vs. esomeprazole in patients with EE in China. Methods::This study was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel, active-controlled, non-inferiority phase III trial of patients with EE randomized 1:1 to tegoprazan 50 mg/day vs. esomeprazole 40 mg/day. This study was conducted in 32 sites between October 24, 2018 and October 18, 2019. The primary endpoint was the cumulative endoscopic healing rate at week 8. The secondary endpoint included endoscopic healing rate at week 4, changes in the reflux disease questionnaire (RDQ) and gastroesophageal reflux disease health-related quality of life (GERD-HRQL) scores, and symptom improvement. Results::A total of 261 patients were randomized: 132 to the tegoprazan group and 129 to the esomeprazole group. The cumulative endoscopic healing rate at 8 weeks in the tegoprazan group was non-inferior to that of the esomeprazole group (91.1% vs. 92.8%, difference: -1.7%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -8.5%, 5.0%, P = 0.008). There were no statistically significant differences in the changes in RDQ (total, severity, and frequency) and GERD-HRQL scores between the two groups (all P >0.05). The percentages of days without symptoms, including daytime and nighttime symptoms based on patients' diaries, were similar between the two groups (all P >0.05). In the tegoprazan and esomeprazole groups, 71.5% (93/130) and 61.7% (79/128) of the participants reported adverse events (AEs), 2.3% and 0 experienced serious AEs, while 70.0% and 60.2% had treatment-emergent AEs, respectively. Conclusion::Tegoprazan 50 mg/day demonstrated non-inferior efficacy in healing EE, symptom improvement, and quality of life, and it has similar tolerability compared with esomeprazole 40 mg/day.

Background::An evidence gap still exists regarding the efficacy and safety of tegoprazan in patients with erosive esophagitis (EE) in China. This study aimed to verify the efficacy and safety of tegoprazan vs. esomeprazole in patients with EE in China. Methods::This study was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel, active-controlled, non-inferiority phase III trial of patients with EE randomized 1:1 to tegoprazan 50 mg/day vs. esomeprazole 40 mg/day. This study was conducted in 32 sites between October 24, 2018 and October 18, 2019. The primary endpoint was the cumulative endoscopic healing rate at week 8. The secondary endpoint included endoscopic healing rate at week 4, changes in the reflux disease questionnaire (RDQ) and gastroesophageal reflux disease health-related quality of life (GERD-HRQL) scores, and symptom improvement. Results::A total of 261 patients were randomized: 132 to the tegoprazan group and 129 to the esomeprazole group. The cumulative endoscopic healing rate at 8 weeks in the tegoprazan group was non-inferior to that of the esomeprazole group (91.1% vs. 92.8%, difference: -1.7%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -8.5%, 5.0%, P = 0.008). There were no statistically significant differences in the changes in RDQ (total, severity, and frequency) and GERD-HRQL scores between the two groups (all P >0.05). The percentages of days without symptoms, including daytime and nighttime symptoms based on patients' diaries, were similar between the two groups (all P >0.05). In the tegoprazan and esomeprazole groups, 71.5% (93/130) and 61.7% (79/128) of the participants reported adverse events (AEs), 2.3% and 0 experienced serious AEs, while 70.0% and 60.2% had treatment-emergent AEs, respectively. Conclusion::Tegoprazan 50 mg/day demonstrated non-inferior efficacy in healing EE, symptom improvement, and quality of life, and it has similar tolerability compared with esomeprazole 40 mg/day.

Lung cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in the world， with its morbidity and mortality ranking at the top. The early symptoms are not obvious， and the biological structure is complex， so many patients have missed the optimal treatment time. At present， the treatment of lung cancer in modern medicine is dominated by first-line chemotherapy and surgical treatment with platinum-containing regimen， which has relatively large side effects， poor prognosis， and a high risk of metastasis and recurrence. With the gradual rise of targeted therapy and immunotherapy for lung cancer， the overall recovery of patients with lung cancer is still poor and the survival rate is low， despite more abundant treatment methods. From the perspective of holistic concept and syndrome differentiation， traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） plays an important role in the prognosis of tumor patients， with many targets， a wide range and light toxic and side effect. Modern studies have shown that the occurrence and development of lung cancer are closely related to the abnormality of multiple signaling pathways， and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway， as one of the most important pathways in cancer， is involved in the whole process of lung cancer development by regulating the expression of related signaling proteins and genes. In recent years， many studies have confirmed that TCM monomers and TCM compounds can inhibit the epithelial-mesenchymal transition （EMT） process of lung cancer and the activity of lung cancer stem cells （LCSCs） by regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway， induce lung cancer cell apoptosis， inhibit the proliferation， invasion and migration of lung cancer cells， and thus play an anti-lung cancer role. In recent years， research in this field has made breakthroughs， but there is a lack of systematic reviews and summaries. Thus， this paper reviewed relevant literature worldwide to analyze and interpret the mechanism of TCM intervention in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway against lung cancer. The TCM monomers targeted to regulate this signaling pathway were summarized in four categories： promoting blood circulation for removing blood stasis， clearing heat and removing dampness， clearing heat and removing toxicity， and awakening the spirit. TCM compounds included Buzhong Yiqitang， Xuefu Zhuyutang， et al. This study aims to provide new ideas for clinical research and drug development for lung cancer.

Exploring the pathogenesis of myopia is of positive significance for its prevention and control.In recent years,studies have found that inflammatory factors such as interleukin,tumor necrosis factor and nitric oxide are highly expressed in eyes of myopic patients,indicating that myopia is associated with inflammatory factors.The inflammatory fac-tors interact with nuclear factor-Kb,peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor,nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 and other inflammatory signaling pathways and participate in myopia progression by regulating the retinal proinflammatory state,choroidal blood flow and scleral matrix remodeling.This paper reviews the regulation of in-flammatory factors and related signaling pathways,providing a new perspective for further exploring the causes of myopia and intervening its progression.

Objective:To analyze the current status and hotspots of myopia research in the past 10 years and the future development direction based on the bibliometric method.Methods:Relevant original research and reviews on myopia published from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2022 were retrieved from the Web of Science core database.Co-occurrence analysis of countries, research organizations, and authors was performed using the VOSviewer software.Cluster analysis of keywords and co-cited references was performed using the CiteSpace software.Results:A total of 9 745 articles were included, involving 123 countries/regions, 7 150 institutions, and 29 343 authors.The analysis revealed that the global publication in myopia has been increasing, with China having the highest publication, and research from the United States being the most cited.Keyword analysis showed that the early hotspots of myopia mainly focused on refractive surgery, diagnosis and treatment of complications, genetics, and epidemiological characteristics, while recent research has rapidly shifted towards myopia prevention and control.The results of the cluster analysis of the co-cited references showed that myopia research contained several clusters, such as #0 school-aged children, #1 small incision lenticule extraction, #2 myopia control, #3 refractive error, #4 contact lenses, etc.The current research frontier focuses on myopia management technology, myopia and retinal and choroidal vessels, and the application of artificial intelligence in myopia.Conclusions:Myopia research in the past 10 years covers a wide range of disciplines, including ophthalmology, molecular biology, genetics, optometry and epidemiology.In the future, there is a need to further explore the etiology and pathogenesis of myopia, enhance early identification and screening methods, improve management techniques for myopia, advance artificial intelligence-assisted diagnosis of myopia to develop more effective and safe strategies for myopia prevention and control.

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage(sICH)refers to non-traumatic bleeding within brain parenchyma,presenting as a neurological emergency with high disability rate and mortality.Early diagnosis and treatment sICH are important to improve prognosis.Non-contrast CT(NCT)is a primary imaging modality for diagnosing intracerebral hemorrhage.In recent years,deep learning(DL)had shown unparalleled potential in automatic detection of cerebral hemorrhage,segmentation and calculation of hematoma volume,identification of edema around hematoma,etc,being able to assist doctors in diagnosis and treatment of sICH for reducing mortality and improving patients'life quality.The research progresses of DL based on NCT in sICH were reviewed in this article.

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage(sICH)refers to non-traumatic bleeding within brain parenchyma,presenting as a neurological emergency with high disability rate and mortality.Early diagnosis and treatment sICH are important to improve prognosis.Non-contrast CT(NCT)is a primary imaging modality for diagnosing intracerebral hemorrhage.In recent years,deep learning(DL)had shown unparalleled potential in automatic detection of cerebral hemorrhage,segmentation and calculation of hematoma volume,identification of edema around hematoma,etc,being able to assist doctors in diagnosis and treatment of sICH for reducing mortality and improving patients'life quality.The research progresses of DL based on NCT in sICH were reviewed in this article.

Animals ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Macaca mulatta ; COVID-19/prevention & control* ; Antibodies, Viral ; Vaccines