Medical imaging technology plays a crucial role in clinical diagnosis and treatment. Image compression technology provides robust technical support for the storage and transmission of massive medical imaging data, serving as an effective safeguard for hospital data backup and telemedicine. The technology holds broad application prospects in the medical field, enabling the processing of various imaging modalities, multidimensional imaging, and medical video imaging. This study elaborates on general image and video compression algorithms, the application of compression algorithms in the medical field, and the performance metrics of medical image compression, thereby providing critical technical support for enhancing clinical diagnostic efficiency and data management security.

With the emergence of deep learning techniques based on convolutional neural networks, artificial intelligence (AI) has driven transformative developments in the field of medical image analysis. Recently, large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT have also started to achieve distinction in this domain. Increasing research shows the undeniable role of AI in reshaping various aspects of medical image analysis, including processes such as image enhancement, segmentation, detection in image preprocessing, and postprocessing related to medical diagnosis and prognosis in clinical settings. However, despite the significant progress in AI research, studies investigating the recent advances in AI technology in the aforementioned aspects, the changes in research hotspot trajectories, and the performance of studies in addressing key clinical challenges in this field are limited. This article provides an overview of recent advances in AI for medical image analysis and discusses the methodological profiles, advantages, disadvantages, and future trends of AI technologies.
Artificial Intelligence ; Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods* ; Neural Networks, Computer ; Deep Learning ; Diagnostic Imaging/methods*

Congenital lower urinary tract obstruction (CLUTO) is a spectrum of fetal malformations caused by anatomical abnormalities of the urethra, characterized by high rates of perinatal complications and mortality. The 2024 joint guideline from the European Association of Urology (EAU) and the European Society for Paediatric Urology (ESPU) introduced systematic revisions to the comprehensive management of CLUTO. Key updates encompass advancements in prenatal and postnatal screening and precise diagnosis, refined fetal prognosis assessment, clearer indications and modality selection for prenatal intervention, optimization of postnatal treatment strategies, and the establishment of a lifelong follow-up framework within an integrated care pathway. This article elucidates these key updates by comparing the 2024 EAU/ESPU guideline with the 2022 European Rare Kidney Disease Reference Network (ERKNet) consensus. It also discusses ongoing controversies and future research directions. The aim is to provide clinicians with the latest evidence-based insights to inform practice, ultimately improving outcomes and quality of life for children with CLUTO.
Humans ; Urology ; Female ; Urethral Obstruction/therapy* ; Pregnancy ; Child ; Europe ; Prenatal Diagnosis ; Infant, Newborn ; Urethra/abnormalities*

Clinically,patients with high-risk cholecystitis are often facing the therapeutic choice of permanent cholecystostomy drainage or high-risk surgery.With the development of percutaneous interventional therapy techniques in recent years,minimally invasive treatment have provided more therapeutic options for these patients.Cryoablation,chemical ablation,and gallbladder-intestine anastomosis are considered as the promising methods for the treatment of cholecystitis.Different combinations of percutaneous cholecystostomy(PC)with sequential cryoablation,chemical ablation,or gallbladder-intestine internal drainage have achieved a high success rate in treating cholecystitis,thus,providing patients with an option of non-surgical resection.This article aims to make a comprehensive review about various percutaneous treatment methods for cholecystitis so as to provide useful references for clinical practice.

Objective To explore the current status of big language models in recommending intervention disciplines and interventional therapies.Methods Four mainstream models,including Kimi k1.5,Doubao,DeepSeek-Rl and ChatGPT-4o were selected,and the standardized questions("recommended departments"and"treatment methods")for 18 common interventional diseases were designed.Through three repeated tests,the recommendation data were collected,and SPSS 25.0 was used to perform statistical analysis.Results Major language models recommended interventional physicians and their treatment methods to a certain extent,among which lower limb arterial occlusion and Stanford B-type aortic dissection in circulatory system diseases got the highest recommendation rates(100％)in interventional medicine and interventional treatment respectively,ranking among the top three recommendations.In contrast,benign prostatic hyperplasia had the lowest recommendation rate,with no recommendations for either interventional department or interventional treatment.Conclusion Large language models show disease-specific differences in recommendations for interventional radiology.Among the diseases involved in this study,circulatory system diseases have the highest referral degree,while urogenital system diseases have the lowest.The training data of the models need to further strengthen the coverage of scenario data related to the interventional department and its treatment methods,so as to gradually improve the social awareness of the interventional department.

The composition of biliary microbiota is closely associated with the development and progression of biliary diseases,and imbalance of biliary microbiota may lead to a series of biliary tract diseases such as gallstones,biliary tract infections,autoimmune cholangitis,and cholangiocarcinoma.This article reviews the articles on the association between biliary microbiota and biliary tract diseases and summarizes the influence of biliary microbiota on various biliary tract diseases and the role of specific bacterial flora in biliary tract diseases,in order to guide further clinical research and provide new ideas for the prevention,diagnosis,and treatment of biliary tract diseases.

Objectives:To evaluate the clinical value of the Paris system for reporting urinary cytology (TPS) in the diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma (UC).Methods:A total of 1 744 cytological diagnostic records (from 751 cases) were collected retrospectively. All specimens were voided urines and histopathology as the gold standard. The sensitivity and specificity of urinary cytological diagnosis of UC and risk of high grade malignant (ROHM) in each diagnostic category were compared.Results:There were 360 cases with histopathology. The percentage of negative for high-grade urothelial carcinoma (NHGUC) was 30.1% (226/751), atypical urothelial cells (AUC) was 29.8% (224/751), suspicious for high-grade urothelial carcinoma (SHGUC) was 16.8% (126/751), high grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC) was 21.2% (159/751), and non-urothelial malignancy (NUM) was 2.1% (16/751). The histpathologic ROHM corresponding to each cytological diagnosis category were 27.3% for NHGUC, 32.7% for AUC, 74.7% for SHGUC, 96.6% for HGUC and 100.0% for NUM, respectively. ROHM of SHGUC was significantly higher than that of AUC group, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant ( P＜0.001). ROHM of HGUC group was significantly higher than that of SHGUC group, and the difference was statistically significant ( P＜0.001). With SHGUC as the cut-off value, the sensitivity and specificity of cytological diagnosis of HGUC were 76.7% (165/215) and 85.7% (18/21), and with HGUC as the cut-off value, the sensitivity and specificity of cytological diagnosis of HGUC were 53.0% (114/215) and 100.0% (21/21), respectively. Conclusions:Urine cytology has high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of HGUC. The malignant risk of TPS varies with different diagnosis category. The high malignant risk population in cancer hospital leads to the relatively high malignant proportion and ROHM in each diagnosis category. Urinary cytology TPS reporting system is helpful to clinical management and has good clinical application value.

Objectives:To evaluate the clinical value of the Paris system for reporting urinary cytology (TPS) in the diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma (UC).Methods:A total of 1 744 cytological diagnostic records (from 751 cases) were collected retrospectively. All specimens were voided urines and histopathology as the gold standard. The sensitivity and specificity of urinary cytological diagnosis of UC and risk of high grade malignant (ROHM) in each diagnostic category were compared.Results:There were 360 cases with histopathology. The percentage of negative for high-grade urothelial carcinoma (NHGUC) was 30.1% (226/751), atypical urothelial cells (AUC) was 29.8% (224/751), suspicious for high-grade urothelial carcinoma (SHGUC) was 16.8% (126/751), high grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC) was 21.2% (159/751), and non-urothelial malignancy (NUM) was 2.1% (16/751). The histpathologic ROHM corresponding to each cytological diagnosis category were 27.3% for NHGUC, 32.7% for AUC, 74.7% for SHGUC, 96.6% for HGUC and 100.0% for NUM, respectively. ROHM of SHGUC was significantly higher than that of AUC group, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant ( P＜0.001). ROHM of HGUC group was significantly higher than that of SHGUC group, and the difference was statistically significant ( P＜0.001). With SHGUC as the cut-off value, the sensitivity and specificity of cytological diagnosis of HGUC were 76.7% (165/215) and 85.7% (18/21), and with HGUC as the cut-off value, the sensitivity and specificity of cytological diagnosis of HGUC were 53.0% (114/215) and 100.0% (21/21), respectively. Conclusions:Urine cytology has high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of HGUC. The malignant risk of TPS varies with different diagnosis category. The high malignant risk population in cancer hospital leads to the relatively high malignant proportion and ROHM in each diagnosis category. Urinary cytology TPS reporting system is helpful to clinical management and has good clinical application value.

A retrospective analysis was made on clinical data of a case of familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia (FDH) treated at Hebei Children′s Hospital in August 2021.The patient, female, 4 years and 2 months old, was diagnosed with growth retardation.Genetic sequencing of the child and her immediate family revealed a heterozygous mutation, c.725G>A(p.R242H) in exon 7 of the albumin gene, which confirmed the diagnosis of FDH.The growth and development of the girl were monitored regularly.Early identification and diagnosis of FDH can prevent misdiagnosis or improper antithyroid medication from affecting children′s growth and development, and growth hormone therapy is effective for children with FDH who are slow growing.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the improvement mechanism of caudatin on liver injury of rats. METHODS SD rats were randomly divided into blank group， model group， caudatin low-dose and high-dose groups （25， 50 mg/kg）， with 6 rats in each group. Diethylnitrosamine （DEN） was injected intraperitoneally three times per week for eight weeks to establish liver injury model of rats. At 5th week of modeling， the rats received relevant medicine or 0.5% sodium carboxymethylcellulose intragastrically for 4 weeks. The levels of liver function indexes [alanine transaminase （ALT）， aspartate transaminase （AST）， total protein （TP） and total bilirubin （TBI）] and inflammatory factors [interleukin （IL-6）， tumor necrosis factor α （TNF-α）， IL-1β] in serum were detected； the histopathological morphological changes of rat liver were observed； the positive protein expressions of nuclear factor κB （NF-κB） and 78 kDa glucose regulatory protein （Grp78） in liver tissue were also determined； the expressions of endoplasmic reticulum stress-related protein Grp78， C/EBP homologous protein （CHOP）， activating transcription factor 6 （ATF6） and inositol requiring enzyme 1α （IRE1α） and the level of protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase robertluoyi@126.com （PERK） in liver tissue were detected. RESULTS Compared with blank group， serum levels of ALT， AST， TBI， IL-6， TNF-α and IL-1β and positive expressions of NF-κB and Grp78 in liver tissue as well as protein expressions of Grp78， CHOP， ATF6 and IRE1α， PERK protein phosphorylation level were all increased significantly in model group （P＜0.05）， while the serum level of TP was decreased significantly （P＜0.05）. The disordered structure of liver lobule， swollen liver cells， unclear intercellular boundary were observed and accompanied by inflammatory cell infiltration. Compared with model group， most of the above indexes were significantly reversed in caudatin groups （P＜0.05）； the structure of hepatic lobule was relatively complete and clear， the cells were arranged orderly， and the infiltration of inflammatory cells was also reduced. CONCLUSIONS Caudatin has a significant improvement effect against DEN-induced liver injury in rats， the mechanism of which may be associated with inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammatory reaction.