Objective To explore the causal relationship between immune cells and heart failure (HF), and the mediating role of serum metabolites, in order to identify potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Methods We employed a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis method based on genome-wide association study (GWAS) data, analyzing the direct and indirect effects of 731 types of immune cells and 1 400 metabolites on HF. We selected valid instrumental variables and conducted statistical analyses using R software. The primary analysis was performed using the inverse variance weighted method, supplemented by MR-Egger analysis and weighted median method. The stability of the results was assessed through tests such as Cochran’s Q test. Results Our research found a negative causal relationship between PD-L1 on CD14−CD16+ and HF. Sensitivity analysis supported this result. The reverse MR analysis did not find an effect of HF on PD-L1 on CD14−CD16+, indicating that PD-L1 on CD14−CD16+ might play a unidirectional role in reducing the risk of HF. Further mediation MR analysis showed that PD-L1 on CD14−CD16+ might influence the risk of HF onset by regulating the levels of sphingomyelin (d17:1/14:0, d16:1/15:0), with a mediation effect ratio of 6.7%. Conclusion PD-L1 on CD14−CD16+ may reduce the risk of HF by elevating the levels of sphingomyelin (d17:1/14:0, d16:1/15:0), which provides a new perspective for understanding the pathogenesis of HF.

The Pharmacopeia of the People’s Republic of China 2025 Edition (referred to as the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2025 Edition, ChP 2025) will be promulgated and implemented. This article introduces the process of development of ChP 2025 Edition (Volume Ⅱ), including the selection, the revision of general notices,the addition and revision of drug monographs, etc., and provides some analysis and examples to illustrate,which can facilitate the readers to understand and implement the ChP 2025 Edition (Volume Ⅱ).

Objective: To explore the effect of different obesity indicators in predicting cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) risk among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), so as to provide the evidence for the early identification of CVD risk among T2DM patients. Methods: The patients with T2DM under community management in Qingpu District, Shanghai Municipality were selected as the study subjects in January 2025. Basic information such as gender, age, and blood glucose control status were collected through the Shanghai Chronic Disease Information Management System, while history of CVD were obtained from residents' electronic health records and the Shanghai Disease Control Information Platform. Obesity was assessed using body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), BMI combined with WC, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and triglyceride (TG) combined with WC indicators. The association between obesity and CVD was analyzed using multivariable logistic regression models. The predictive effect of each obesity indicators for CVD was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Results: A total of 4 367 patients with T2DM were included, including 2 121 males (48.57%) and 2 246 females (51.43%). The average age was (68.71±8.05) years. The prevalence of CVD was 44.49%. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for age, education level, history of hypertension, duration of T2DM, use of glucose-lowering medications, renal function, and blood glucose control status, obese T2DM patients had a 389.4% increased risk of CVD compared to those with normal BMI; centrally obese T2DM patients had a 100.4% increased risk compared to those with normal WC; T2DM patients with isolated general obesity and compound obesity had 161.0% and 241.1% increased risks of CVD, respectively, compared to those with normal BMI and WC; centrally obese T2DM patients had a 100.4% increased risk compared to those with normal WHtR; T2DM patients with normal TG-high WC and high TG-high WC phenotypes had 83.1% and 68.8% increased risks of CVD, respectively, compared to those with normal TG and normal WC (all P<0.05). BMI had the highest AUC, at 0.714, with sensitivity and specificity of 0.675 and 0.642, respectively. This was followed by BMI combined with WC, which had an AUC of 0.707, with sensitivity and specificity of 0.635 and 0.679, respectively. Conclusions Obesity defined by BMI, WC, BMI combined with WC, WHtR, and TG combined with WC increases the risk of CVD among patients with T2DM. BMI and BMI combined with WC have better predictive effect in predicting CVD risk among patients with T2DM, and can be used as the primary obesity indicators for CVD risk screening.

Enamel demineralization, the formation of white spot lesions, is a common issue in clinical orthodontic treatment. The appearance of white spot lesions not only affects the texture and health of dental hard tissues but also impacts the health and aesthetics of teeth after orthodontic treatment. The prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of white spot lesions that occur throughout the orthodontic treatment process involve multiple dental specialties. This expert consensus will focus on providing guiding opinions on the management and prevention of white spot lesions during orthodontic treatment, advocating for proactive prevention, early detection, timely treatment, scientific follow-up, and multidisciplinary management of white spot lesions throughout the orthodontic process, thereby maintaining the dental health of patients during orthodontic treatment.
Humans ; Consensus ; Dental Caries/etiology* ; Dental Enamel/pathology* ; Tooth Demineralization/etiology* ; Tooth Remineralization

Objective To find potential effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on proliferation and migration of human gli-oma cell line.Methods Glioma cell line U87 was cultured and incubated with Ginkgo biloba extract at doses of 0,10,50,and 100 μg/mL,respectively.The proliferation activity of the cells in each group was detected by 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine(EDU)experiment,the migration activity of the cells in each group was examined by scratch experiment,the invasion activity of the cells in each group was detected by Transwell experiment and the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)-related proteins,phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(AKT)signaling pathway proteins and E2F transcription factor 1(E2F1)protein in each group of the cells were detected by Western blot.Reply experiment was added with PI3K/AKT pathway activator 740 Y-P.Results Ginkgo biloba extract at concentrations of 10,50,and 100 μg/mL significantly inhibited the proliferation,migration,and invasion of U87 cells(P＜0.05).The protein level of vimentin,N-cadherin,p-PI3K,p-AKT and E2F1 was significantly decreased(P＜0.05),while the protein level of E-cadherin and ZO-1 was significantly increased(P＜0.05).After addition of 740 Y-P into the cultural system,the inhibitory effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on the proliferation and metastasis of U87 cells was inhibited and the protein level of vimentin,N-cadherin,p-PI3K,p-AKT,and E2F1 increased(P＜0.05),while the protein level of E-cadherin and ZO-1 was decreased(P＜0.05).Conclusions Ginkgo biloba extract may inhibit proliferation,migration and EMT of U87 cells,which is potentially related to the PI3K/AKT/E2F1 pathway.

AIM:To prepare radix scutellariae mi-croemulsion gel and investigate its therapeutic ef-fect on chronic eczema based on the previous re-search of radix scutellariae self microemulsion.METHODS:The gel matrix and humectant were op-timized by single factor method and response sur-face method to obtain the formula and preparation technique of the gel.The Franz diffusion cell meth-od was used to evaluate the transdermal proper-ties of microemulsion and microemulsion gel in vi-tro.By establishing a chronic eczema model in the mouse ear,the swelling degree,swelling inhibition rate,pathological changes and tumor necrosis fac-tor a(TNF-a),Interleukin-1β(IL-1β)and interleukin-6(IL-6)of radix scutellariae microemulsion gel were measured,to investigate the therapeutic ef-fect on chronic eczema in mice.RESULTS:The physi-cal and chemical properties of radix scutellariae mi-croemulsion gel were stable.Compared with micro-emulsion,the microemulsion gel had better trans-dermal performance.The cumulative transdermal amount of baicalein and wogonin,the main compo-nents of microemulsion gel,was 1.85 times and 2.77 times of that of microemulsion respectively.Moreover,the steady flow rate and permeability co-efficient of microemulsion gel significantly in-creased,and the lag time significantly shortened.Pharmacodynamic study showed that compared with the model group,the radix scutellariae micro-emulsion gel could significantly reduce the ear swelling of mice(P＜0.05),and the serum inflamma-tory factor TNF-a,IL-1β and IL-6 reduced content by over 37％.Compared with the radix scutellaria aqueous extract and aqueous extract gel,the treat-ment of chronic eczema was better.CONCLUSION:The preparation process of radix scutellaria micro-emulsion gel is feasible,with strong transdermal property,and a significant therapeutic effect on chronic eczema.

AIM:To prepare radix scutellariae mi-croemulsion gel and investigate its therapeutic ef-fect on chronic eczema based on the previous re-search of radix scutellariae self microemulsion.METHODS:The gel matrix and humectant were op-timized by single factor method and response sur-face method to obtain the formula and preparation technique of the gel.The Franz diffusion cell meth-od was used to evaluate the transdermal proper-ties of microemulsion and microemulsion gel in vi-tro.By establishing a chronic eczema model in the mouse ear,the swelling degree,swelling inhibition rate,pathological changes and tumor necrosis fac-tor a(TNF-a),Interleukin-1β(IL-1β)and interleukin-6(IL-6)of radix scutellariae microemulsion gel were measured,to investigate the therapeutic ef-fect on chronic eczema in mice.RESULTS:The physi-cal and chemical properties of radix scutellariae mi-croemulsion gel were stable.Compared with micro-emulsion,the microemulsion gel had better trans-dermal performance.The cumulative transdermal amount of baicalein and wogonin,the main compo-nents of microemulsion gel,was 1.85 times and 2.77 times of that of microemulsion respectively.Moreover,the steady flow rate and permeability co-efficient of microemulsion gel significantly in-creased,and the lag time significantly shortened.Pharmacodynamic study showed that compared with the model group,the radix scutellariae micro-emulsion gel could significantly reduce the ear swelling of mice(P＜0.05),and the serum inflamma-tory factor TNF-a,IL-1β and IL-6 reduced content by over 37％.Compared with the radix scutellaria aqueous extract and aqueous extract gel,the treat-ment of chronic eczema was better.CONCLUSION:The preparation process of radix scutellaria micro-emulsion gel is feasible,with strong transdermal property,and a significant therapeutic effect on chronic eczema.

AIM:To prepare radix scutellariae mi-croemulsion gel and investigate its therapeutic ef-fect on chronic eczema based on the previous re-search of radix scutellariae self microemulsion.METHODS:The gel matrix and humectant were op-timized by single factor method and response sur-face method to obtain the formula and preparation technique of the gel.The Franz diffusion cell meth-od was used to evaluate the transdermal proper-ties of microemulsion and microemulsion gel in vi-tro.By establishing a chronic eczema model in the mouse ear,the swelling degree,swelling inhibition rate,pathological changes and tumor necrosis fac-tor a(TNF-a),Interleukin-1β(IL-1β)and interleukin-6(IL-6)of radix scutellariae microemulsion gel were measured,to investigate the therapeutic ef-fect on chronic eczema in mice.RESULTS:The physi-cal and chemical properties of radix scutellariae mi-croemulsion gel were stable.Compared with micro-emulsion,the microemulsion gel had better trans-dermal performance.The cumulative transdermal amount of baicalein and wogonin,the main compo-nents of microemulsion gel,was 1.85 times and 2.77 times of that of microemulsion respectively.Moreover,the steady flow rate and permeability co-efficient of microemulsion gel significantly in-creased,and the lag time significantly shortened.Pharmacodynamic study showed that compared with the model group,the radix scutellariae micro-emulsion gel could significantly reduce the ear swelling of mice(P＜0.05),and the serum inflamma-tory factor TNF-a,IL-1β and IL-6 reduced content by over 37％.Compared with the radix scutellaria aqueous extract and aqueous extract gel,the treat-ment of chronic eczema was better.CONCLUSION:The preparation process of radix scutellaria micro-emulsion gel is feasible,with strong transdermal property,and a significant therapeutic effect on chronic eczema.

AIM:To prepare radix scutellariae mi-croemulsion gel and investigate its therapeutic ef-fect on chronic eczema based on the previous re-search of radix scutellariae self microemulsion.METHODS:The gel matrix and humectant were op-timized by single factor method and response sur-face method to obtain the formula and preparation technique of the gel.The Franz diffusion cell meth-od was used to evaluate the transdermal proper-ties of microemulsion and microemulsion gel in vi-tro.By establishing a chronic eczema model in the mouse ear,the swelling degree,swelling inhibition rate,pathological changes and tumor necrosis fac-tor a(TNF-a),Interleukin-1β(IL-1β)and interleukin-6(IL-6)of radix scutellariae microemulsion gel were measured,to investigate the therapeutic ef-fect on chronic eczema in mice.RESULTS:The physi-cal and chemical properties of radix scutellariae mi-croemulsion gel were stable.Compared with micro-emulsion,the microemulsion gel had better trans-dermal performance.The cumulative transdermal amount of baicalein and wogonin,the main compo-nents of microemulsion gel,was 1.85 times and 2.77 times of that of microemulsion respectively.Moreover,the steady flow rate and permeability co-efficient of microemulsion gel significantly in-creased,and the lag time significantly shortened.Pharmacodynamic study showed that compared with the model group,the radix scutellariae micro-emulsion gel could significantly reduce the ear swelling of mice(P＜0.05),and the serum inflamma-tory factor TNF-a,IL-1β and IL-6 reduced content by over 37％.Compared with the radix scutellaria aqueous extract and aqueous extract gel,the treat-ment of chronic eczema was better.CONCLUSION:The preparation process of radix scutellaria micro-emulsion gel is feasible,with strong transdermal property,and a significant therapeutic effect on chronic eczema.

AIM: To prepare radix scutellariae microemulsion gel and investigate its therapeutic effect on chronic eczema based on the previous research of radix scutellariae self microemulsion. METHODS: The gel matrix and humectant were optimized by single factor method and response surface method to obtain the formula and preparation technique of the gel. The Franz diffusion cell method was used to evaluate the transdermal properties of microemulsion and microemulsion gel in vitro. By establishing a chronic eczema model in the mouse ear, the swelling degree, swelling inhibition rate, pathological changes and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin - 6 (IL-6) of radix scutellariae microemulsion gel were measured, to investigate the therapeutic effect on chronic eczema in mice. RESULTS: The physical and chemical properties of radix scutellariae microemulsion gel were stable. Compared with microemulsion, the microemulsion gel had better transdermal performance. The cumulative transdermal amount of baicalein and wogonin, the main components of microemulsion gel, was 1.85 times and 2.77 times of that of microemulsion respectively. Moreover, the steady flow rate and permeability coefficient of microemulsion gel significantly increased, and the lag time significantly shortened. Pharmacodynamic study showed that compared with the model group, the radix scutellariae microemulsion gel could significantly reduce the ear swelling of mice (P<0.05), and the serum inflammatory factor TNF - α, IL-1β and IL-6 reduced content by over 37%. Compared with the radix scutellaria aqueous extract and aqueous extract gel, the treatment of chronic eczema was better. CONCLUSION: The preparation process of radix scutellaria microemulsion gel is feasible, with strong transdermal property, and a significant therapeutic effect on chronic eczema.