OBJECTIVE: To propose a new protocol for personalized mandibular reconstruction assisted by three-dimensional (3D) retrieval model based on fully connected neural network (FCNN) and a database of mandibles, and to verify clinical feasibility of the protocol. METHODS: A database of mandibles of 300 normal northern Chinese Han people was established. On the basis of cephalometry, the mandible landmarks with good stability were further screened. Mandibular landmarks were selected and geometric features of the mandible were extracted. A 3D retrieval algorithm was developed, which could retrieve the mandible most similar to a given mandible from the database. A FCNN was built to train the algorithm to improve accuracy of the 3D retrieval model. Using Geomagic Control 2014 software, matching accuracy of the 3D retrieval model was based on aforementioned mandible database and algorithm. From December 2019 to March 2021, a total of 5 patients underwent personalized mandibular reconstruction assisted by a 3D retrieval model based on mandible database and FCNN in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology. The most similar mandible was retrieved from mandible database through 3D retrieval algorithm. It was used to restore the premorbid morphology of defect area and guide mandibular reconstruction. For the 5 patients, mandible was reconstructed with iliac flap. Virtual surgical plan was transformed using individual surgical guides. RESULTS: Through screening, mandibular landmarks with high reproducibility and stability were identified and composed of mandibular landmarker protocols. After training, the average deviation between most similar mandible retrieved from the 300-case mandible database through 3D retrieval model based on FCNN and given mandible was (1.77±0.44) mm. And the root-mean-square deviation between the most similar mandible retrieved from the database and given mandible was (2.58±0.86) mm. The mandibular reconstruction surgery was successful in all the 5 patients. Their facial symmetry and occlusion were restored. All the patients were satisfied with postoperative appearance. The mean deviation between postoperative mandible and preoperative design was (0.98±0.17) mm. The area with a deviation ≤1 mm accounted for 61.34%±14. 13%, ≤2 mm accounted for 83.82%±7.35%, and ≤3 mm accounted for 93.94%± 2.87%. CONCLUSION The personalized mandibular reconstruction assisted by 3D retrieval model based on the 300-case mandible database and FCNN is feasible clinically.
Humans ; Neural Networks, Computer ; Mandibular Reconstruction/methods* ; Mandible/diagnostic imaging* ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods* ; Adult ; Databases, Factual ; Female ; Male ; Algorithms ; Middle Aged ; Cephalometry

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the research progress on the role of macrophage-mediated osteoimmune in osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) and its mechanisms. METHODS: Recent studies on the role and mechanism of macrophage-mediated osteoimmune in ONFH at home and abroad were extensively reviewed. The classification and function of macrophages were summarized, the osteoimmune regulation of macrophages on chronic inflammation in ONFH was summarized, and the pathophysiological mechanism of osteonecrosis was expounded from the perspective of osteoimmune, which provided new ideas for the treatment of ONFH. RESULTS: Macrophages are important immune cells involved in inflammatory response, which can differentiate into classically activated type (M1) and alternatively activated type (M2), and play specific functions to participate in and regulate the physiological and pathological processes of the body. Studies have shown that bone immune imbalance mediated by macrophages can cause local chronic inflammation and lead to the occurrence and development of ONFH. Therefore, regulating macrophage polarization is a potential ONFH treatment strategy. In chronic inflammatory microenvironment, inhibiting macrophage polarization to M1 can promote local inflammatory dissipation and effectively delay the progression of ONFH; regulating macrophage polarization to M2 can build a local osteoimmune microenvironment conducive to bone repair, which is helpful to necrotic tissue regeneration and repair to a certain extent. CONCLUSION At present, it has been confirmed that macrophage-mediated chronic inflammatory immune microenvironment is an important mechanism for the occurrence and development of ONFH. It is necessary to study the subtypes of immune cells in ONFH, the interaction between immune cells and macrophages, and the interaction between various immune cells and macrophages, which is beneficial to the development of potential therapeutic methods for ONFH.
Humans ; Femur Head/pathology* ; Osteonecrosis/therapy* ; Macrophages/pathology* ; Inflammation ; Femur Head Necrosis/pathology*

Objective:To evaluated the safety and feasibility of dissection of lymph nodes posterior to right recurrent laryngeal nerve (ⅥB compartment) in endoscopic thyroidectomy through gasless axillary posterior approach.Methods:A total of 350 cases with right lobe papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) who underwent endoscopic lobectomy, isthmusectomy and central compartment neck dissection via gasless axillary posterior approach based at the Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University from June 2020 to December 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. Summarize the clinical, pathological characteristics, and postoperative complications of the patients. SPSS 25.0 was used for statistical analysis of the data.Results:All 350 patients underwent endoscopic surgery successfully, with no conversion to open surgery. There were 303 females and 47 males, with an average age of (36.3±9.2) years. Of those, 287 patients were in pT1a stage, 62 in pT1b stage, and one patient in pT2 stage. There was no T3 or T4 stage patient. The mean numbers of yielded lymph nodes in right central compartment and ⅥB compartment were 8.11±4.65 (range, 1-31) and 2.62±1.86 (range, 1-12), respectively. ⅥB compartment metastasis was detected in 52 (14.86%) of 350 patients. The incidence of transient recurrent laryngeal nerve injury was 0.86%(3/350). Postoperative hematoma occurred in three patients (0.86%).Conclusion:The dissection of ⅥB compartment in endoscopic thyroidectomy through gasless axillary posterior approach is safe and feasible in selected PTC patients

Objective:To investigate the value of the virtual monoenergetic image (VMI) obtained by a new dual-layer detector spectral CT combined with metal artifact reduction algorithms(O-MAR) in reduction of different types of artifacts caused by 125I seeds implantation and in improvement of the post-operative CT image quality. Methods:This was a cross-sectional study. Thirty-five patients who underwent dual-layer detector spectral CT scanning of the chest and abdomen after 125I seeds implantation were retrospectively included at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from March to September 2022. The spectral data were collected and reconstructed into conventional CT image (CI), VMI image (50-150 keV, 20 keV/level), CI+O-MAR image, and VMI+O-MAR image (50-150 keV, 20 keV/level). The artifacts′ removal effects and image quality improvement in each group were evaluated. Two slices with the strongest artifacts were selected for analysis for each patient, resulting in a total of 70 slices. Objective indicators including artifact index (AI), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of soft tissue regions affected by artifacts were measured and calculated. Subjective indicators including the overcorrected artifacts and new artifacts, the different forms of artifacts, the diagnosis of artifacts, and the image quality were assessed. One-way analysis of variance was used for comparisons among multiple groups. Paired t test was used to compare the quantitative indicators between the combined O-MAR group and the non-O-MAR group. Kappa statistics was used to evaluate the consistency between observers. Results:In high/low-density artifacts (ROI H/L), the AI values in all groups showed decrease with increasing VMI keV. In artifact-affected tissue (ROI T), SNR of the CI/VMI (70-150 keV)+O-MAR group were significantly higher than those of the CI/VMI group ( P<0.05), CNR of the CI/VMI(50-150 keV)+O-MAR group were significantly higher than those of the CI/VMI group ( P<0.05). Both overcorrection and new artifacts mainly presented in VMI 50 keV and VMI 70 keV groups; Compared with VMI (50-70 keV) group, significantly less numbers of overcorrection and new artifacts were found in VMI (50-70 keV)+O-MAR group ( P<0.05); regarding the comparison of artifact types, with the VMI keV increasing, the number of a-type banded artifacts gradually decreased on images with high-density artifacts, reaching a minimum of 3 in the VMI 150 keV+O-MAR group; while the number of e-type artifacts with little or no artifacts increased, with the highest number of 23 in the VMI 150 keV+O-MAR group. The total number of high-density artifacts in each type decreased with increasing VMI keV. As VMI keV increased, the diagnostic and image quality scores of high-density artifacts in each group were significantly higher than those of low-density artifacts in the VMI+O-MAR group ( P<0.05). Conclusions:VMI combined with O-MAR can significantly improve the objective and subjective image quality of follow-up CT imaging after 125I seed implantation, enhancing lesion visibility and diagnostic confidence. Additionally, VMI+O-MAR showed more pronounced correction effect on high-density artifacts.

Objective To explore the characteristics and correlation of the chin and airway in females with skeletal Class Ⅱ mandibular retraction for reference for clinical diagnosis and therapy.Methods This study was approved by the hospital Medical Ethics Committee.Forty cases of skeletal Class Ⅱ mandibular retraction adult females with aver-age angle were selected as the research group,and sixty cases of skeletal Class Ⅰ patients with average angle were se-lected as the control group.Cone-beam computed tomography(CBCT)images for all subjects were analyzed using three-dimensional modeling software.Measurements included the chin morphology,position,and upper airway morphology.Results Compared with skeletal Class Ⅰ patients,patients with skeletal Class Ⅱ mandibular retraction had smaller an-terior chin thickness,base bone volume,chin total volume,and larger chin angle,chin depression,chin curvature,and alveolar area with statistically significant differences(P＜0.05).Gn-V,Gn-H,Po-NB distance,and facial angle were smaller,and the Y-axis angle was larger in patients with skeletal Class Ⅱ mandibular retraction with statistically signifi-cant differences(P＜0.05).Upper airway total volume,transverse and sagittal diameter of the glossopharynx upper boundary were smaller in patients with skeletal Class Ⅱ mandibular retraction with statistically significant differences(P＜0.05).The correlation analysis between the morphology and position of the chin and the morphology of the upper airway in patients with Class Ⅱ mandibular retraction showed that there was a negative correlation between chin angle and laryngopharynx length in patients with Class Ⅱ mandibular retraction(r=-0.277,P＜0.01).There was a negative correlation between Po-NB distance and palatopharyngeal length(r=-0.222,P＜0.05).Chin height(r=-0.261,P＜0.01)and basal bone area(r=-0.225,P＜0.05)were negatively correlated with the transverse diameter of the palato-pharyngeal upper boundary.The minimum chin thickness(r=0.245,P＜0.05),chin angle(r=0.249,P＜0.05),and al-veolar area(r=0.213,P＜0.05)were positively correlated with the sagittal diameter of the palatopharyngeal upper boundary.Gn-V(r=0.217,P＜0.05)and Po-NB distance(r=0.208,P＜0.05)were positively correlated with the trans-verse diameter of the glossopharynx upper boundary.Anterior chin thickness was negatively correlated with the sagittal diameter of the laryngopharynx upper boundary(r=-0.211,P＜0.05).Chin depression was negatively correlated with the sagittal diameter of the laryngopharynx lower boundary(r=-0.237,P＜0.05).Chin curvature was positively corre-lated with the transverse diameter of the laryngopharynx lower boundary(r=0.231,P＜0.05).Conclusion Patients with skeletal Class Ⅱ mandibular retraction exhibit thinner chins.The sagittal position of the chin is backward,and the vertical position is upward.Patients with skeletal Class Ⅱ mandibular retraction have a narrow glossopharyngeal airway.There is a correlation between the morphology and position of the chin and the morphology of the upper airway in pa-tients with Class Ⅱ mandibular retraction.

Objective:To observe the effect of disposable flexible ureteroscopy and laser lithotripsy combined with flexible ureteroscope sheath implantation in the treatment of patients with renal calculi.Methods:Sixty patients with kidney calculi treated by disposable flexible ureteroscopy and laser lithotripsy combined with flexible ureteroscope sheath implantation in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi′an Medical College from February 2021 to January 2024 were retrospectively selected as the observation group, matched according to age (±5 years) and gender factors, according to the random number table method, 60 patients with kidney calculi who were treated with disposable ureteroscopy combined with laser lithotripsy at the same time were selected as the control group. The amount of intraoperative blood loss, operation time and hospital stay were recorded and compared between the two groups. Serum renal function parameters urea nitrogen and creatinine levels were measured by automatic biochemical analyzer before and 3 days after surgery, and serum inflammatory factor C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The incidence of complications was recorded and compared between the two groups. Measurement data were expressed as mean±standard deviation ( ± s), and independent sample t-test was used for comparison between groups. The count data were expressed as the number of cases and percentage, and the Chi-square test was used for comparison between groups. Results:The intraoperative blood loss, operation time and hospital stay in the observation group [(23.2±5.9) mL, (98.8±8.5) min, (4.2±1.0) d, respectively] were all lower than those in the control group [(27.3±6.5) mL, (112.5±9.8) min, (4.7±1.3) d, respectively], the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). The success rate of stone removal in the observation group was 100.00% (60/60), higher than that in the control group (81.67%, 49/60), and the difference was statistically significant ( χ2=10.01, P=0.002). 3 days after surgery, the levels of serum urea nitrogen, creatinine, CRP and IL-6 in the observation group [(7.04±1.24) mmol/L, (73.21±6.87) μmol/L, (15.83±2.57) mg/L, (10.52±1.02) ng/L] were lower than those in the control group [(7.63±1.32) mmol/L, (78.59±7.52) μmol/L, (21.32±3.22) mg/L, (15.47±1.35) ng/L], the difference were statistically significant ( P<0.05). The incidence of postoperative complications in the observation group (3.33%) was lower than that in the control group (13.33%), and the difference was statistically significant ( χ2=3.93, P=0.048). Conclusion:Disposable flexible ureteroscopy and laser lithotripsy combined with flexible ureteroscope sheath implantation in the treatment of patients with renal calculi can improve the protection of renal function, improve the stone removal rate of patients, reduce postoperative blood loss and complications, shorten the operation time and hospital stay, improve inflammatory response, and have good clinical efficacy.

Objective:To investigate the early clinical characteristics of elderly patients with severe burns and the risk factors on prognosis.Methods:This study was a retrospective case series study. Clinical data of 124 elderly patients with severe burns who met the inclusion criteria and were admitted to the 12 hospitals from January 2015 to December 2020 were collected, including 4 patients from the Fourth People's Hospital of Dalian, 5 patients from Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 22 patients from Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital of Jinan University, 5 patients from Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, 27 patients from the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, 9 patients from the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 10 patients from Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 9 patients from Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University & Wuhan Third Hospital, 12 patients from the 924 th Hospital of PLA, 6 patients from Zhangjiagang First People's Hospital, 4 patients from Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, and 11 patients from Zhengzhou First People's Hospital. The patients' overall clinical characteristics, such as gender, age, body mass index, total burn area, full-thickness burn area, inhalation injury, causative factors, whether combined with underlying medical diseases, and admission time after injury were recorded. According to the survival outcome within 28 days after injury, the patients were divided into survival group (89 cases) and death group (35 cases). The following data of patients were compared between the two groups, including the basic data and injuries (the same as the overall clinical characteristics ahead); the coagulation indexes within the first 24 hours of injury such as prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time, D-dimer, fibrinogen degradation product (FDP), international normalized ratio (INR), and fibrinogen; the blood routine indexes within the first 24 hours of injury such as white blood cell count, platelet count, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, monocyte count, red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit; the organ function indexes within the first 24 hours of injury such as direct bilirubin, total bilirubin, urea, serum creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total protein, albumin, globulin, blood glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase, electrolyte indexes (potassium, sodium, chlorine, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus in blood), uric acid, myoglobin, and brain natriuretic peptide; the infection and blood gas indexes within the first 24 hours of injury such as procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, pH value, oxygenation index, base excess, and lactate; treatment such as whether conducted with mechanical ventilation, whether conducted with continuous renal replacement therapy, whether conducted with anticoagulation therapy, whether applied with vasoactive drugs, and fluid resuscitation. The analysis was conducted to screen the independent risk factors for the mortality within 28 days after injury in elderly patients with severe burns. Results:Among 124 patients, there were 82 males and 42 females, aged 60-97 years, with body mass index of 23.44 (21.09, 25.95) kg/m 2, total burn area of 54.00% (42.00%, 75.00%) total body surface area (TBSA), and full-thickness burn area of 25.00% (10.00%, 40.00%) TBSA. The patients were mainly combined with moderate to severe inhalation injury and caused by flame burns. There were 43 cases with underlying medical diseases. The majority of patients were admitted to the hospital within 8 hours after injury. There were statistically significant differences between patients in the 2 groups in terms of age, total burn area, full-thickness burn area, and inhalation injury, and PT, APTT, D-dimer, FDP, INR, white blood cell count, platelet count, urea, serum creatinine, blood glucose, blood sodium, uric acid, myoglobin, and urine volume within the first 24 hours of injury (with Z values of 2.37, 5.49, 5.26, 5.97, 2.18, 1.95, 2.68, 2.68, 2.51, 2.82, 2.14, 3.40, 5.31, 3.41, 2.35, 3.81, 2.16, and -3.82, respectively, P<0.05); there were statistically significant differences between two groups of patients in whether conducted with mechanical ventilation and whether applied with vasoactive drugs (with χ2 values of 9.44 and 28.50, respectively, P<0.05). Age, total burn area, full-thickness burn area, serum creatinine within the first 24 hours of injury, and APTT within the first 24 hours of injury were the independent risk factors for the mortality within 28 days after injury in elderly patients with severe burns (with odds ratios of 1.17, 1.10, 1.10, 1.09, and 1.27, 95% confidence intervals of 1.03-1.40, 1.04-1.21, 1.05-1.19, 1.05-1.17, and 1.07-1.69, respectively, P<0.05). Conclusions:The elderly patients with severe burns had the injuries mainly from flame burns, often accompanied by moderate to severe inhalation injury and enhanced inflammatory response, elevated blood glucose levels, activated fibrinolysis, and impaired organ function in the early stage, which are associated with their prognosis. Age, total burn area, full-thickness burn area, and serum creatinine and APTT within the first 24 hours of injury are the independent risk factors for death within 28 days after injury in this population.

Objective:To investigate the application effect of early awake prone position in mild-to-moderate acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients, and analyze the related factors affecting the prone position outcome.Methods:A prospective cohort study was conducted. The mild-to-moderate ARDS patients admitted to the emergency department of Yingshang County People's Hospital from January 2020 to June 2023 were enrolled as the research subjects. According to the results of prone tolerance test, the patients were divided into awake prone position group and non-prone position group. All patients were given high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) according to the standard procedures. The patients in the awake prone position group received prone position treatment within 12 hours after admission, in addition to the standard treatment. This could be performed in several times, at least once a day, and at least 2 hours each time. In order to prolong the prone position as much as possible, the patients were allowed to move or keep a small angle side prone. The changes of oxygenation index (PaO 2/FiO 2) at 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours after admission, the rate of intensive care unit (ICU) transfer, the use rate and use time of non-invasive ventilation (NIV), the total hospital stay, and the daily prone position time and 2-hour ROX index [ratio of pulse oxygen saturation/fraction of inspired oxygen (SpO 2/FiO 2) and respiratory rate (RR)] of prone position patients were recorded. The successful termination of HFNC was defined as the successful prone position, and the failure of prone position was defined as switching to NIV or transferring to ICU. Subgroup analysis was performed, and the binary multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to screen the influencing factors of the early awake prone position outcome. Results:A total of 107 patients were finally enrolled, with 61 in the awake prone position group and 46 in the non-prone position group. Both groups showed a gradual increase in PaO 2/FiO 2 with prolonged admission time. The PaO 2/FiO 2 at 24 hours after admission in the awake prone position group was significantly higher than that at 0 hour [mmHg (1 mmHg ≈ 0.133 kPa): 191.94±17.86 vs. 179.24±29.27, P < 0.05], while the difference in the non-prone position group was only statistically significant at 72 hours (mmHg: 198.24±17.99 vs. 181.24±16.62, P < 0.05). Furthermore, the PaO 2/FiO 2 at 48 hours and 72 hours after admission in the awake prone position group was significantly higher than that in the non-prone position group. The use rate of NIV in the awake prone position group was significantly lower than that in the non-prone position group [36.1% (22/61) vs. 56.5% (26/46), P < 0.05]; Kaplan-Meier curve analysis further confirmed that the patients in the awake prone position group used NIV later, and the cumulative rate of NIV usage was significantly lower than that in the non-prone position group (Log-Rank test: χ2 = 5.402, P = 0.020). Compared with the non-prone position group, the ICU transfer rate in the awake prone position group was significantly lowered [11.5% (7/61) vs. 28.3% (13/46), P < 0.05], and the HFNC time, NIV time, and total hospital stay were significantly shortened [HFNC time (days): 5.71±1.45 vs. 7.24±3.36, NIV time (days): 3.27±1.28 vs. 4.40±1.47, total hospital stay (days): 11 (7, 13) vs. 14 (10, 19), all P < 0.05]. Of the 61 patients who underwent awake prone positioning, 39 were successful, and 22 failed. Compared with the successful group, the patients in the failure group had a higher body mass index [BMI (kg/m 2): 26.61±4.70 vs. 22.91±5.50, P < 0.05], lower PaO 2/FiO 2, proportion of asymptomatic hypoxemia and 2-hour ROX index of prone position [PaO 2/FiO 2 (mmHg): 163.73±24.73 vs. 185.69±28.87, asymptomatic hypoxemia proportion: 18.2% (4/22) vs. 46.2% (18/39), 2-hour ROX index of prone position: 5.75±1.18 vs. 7.21±1.45, all P < 0.05], and shorter daily prone positioning time (hours: 5.87±2.85 vs. 8.05±1.99, P < 0.05). Binary multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that all these factors were influencing factors for the outcome of awake prone positioning (all P < 0.05), among which BMI [odds ratio ( OR) = 1.447, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was 1.105-2.063] and non-asymptomatic hypoxemia ( OR = 13.274, 95% CI was 1.548-117.390) were risk factors for failure of prone position, while PaO 2/FiO 2 ( OR = 0.831, 95% CI was 0.770-0.907), daily prone positioning time ( OR = 0.482, 95% CI was 0.236-0.924), and 2-hour ROX index of prone position ( OR = 0.381, 95% CI was 0.169-0.861) were protective factors. Conclusions:Early awake prone positioning in patients with mild-to-moderate ARDS supported by HFNC is safe and feasible, reducing the use rate and duration of NIV, lowering the ICU transfer rate, and shortening the hospital stay. High BMI and non-asymptomatic hypoxemia are risk factors for failed prone position, while higher PaO 2/FiO 2 and the ROX index within 2 hours of prone position (the patient's good response to prone position), and prolonged daily prone position can improve the success rate of prone position.

Objective:To explore the characteristic pathological manifestations of non-HLA antibodies after kidney transplantation (KT) and examine the differences of MFT values of non-HLA antibodies in different pathological manifestations.Methods:The study was conducted on KT recipients at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from February 2021 to June 2023 with unexplained elevated serum creatinine. Patients undergoing pathological puncture and concurrent HLA antibody testing were included, focusing on those with DSA (MFI>4 000) and non-HLA antibody negativity. According to the detection results of non-HLA and HLA antibodies, they were assigned into two groups of non-HLA antibody positive (45 cases) and HLA-DSA positive (28 cases). Both non-HLA and HLA antibodies were detected by luminex single antigen microbeads, χ2, t or Mann-Whitney U nonparametric tests were utilized for examining the inter-group differences in pathological manifestations. The recipients with positive non-HLA antibodies were grouped according to the differential pathological features[microvascular inflammation group (22 cases) and non-microvascular inflammation group (23 cases), interstitial fibrosis group (39 cases) and non-interstitial fibrosis (9 cases) ]. MFI values of non-HLA antibodies were standardized and heat map was generated with R language ComplexHeatmap package. The differences of response values of non-HLA antibodies with different pathological manifestations were examined by rank-sum test. Results:The positive rates of microvascular inflammation were 48.9% (22/45) and 82.1% (23/28) in HLA-DSA positive and non-HLA antibody positive groups with statistical significance ( χ2=8.073, P=0.006). The positive rates of interstitial fibrosis in two groups were 80.8% (36/45) and 53.6% (15/28) and the difference was statistically significant ( χ2=5.726, P=0.021). The relative levels of anti-arachnotoxin receptor 1 (Latrophilin 1, LPHN1), keratin 8 (KRT8), keratin 18 (KRT18) and Sjogren's syndrome antigen B (SSB) were higher in microvascular inflammation group than those in non-microvascular inflammation group. The differences were statistically significant [559.50 (262.00, 801.25) vs 285.00 (183.00, 460.00), P=0.024; 504.50 (369.5, 725.25) vs 317.00 (231.50, 458.00), P=0.014; 672.50 (454.50, 969.50) vs 399.00 (246.50, 772.50), P=0.030; 967.50 (482.00, 2 066.50) vs 399.00 (246.50, 772.50), P=0.033]. The relative levels of anti-cyclic citrullinate peptide (CCP), colony-stimulating factor 2 (CSF2), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1) and collagen Ⅳ antibody were higher in interstitial fibrosis group than those in non-interstitial fibrosis group with statistical significance [100.00 (79.88, 167.50) vs 64.50 (37.00, 89.00), P=0.016; 146.25 (93.38, 244.75) vs 87.00 (66.00, 105.00), P=0.041; 132.50 (106.38, 229.50) vs 95.00 (55.00, 125.00), P=0.037; 432.50 (280.75, 653.75) vs 208.00 (192.00, 301.00), P=0.028]. Conclusions:As compared with HLA-DSA, the characteristic pathological manifestations of non-HLA antibodies post-KT include a lower incidence of microvascular inflammation and a higher incidence of interstitial fibrosis. For non-HLA antibody response values of characteristic pathological manifestations, the expressions of different non-HLA antibodies vary statistically.