The cellular and molecular components of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) and their information exchange processes significantly influence the trends of anti-tumor immunity. In recent years, numerous studies have begun to evaluate TIME in the context of previous cancer treatment strategies. This review will systematically summarize the compositional characteristics of TIME and, based on this foundation, explore the impact of current cancer therapies on the remodeling of TIME, aiming to provide new insights for the development of innovative immune combination therapies that can convert TIME into an anti-tumor profile.
Tumor Microenvironment/immunology* ; Humans ; Neoplasms/therapy* ; Immunotherapy/methods* ; Animals

Objective To explore the effect of combining case-based teaching method with micro teaching method in the teaching of rehabilitation nurses.Methods A total of 60 students from the rehabilitation department of a hospital were selected from January 2021 to December 2022 and divided into control group and observation group by drawing lots,with 30 cases in each group.The control group adopted the traditional teaching and case teaching mode,and the observation group adopted the Semi-nar-case teaching mode and microteaching mode.The results of operation examination,basic theory and independent learning a-bility were compared between the two groups.Results After two months of study,the observation group had higher scores in the operation exam and basic theory than the control group(P＜0.05);The observation group scored higher in self-directed learning ability than the control group(P＜0.05).Conclusion The combination of case teaching method and microteaching method in the teaching process of rehabilitation nurses is conducive to the students'learning of clinical theoretical knowledge and practical operation,and improving their self-learning ability in the learning process.

Objective:To systematically evaluate the predictive value of the reverse shock index multiplied by the Glasgow coma scale score (rSIG) for mortality of trauma patients.Methods:A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify studies on the predictive value of rSIG for mortality of trauma patients in the following databases from inception to April 2025, including CNKI, Wanfang Data, SinoMed, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Embase. Two investigators independently screened the literature, extracted data, and assessed study quality according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The Quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies-2 (QUADAS-2) tool was used to evaluate the risk of bias in the included studies. Meta analysis was performed using Stata 17.0 software with a bivariate mixed-effects model. The following metrics were used to assess the predictive value of rSIG for mortality in trauma patients, including sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and area under the summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve (AUC). The influence of various factors on the predictive performance of rSIG was examined, including injury type, study design, region, sample size, cut-off value, rSIG measurement time, and outcome measures. Additionally, sensitivity analysis, Fagan′s nomogram, and Deeks′ funnel plot were employed to assess the robustness of the findings, clinical applicability, and publication bias.Results:A total of 15 studies involving 710 612 trauma patients were included, 26 105 of whom were deceased. Meta analysis results showed that rSIG had a pooled sensitivity of 0.78(95% CI 0.71, 0.84), a pooled specificity of 0.78(95% CI 0.68, 0.86), a pooled PLR of 3.60(95% CI 2.46, 5.27), a pooled NLR of 0.28(95% CI 0.22, 0.36), a pooled DOR of 12.70(95% CI 8.10, 19.91), and an AUC of 0.85(95% CI 0.81, 0.87) for predicting mortality of trauma patients. Subgroup analysis identified injury type as one of the major sources of heterogeneity, and the predictive specificity of rSIG was significantly higher in patients with multiple trauma (0.82) than in those with isolated traumatic brain injury (0.65) ( P<0.05). Sensitivity analysis indicated that the findings were robust and stable. Fagan′s nomogram showed that when the pre-test probability was 7%, the post-test probability of death increased to 21% in patients with low rSIG and decreased to 2% in those with high rSIG. Deeks′ funnel plots suggested no significant publication bias among the included studies ( P>0.05). Conclusion:Low rSIG has good predictive performance for mortality of trauma patients and can serve as an effective tool for early and rapid prognosis assessment with superior predictive performance in patients with multiple trauma compared to those with traumatic brain injury.

In recent years, immunotherapy has become another important treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) after surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and targeted therapy. As an emerging non-invasive tool, PET/CT radiomics provides a new way for precise diagnosis and treatment of NSCLC by quantitatively analyzing the metabolic and structural characteristics of tumors, demonstrating significant promise for applications in NSCLC immunotherapy. This article aims to review the research progress of PET/CT radiomics in NSCLC immunotherapy and to explore its potential value in predicting biomarkers, therapeutic efficacy, adverse effects, and evaluating prognosis.

Objective:To investigate the effects of acute sleep deprivation (ASD) on hippocampal glucose metabolism and neuroinflammation in rat models.Methods:Twenty SD rats (10 males and 10 females) were divided into four groups (five in each group) by random sampling method: female ASD group, male ASD group, female control group, and male control group. Among them, the ASD group constructed the ASD model. After 72h sleep deprivation, all rats underwent 18F-FDG and N, N-diethyl-2-(2-(4-(2- 18F-fluoroethoxy)phenyl)-5, 7-dimethylpyrazolo[1, 5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl)acetamide ( 18F-DPA-714) microPET/CT brain imaging in 2d to compare the changes of 18F-FDG and 18F-DPA-714 SUV mean in the hippocampus of rats. Brain histopathology, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining were detected in rats. Independent-sample t test was used to analyze the data. Results:18F-FDG imaging showed the hippocampal SUV mean between ASD group and control group (female: 4.11±0.35 vs 1.89±0.28; male: 3.43±0.47 vs 2.02±0.54) were statistically significant ( t values: 9.65, 3.92, P values: <0.001, 0.002). 18F-DPA-714 imaging showed the hippocampal SUV mean between ASD group and control group (females: 0.28±0.01 vs 0.28±0.02; male: 0.26±0.02 vs 0.31±0.04) were not statistically significant ( t values: -0.18, -2.24, P values: 0.859, 0.056). The 18×10 3 translocator protein (TSPO) immunohistochemistry showed the expression in the hippocampal region of the brain between ASD group and control group (female: 0.19±0.02 vs 0.19±0.01; male: 0.21±0.01 vs 0.20±0.01) were not statistically different ( t values: -0.48, -1.67, P values: 0.651, 0.139). Immunofluorescence staining showed that microglial cytosol in the hippocampal region of the brain decreased after 72h of ASD, and the protrusion points and surrounding branches were significantly reduced. Conclusion:Increased hippocampal glucose metabolism in rats is observed after 72 h of ASD without significant neuroinflammation.

ObjectiveTo investigate the level of hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) among preschool children (aged 3‒6 years) and primary and secondary school students in Tonglu County, Zhejiang Province, to evaluate the effectiveness of hepatitis B vaccination, and to provide a basis for hepatitis B prevention and control in the region. MethodsAs part of the 2023 Tonglu County Urban and Rural Residents Health Examination Program, blood samples were collected during health check-ups. Fingertip blood samples were obtained from preschool children, while venous blood samples were collected from primary and secondary school children. The anti-HBs levels in blood (positive + / negative -) were qualitatively tested using hepatitis B surface antibody test kits (latex method). The differences in anti-HBs positivity rates among different age groups were analyzed. ResultsBetween April 1, 2023 and June 30, 2023, a total of 52 919 individuals were surveyed, including 11 973 preschool children and 40 946 primary and secondary school students. The overall anti-HBs positivity rate was 39.74%, with the highest positivity rate observed among preschool children (60.20%). Age was negatively correlated with the anti-HBs positivity rate (P<0.001). No significant gender differences in anti-HBs positivity rates were observed. The anti-HBs positive rate in rural areas was higher than that in urban areas, with statistically significant differences across school grade groups (primary grades 1‒3, grades 4‒6, middle school, and high school) (P<0.001). ConclusionThe anti-HBs positivity rate among preschool and school-age children in Tonglu County decreases with age and remains relatively low. It is recommended to strengthen the monitoring of hepatitis B antibody levels and promote health education among preschool and school-age children. Children who have not completed the full hepatitis B vaccination should receive timely catch-up vaccination.

Objective To investigate the effect of SerpinA5 on the malignant biological behavior of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and its molecular mechanism. Methods The expression levels of the SerpinA5 gene in various tumors and adjacent normal tissues were analyzed by using the TIMER2.0 database. The expression levels of SerpinA5 in the ESCC cell line and esophageal epithelial cells were detected through Western blot analysis. Stably transfected KYSE150 cell line with overexpression of SerpinA5 was constructed through lentiviral transfection, and overexpression efficiency was detected via Western blot analysis. The effects of SerpinA5 overexpression on the proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion of ESCC cells were detected by employing the CCK8, plate cloning, flow cytometry, wound healing, and Transwell invasion assays. The nude mice subcutaneous xenograft model with SerpinA5 overexpression was constructed. Tumor growth was observed, and tumor volume and mass were measured. The cell proliferation level of the subcutaneous xenograft tumors in nude mice was detected via immunohistochemistry (IHC). Coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) was employed to determine the interaction between SerpinA5 and Fn. Western blot analysis was applied to detect the expression levels of proteins (Fn, Integrin-β1, FAK, and p-FAK) related to the Fn/Integrin-β1 signaling pathway in transplanted tumors. Results SerpinA5 was expressed at low levels in ESCC tissues and cell lines. In ESCC cells, SerpinA5 overexpression can considerably inhibit cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and promote cell apoptosis. In the subcutaneous xenograft experiment on nude mice, the tumor volume and weight of the SerpinA5 overexpression group were lower than those of the negative control group. IHC results demonstrated that SerpinA5 overexpression significantly inhibited the proliferation of ESCC cells in tumor tissues. Co-IP confirmed the interaction between SerpinA5 and Fn. Western blot analysis results showed that the expression levels of Fn, Integrin-β1, and p-FAK in the Fn/Integrin-β1 signaling pathway of ESCC cells in the subcutaneous xenograft tumors of nude mice significantly decreased after SerpinA5 overexpression. Conclusion Serpin A5 may inhibit proliferation, migration, and invasion and promote apoptosis of ESCC cells by regulating the Fn/Integrin-β1 signaling pathway.

Objective To investigate the effects and related mechanisms of mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c on glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA)-induced injury in human hepatocytes (THLE-3 cells). Methods THLE-3 cells were cultured in vitro and treated with different concentrations of GCDCA and MOTS-c. The optimal concentrations of GCDCA and MOTS-c were determined by cell counting kit (CCK)-8 method. Subsequently, THLE-3 cells were treated or pre-treated with GCDCA (200 µmol/L), MOTS-c (15, 30, 60 µmol/L), the multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2) inhibitor Probenecid (500 µmol/L), and the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) inhibitor ML385 (10 µmol/L). Cell proliferation was assessed by CCK-8 method. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in the culture medium were measured by biochemical method. Cell apoptosis rates were determined by flow cytometry. MRP2 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). MRP2 and Nrf2 protein expression levels were analyzed by Western blotting. Results As the concentration of GCDCA increased, the proliferation activity of THLE-3 cells gradually decreased, while LDH activity in the culture medium and apoptosis levels increased, and the expression levels of MRP2 in the cells decreased (all P<0.05). Treatment with 30 and 60 µmol/L MOTS-c significantly enhanced the proliferation activity of THLE-3 cells exposed to GCDCA, upregulated the expression of MRP2 and Nrf2, and reduced LDH activity and apoptosis levels (all P<0.05). Co-treatment with Probenecid partially reversed the protective effects of MOTS-c on GCDCA-induced THLE-3 cells injury, while co-treatment with ML385 partially inhibited the induction of MRP2 expression by MOTS-c in THLE-3 cells exposed to GCDCA. Conclusions MOTS-c may alleviate GCDCA-induced injury in human hepatocytes (THLE-3 cells), and its mechanism may be related to the upregulation of MRP2 expression mediated by Nrf2.

Objective: To analyze the association of eating dining locations and their association with nutritional status among Chinese children aged 6-17 years,so as to provide reference for guiding children s reasonable diet. Methods: Stratified random cluster sampling was used to select children aged 6 to 17 years from 28 cities and rural areas of 14 provinces in East, North, Central, South, Southwest, Northwest, Northeast of China, and a total of 52 535 children were included in the study from 2019 to 2021. Information including dining locations, demographic characteristics, dietary intakes and physical activity were collected through a questionnaire survey. Fasting body height and weight were measured in the morning. Unordered multiclass Logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the relationship between dining locations and nutritional status in children. Results: Regarding children s dining locations, 66.3% ate breakfast at home,25.8% ate breakfast at school,7.9% ate breakfast outside (small dining tables, restaurants, stalls, etc.); 67.7% ate dinner at home,29.0% ate dinner at school,3.3% ate dinner outside; and 63.6% ate lunch at school,30.8% ate lunch at home,5.7% ate lunch outside. The prevalence rates of overweight/obesity and undernutrition were 28.6% and 9.3%, respectively. The adjusted multiclass Logistic regression analysis (controlling for age, region, parental education, household income, total energy intake, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity) demonstrated that, compared to eating at home, school based breakfast and dinner consumption was associated with significantly lower overweight/obesity risks for both genders (boys: breakfast OR =0.70, 95% CI =0.65-0.75; dinner OR =0.80, 95% CI = 0.74- 0.86; girls: breakfast OR = 0.89 , 95% CI = 0.82-0.96; dinner OR =0.88, 95% CI =0.81-0.95), whereas eating lunch away from home significantly increased overweight/obesity risks (boys: OR =1.32, 95% CI =1.17-1.48; girls: OR =1.43, 95% CI =1.26- 1.62 ), with all associations being statistically significant ( P <0.05). After adjusting for confounding factors, boys who ate breakfast away from home showed a significantly reduced risk of undernutrition ( OR =0.80,95% CI =0.66-0.97), while those consuming lunch away from home had an increased risk ( OR =1.26, 95% CI =1.01-1.57) ( P <0.05). Conclusions The choice of dining locations for children is becoming more diverse, and a relatively high proportion of children eat meals outside the home and at school. Eating out have a higher risk of malnutrition for children. School feeding may be beneficial to children s physical health.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical efficacy of electroacupuncture (EA) at neuro-arterial stimulation points with topical western medication in treating post-stroke shoulder-hand syndrome (SHS). METHODS: A total of 72 patients with post-stroke SHS were randomly assigned to an observation group (n=36, 2 cases dropped out) and a control group (n=36, 3 cases dropped out). Both groups received standard neurological treatment, comprehensive rehabilitation, and physical therapy. The observation group received EA at neuro-arterial stimulation points, including the ipsilateral stellate ganglion point, vagus nerve trunk and auricular branch (left side), and stimulation points of the radial and ulnar arteries, radial nerve, ulnar nerve, and median nerve, once daily for 4 weeks. The control group was treated with topical diclofenac diethylamine emulgel, and mucopolysaccharide polysulfate cream was added for patients with pronounced early-stage edema, twice a day for 4 weeks. The VAS pain score and hand edema volume were recorded before treatment, at 2 and 4 weeks during treatment, and 2 weeks after treatment completion (follow-up). Musculoskeletal ultrasound was used to measure the thickness of the dorsal hand and middle finger skin on the affected side before and after 4 weeks of treatment. RESULTS: Compared before treatment, the VAS pain scores and edema volume of the affected hand in both groups were decreased at week 2, week 4, and follow-up (P<0.05). At week 4, both groups showed lower VAS pain scores and edema volume than those at week 2 (P<0.05); during follow-up, both VAS pain scores and edema volume were further reduced compared to those at week 4 (P<0.05). At week 2, week 4, and follow-up, the VAS scores and edema volume of the affected hand in the observation group were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). Compared before treatment, the dorsal hand skin thickness and middle finger skin thickness on the affected side were decreased in both groups after 4 weeks of treatment (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the observation group showed thinner dorsal hand and middle finger skin thickness after 4 weeks of treatment (P<0.05). CONCLUSION EA at neuro-arterial stimulation points effectively alleviates pain and edema in patients with post-stroke SHS, and demonstrates superior efficacy compared to topical western medication.
Humans ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Electroacupuncture ; Aged ; Stroke/complications* ; Acupuncture Points ; Adult ; Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy/physiopathology* ; Treatment Outcome ; Hand