OBJECTIVE To explore the ameliorative effect and potential mechanism of vitexin on inflammation in ulcerative colitis （UC） mice. METHODS The UC mice model was established by continuous administration of 3% dextran sulfate sodium solution for 5 days. Mice with successful modeling were randomly divided into UC group， vitexin low- and high-dose groups （vitexin-L and vitexin-H groups， 40， 80 mg/kg）， mesalazine group （400 mg/kg）， and vitexin-H+recombinant Jagged canonical Notch ligand 1 （rJagged-1） group （vitexin-H+rJagged-1 group， 80 mg/kg vitexin+1 mg/kg rJagged-1）， with 12 mice in each group. Another 12 normal mice were used as the control （CK） group. Mice in each group were administered the corresponding drugs or the corresponding drugs and normal saline by gavage and intraperitoneal injection once daily for 7 consecutive days. General conditions were observed during the experiment. At 24 h after the last administration， the disease activity index （DAI） score was evaluated. Colonic histopathological morphology was observed and scored. Macrophage polarization levels in the spleen and colon tissues were measured. The protein expressions of interleukin-6 （IL-6）， IL-10， tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， transforming growth factor-β 1 （TGF-β 1 ）， Jagged-1， Notch1 and Notch intracellular domain （NICD） in colonic tissues were determined. RESULTS Compared with the UC group， the symptoms （reduced food and water intake， dull fur， etc.） and pathological changes （epithelial cell shedding， inflammatory cell infiltration， etc.） were significantly improved in the vitexin-L， vitexin-H and mesalazine groups. DAI scores， colonic histopathological scores， M1 macrophage contents in spleen tissue， M1/M2 macrophage ratios， M1 macrophage proportions in colon tissue， and protein expressions of IL-6， TNF-α， Jagged-1， Notch1 and NICD in colon tissue were significantly decreased （ P ＜0.05）. Meanwhile， the M2 macrophage contents in spleen tissue， M2 macrophage proportions in colon tissue， and protein expressions of IL-10 and TGF-β 1 in colon tissue were significantly increased （ P ＜0.05）. Moreover， the improvement effects in the vitexin-H and mesalazine groups were significantly superior to those in the vitexin-L group （ P ＜0.05）. Compared with the vitexin-H group， the above symptoms and pathological changes were aggravated， and all quantitative indicators were significantly reversed in the vitexin-H+rJagged-1 group （ P ＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS Vitexin can ameliorate the inflammation of UC mice， which is associated with its inhibition of the Jagged-1/Notch1 pathway and regulation of macrophage polarization （inhibition of M1-type polarization and promotion of M2-type polarization）.

This paper introduces a real-world cohort research model for community-acquired pneumonia （CAP） based on the Jiangsu Traditional Chinese Medicine （TCM） Dominant Diseases Diagnosis and Treatment Data Platform. Firstly， data cleaning is performed by standardizing diagnosis， symptoms， treatment and imaging， intelligently extracting unstructured information， and cleaning and constructing a standardized database. Secondly， for cohort establishment， CAP patients across the province are screened in accordance with CAP diagnostic criteria to build a high-quality disease-specific cohort. Lastly， in terms of protocol design， the characteristics of TCM research and the CAP disease profile are considered to determine appropriate inclusion and exclusion criteria， estimate sample size， define interventions， outcomes and economic evaluations， providing a reference for real-world TCM research on CAP.

This paper introduces a real-world cohort research model for community-acquired pneumonia （CAP） based on the Jiangsu Traditional Chinese Medicine （TCM） Dominant Diseases Diagnosis and Treatment Data Platform. Firstly， data cleaning is performed by standardizing diagnosis， symptoms， treatment and imaging， intelligently extracting unstructured information， and cleaning and constructing a standardized database. Secondly， for cohort establishment， CAP patients across the province are screened in accordance with CAP diagnostic criteria to build a high-quality disease-specific cohort. Lastly， in terms of protocol design， the characteristics of TCM research and the CAP disease profile are considered to determine appropriate inclusion and exclusion criteria， estimate sample size， define interventions， outcomes and economic evaluations， providing a reference for real-world TCM research on CAP.

This study establishes an integrated research paradigm based on traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） theory， guided by pathological characteristics， centered on formula compatibility principles， and supported by multidisciplinary technologies， to systematically analyze the mechanisms of hepatotoxicity induced by toxic Chinese herbal medicinals and strategies for reducing toxicity through compatibility. The findings revealed that the pathomechanism aligns closely with the "liver aversion to acute irritation" theory from Inner Canon of Yellow Emperor （《黄帝内经》）. The core pathology involves an imbalance between liver's form and function， which is characterized by malnourishment of liver form due to yin-blood depletion and dysfunction in ascending-dispersing and free-flowing activities， and closely linked to modern pathological mechanisms such as microcirculatory disturbances， oxidative stress， inflammatory response， metabolic disorder and gut-liver axis dysregulation. Based on this， a multi-layered compatibility strategy for toxicity reduction is put forward， which involves using sweet medicinals to alleviate urgency， balancing the liver form and its function， and pre-regulating other organs. This provides a theoretical basis for the safe application of toxic Chinese herbal medicinals.

Stroke is an acute cerebrovascular disease with high morbidity,disability and mortality.It has a rapid onset,multifarious morbidity and complex pathogenesis,with phlegm representing as an important pathogenic factor.The treatment of the acute phase of stroke is of paramount importance in determining the prognosis of patients.The method of eliminating phlegm and opening the orifices represents a pivotal approach within the domain of Chinese medicine for the treatment of the acute phase of stroke.Moreover,contemporary medical science has corroborated the efficacy of this method through the examination of its applications from a multitude of perspectives.In this paper,the theoretical basis of the method of eliminating phlegm and opening the orifices is elaborated in depth,and the mechanism and clinical application of this method in the acute phase of stroke,such as phlegm-heat and visceral solidity,phlegm-fire stasis,wind-phlegm obstruction,and phlegm-stasis inter-conjugation,are summarized in detail,with a view to providing references to the clinical treatments.

[Objective]To study the formation,change and propagation of Liuwei Dihuang Pill.[Methods]The medical literature and other historical records about Liuwei Dihuang Pill were collected and analyzed,and the formation process,effect change,influencing factors behind the change and application of this prescription and the transmission path were discussed.[Results]Liuwei Dihuang Pill was developed by QIAN Yi,a doctor in Song Dynasty,based on the decoction of Shengqi Pill.It was used to treat kidney deficiency syndrome in children.Because the cooked Rehmannia can nourish Yin and blood,Song and Yuan Dynasties doctors also used the prescription for Yin blood deficiency.In the Ming Dynasty,with the elucidations of the Mingmen theory by the doctors of the warm-tonifying faction,this prescription became the representative formula for tonifying kidney Yin.At the same time,the spreading and population of this prescription was not only in the elite medical group,but also through the medical heritage of GAO Doukui,LYU Liuliang and FANG Yizhi,in the form of medical books,prescription books and health books in the folk.By the Qing Dynasty,the spreading of this formula had shown the characteristics of"secularization",and the literature,literati's notes,novels and other materials can reflect the use of Liuwei Dihuang Pill in the folk.[Conclusion]This paper discusses the origin and development of Liuwei Dihuang Pill,which is of great significance for the study of the rise and formation of the warm-tonifying thought in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Stroke is an acute cerebrovascular disease with high morbidity,disability and mortality.It has a rapid onset,multifarious morbidity and complex pathogenesis,with phlegm representing as an important pathogenic factor.The treatment of the acute phase of stroke is of paramount importance in determining the prognosis of patients.The method of eliminating phlegm and opening the orifices represents a pivotal approach within the domain of Chinese medicine for the treatment of the acute phase of stroke.Moreover,contemporary medical science has corroborated the efficacy of this method through the examination of its applications from a multitude of perspectives.In this paper,the theoretical basis of the method of eliminating phlegm and opening the orifices is elaborated in depth,and the mechanism and clinical application of this method in the acute phase of stroke,such as phlegm-heat and visceral solidity,phlegm-fire stasis,wind-phlegm obstruction,and phlegm-stasis inter-conjugation,are summarized in detail,with a view to providing references to the clinical treatments.

[Objective]To study the formation,change and propagation of Liuwei Dihuang Pill.[Methods]The medical literature and other historical records about Liuwei Dihuang Pill were collected and analyzed,and the formation process,effect change,influencing factors behind the change and application of this prescription and the transmission path were discussed.[Results]Liuwei Dihuang Pill was developed by QIAN Yi,a doctor in Song Dynasty,based on the decoction of Shengqi Pill.It was used to treat kidney deficiency syndrome in children.Because the cooked Rehmannia can nourish Yin and blood,Song and Yuan Dynasties doctors also used the prescription for Yin blood deficiency.In the Ming Dynasty,with the elucidations of the Mingmen theory by the doctors of the warm-tonifying faction,this prescription became the representative formula for tonifying kidney Yin.At the same time,the spreading and population of this prescription was not only in the elite medical group,but also through the medical heritage of GAO Doukui,LYU Liuliang and FANG Yizhi,in the form of medical books,prescription books and health books in the folk.By the Qing Dynasty,the spreading of this formula had shown the characteristics of"secularization",and the literature,literati's notes,novels and other materials can reflect the use of Liuwei Dihuang Pill in the folk.[Conclusion]This paper discusses the origin and development of Liuwei Dihuang Pill,which is of great significance for the study of the rise and formation of the warm-tonifying thought in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Toxic Chinese materia medica has been highly valued by its specialized and effective effects， but its safe application has become an urgent clinical problem to be solved. Compatibility for toxic attenuation is an important method for the rational clinical application of toxic Chinese materia medica as well as the promotion of its therapeutic advantages. The theory of “heterogeneous medicinals mutual restriction” elaborated in this article has been formed through long-term clinical practice and cognition， and refinement of clinical experience， which means that the nature partiality of toxic Chinese materia medica can be adjusted， and the toxicity can be suppressed through reasonable combination with herbal medicinalsof different properties， flavors， and effects. This theory covers the modes of compatibility for toxicity attenuation and the interaction relationships， like the restriction of medicinals with different properties and flavors， restriction of medicinals with different effects， and inhibiting toxins by reinforcing healthy qi. The opposite and complementary effects of various medicinals combinations are an extension of the connotations of this theory， and the principles can be explained from material basis and mechanism of action. Under the guidance of this theory， it is possible to optimize the compound prescription strategies of toxic Chinese materia medica， and provide new strategies for the clinical combinations of toxic Chinese materia medica， thereby achieving the reduction of toxicity and enhancement of effectiveness of the compound formulas.

The canalis sinuosus,a canal containing the anterior superior alveolar nerve bundle,originates from the infraorbital canal and extends along the maxillary sinus and nasal cavity edges to the anterior maxilla.It was once regarded as an anatomical variation.However,with the widespread application of cone beam computed tomography(CBCT),the detection rate of canalis sinuosus in the population has increased.The canalis sinuosus exhibits diverse courses,branching into multiple accessory canals and terminating at the nasal floor or the anterior tooth region,with the majority traversing the palatal side of the central incisor.The anterior superior alveolar nerve bundle within the canalis sinuosus not only innervates and nourishes the maxillary anterior teeth and the corresponding soft tissues,and the maxillary sinus mucosa,but also relates to the nasal septum,lateral nasal wall,and parts of the palatal mucosa.To minimize surgical complications,strategies for preventing and treating canalis sinuosus injuries need to be investigated.Preoperatively,CBCT is used to identify the canalis sinuosus and to virtually design implant placement at a distance of more than 2 mm from the canalis sinuosus.Intraoperatively,assessing bleeding and patient comfort,complemented by precision surgical techniques such as the use of implant surgical guide plates.Postoperatively,CBCT is used to examine the relationship between the implant and the canalis sinuosus,and treatment of canalis sinuosus injuries can be tailored based on the patient's symptoms.This review summarizes the detection of canalis sinuosus in the population,its anatomical characteristics,and the physiological functions in the anterior maxilla,and discusses strategies for avoiding canalis sinuosus injuries during implant surgery,thereby enhancing clinical awareness and providing references for clinical decision-making.