Objective To gain insights into the biological characteristics of different populations of Culex tritaeniorhynchus within and around the Yellow Sea wetland from the perspective of the occurrence of resistance, we investigated the levels of resistance to deltamethrin and kdr gene mutation in the wetland and its peripheral areas. Methods Specimens were collected from Cx. tritaeniorhynchus populations at two monitoring sites in the Rare Bird National Nature Reserve and Tiaozi Ni Wetland Scenic Area, and also from two populations in Yancheng City and the Liuhe District of Nanjing, and the resistance of these mosquitoes to deltamethrin was determined using the CDC biotest bottle method. For each concentration of deltamethrin assessed, a random subset of exposed specimens was selected for amplification of the kdr gene fragment, followed by Sanger sequencing to identify and analyze resistance-associated mutations. Results The LC50 levels of deltamethrin among mosquitoes from the four populations in Luhe, Yancheng, the Rare Bird National Nature Reserve and the Tiaozi Ni Wetland Scenic Area were 2.048 5, 7.798 2, 3.473 3, and 17.695 5 mg/mL, respectively, with corresponding concentrations of deltamethrin ranging from 0.005 to 5.000,0.050 to 50.000,0.050 to 25.000 and 0.050 to 50.000 mg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the ranges of the KT50 values were 11.76-107.43, 67.05-216.30,29.77-107.43 and 28.40-329.51 min; the 1-h knockdown rates were 34.58%-99.15%, 9.52%-43.80%, 55.09%-73.01%, and 10.09%-68.07%; and the 24-h mortality rates were 12.15%-67.52%,9.52%-79.56%,13.17%-82.21%, and 11.01%-78.99%, respectively. With respect to kdr gene mutation, we assayed a total of 63,70,59, and 57 mosquitoes for the four populations, for which we detected L1014F mutation frequencies of 14.29%, 35.00%, 20.34%, and 31.58%, respectively, with a majority of these mutations being heterozygous for resistance. In addition, five adult mosquitoes were identified has having synonymous mutations at site 1011[i. e. , AAT(asparagine)mutation to AAC(asparagine)]. Conclusions Our findings revealed the clear resistance of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus to deltamethrin in the Yancheng region of the Yellow Sea wetland, and the resistance phenotype and kdr frequency of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in the wetland environment were comparable to those of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in the wetland environment, thereby indicating that the resistance of different populations of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was homogeneous under the pressure of different insecticide selection within and around the wetland. However, the underlying mechanisms need to be further studied.

Clinical trial registration， as a cornerstone for transparency in medical scientific research， aims to systematically and comprehensively disclose key information such as trial design and implementation protocols before trial initiation. This reduces selective reporting and outcome bias， avoids unnecessary duplicate research， thereby protects research participants’ legitimate rights and interests and ethical compliance， and ultimately upholds research integrity and public trust. However， despite the widespread international recognition of its importance and necessity， registration practices worldwide still exhibit significant disparities. From an ethical perspective， this paper deeply analyzed the current status of clinical trial registration and the challenges it confronted， including issues such as insufficient awareness of prospective registration， inconsistent registration standards， persistent difficulties in data openness， sharing， and result disclosure， as well as imbalanced global governance of registration. It further explored multi-dimensional paths involving institutional coordination， technological empowerment， global collaboration， and ethical guidance， to promote clinical trial registration to realize full-cycle closed-loop management from registration and implementation to result reporting. These will provide solid theoretical support and practical references for establishing a more ethically resilient， highly transparent， and sustainably operational clinical trial registration system.

Objective To investigate the species composition, distribution, density, and pathogen-carrying status of host-seeking ticks in urban environments of Jiangsu Province, and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of tick-borne diseases in urban settings. Methods From April to September 2023, a survey on host-seeking ticks was conducted in three types of habitats (city parks, residential areas, and street greenbelts) across 54 counties (cities, districts) of 13 prefecture-level cities in Jiangsu Province by using the flagging method. RStudio 4.4.3 (Windows version) was employed to perform chi-square test analysis on the species composition of ticks across different months, and Friedman test (for multiple paired samples) was applied to analyze monthly changes in the average tick density index among different habitats. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to detect pathogens in the captured ticks. Results A total of 863 host-seeking ticks were captured from 54 habitats in 24 counties (cities, districts) of 11 prefecture-level cities (Nanjing, Wuxi, Changzhou, Suzhou, Nantong, Huai'an, Yancheng, Yangzhou, Zhenjiang, Taizhou, and Suqian) in Jiangsu Province, whereas no ticks were captured in Xuzhou and Lianyungang. The collected ticks belonged to three species, with Haemaphysalis longicornis being the dominant species (accounting for 82.62%), followed by Haemaphysalis flava and Hae. phasiana. The average density index of ticks in positive habitats was 3.20 ticks/ (flag·100 m). In terms of tick density among prefecture-level cities, Wuxi had the highest density[13.55 ticks/(flag·100 m)], whereas Nanjing and Taizhou had the lowest[both,0.20 ticks/(flag·100 m)]. With respect to the types of positive habitats,46 positive city parks,7 positive residential areas, and 1 positive street greenbelt were found, with the average tick density index being 3.46, 1.86, and 3.60 ticks/flag · 100 m, respectively. No statistically significant differences were observed in the monthly variations in the average tick density index among different habitats (P＞0.05). Pathogen detection showed no Bandavirus dabieense, Rickettsia, or Borrelia burgdorferi in the collected ticks. Conclusions Host-seeking ticks have established populations in urban environments across most prefecture-level cities in Jiangsu Province, with Hae. longicornis identified as the dominant species. City parks serve as the primary breeding habitats for these ticks. Strengthening tick surveillance and control measures in densely populated and frequently visited areas, such as city parks and residential neighborhoods, is crucial for the effective prevention and control of urban tick-borne diseases.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a central neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive decline and memory impairment in clinical. Currently, there are no effective treatments for AD. In recent years, a variety of therapeutic approaches from different perspectives have been explored to treat AD. Although the drug therapies targeted at the clearance of amyloid β-protein (Aβ) had made a breakthrough in clinical trials, there were associated with adverse events. Neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the onset and progression of AD. Continuous neuroinflammatory was considered to be the third major pathological feature of AD, which could promote the formation of extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. At the same time, these toxic substances could accelerate the development of neuroinflammation, form a vicious cycle, and exacerbate disease progression. Reducing neuroinflammation could break the feedback loop pattern between neuroinflammation, Aβ plaque deposition and Tau tangles, which might be an effective therapeutic strategy for treating AD. Traditional Chinese herbs such as Polygonum multiflorum and Curcuma were utilized in the treatment of AD due to their ability to mitigate neuroinflammation. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen and indomethacin had been shown to reduce the level of inflammasomes in the body, and taking these drugs was associated with a low incidence of AD. Biosynthetic nanomaterials loaded with oxytocin were demonstrated to have the capability to anti-inflammatory and penetrate the blood-brain barrier effectively, and they played an anti-inflammatory role via sustained-releasing oxytocin in the brain. Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells could reduce neuroinflammation and inhibit the activation of microglia. The secretion of mesenchymal stem cells could not only improve neuroinflammation, but also exert a multi-target comprehensive therapeutic effect, making it potentially more suitable for the treatment of AD. Enhancing the level of TREM2 in microglial cells using gene editing technologies, or application of TREM2 antibodies such as Ab-T1, hT2AB could improve microglial cell function and reduce the level of neuroinflammation, which might be a potential treatment for AD. Probiotic therapy, fecal flora transplantation, antibiotic therapy, and dietary intervention could reshape the composition of the gut microbiota and alleviate neuroinflammation through the gut-brain axis. However, the drugs of sodium oligomannose remain controversial. Both exercise intervention and electromagnetic intervention had the potential to attenuate neuroinflammation, thereby delaying AD process. This article focuses on the role of drug therapy, gene therapy, stem cell therapy, gut microbiota therapy, exercise intervention, and brain stimulation in improving neuroinflammation in recent years, aiming to provide a novel insight for the treatment of AD by intervening neuroinflammation in the future.

In recent years,significant breakthroughs have been achieved in the immunotherapy for Alzheimer's disease.In line with global advancements,two anti-amyloid-β monoclonal antibodies have been approved and successfully launched in China for clinical use.Lecanemab and Donanemab were officially used in June 2024 and April 2025 in China,respectively.In order to standardize the rational and safe application of anti-amyloid-β monoclonal antibodies for Alzheimer's disease in China,this article integrates recom-mendations from the clinical trials and real-world experience from the author's team and domestic peers to further update the recom-mendations for the clinical use of anti-amyloid-β monoclonal antibody based on the 2024 version.It includes indications for therapy,pre-treatment evaluation and preparation,administration protocols and safety measures during treatment,and post-treatment monitor-ing strategies.

Objective To analyze the disease burden,changing trends,and differences of atrial fibrillation(AF)/atrial flutter(AFL)globally and in China and Japan from 1990 to 2021,and to predict their future trends,aiming to provide references for health decision-making.Methods Based on the Global Burden of Disease Study Database 2021(GBD 2021),we extracted age-standardized prevalence rate(ASPR)and age-standardized disability-adjusted life year rate(ASDALYR)data for AF/AFL by sex globally,in China,and Japan.The estimated annual percentage change(EAPC)was used to assess the trends.Joinpoint regression analysis and the Bayesian age-period-cohort(BAPC)model were employed for trend analysis and prediction.Results From 1990 to 2021,the ASPR and ASDALYR for AF/AFL in males were increased significantly globally,with EAPC of 0.05(95%CI:0.01～0.08)and 0.09(95%CI:0.08～0.11),respectively.Changes were significantly declined in females,with EAPC of-0.11(95%CI:-0.14～-0.07)and-0.10(95%CI:-0.12～-0.07).In China,the ASPR for AF/AFL were increased in both males and females,with those of males more notably(EAPC=0.77,95%CI:0.65～0.88).However,the ASDALYR for AF/AFL showed gender divergence,with an increase in males(EAPC=0.40,95%CI:0.30～0.49)while a decrease in females(EAPC=-0.55,95%CI:-0.67～-0.44).In Japan,both the ASPR and ASDALYR for males and females showed continuous declines,and the reduction was more pronounced among females(ASPR EAPC=-1.77,95%CI:-2.32～-1.22;ASDALYR EAPC=-1.73,95%CI:-2.11～-1.35).Joinpoint regression analysis showed that from 1990 to 2021,for the ASDALYR of AF/AFL,the average annual percentage change(AAPC)was 0.28%(P<0.001)for Chinese males and-0.37%(P<0.001)for Chinese females,while the AAPC was-0.70%(P<0.001)and-1.43%(P<0.001)for Japanese males and females.BAPC model revealed that by 2036,the ASDALYR for Chinese males is predicted to increase from 91.45 per 100 000 in 2022 to 101.11 per 100 000,and for females is from 88.85 per 100 000 to 100.98 per 100 000.For Japanese males,the ASDALYR is projected to increase slightly from 88.79 to 89.86 per 100 000,while for females,it is projected decrease slightly from 41.13 to 39.67 per 100 000,indicating only minor fluctuations in the ASDALYR for both Japanese males and females.Conclusion The disease burden of AF/AFL continues to increase globally and in China.So,Japan's lifestyle and health policies are worth considering,and more scientific and effective public health policies and clinical intervention strategies should be formulated and implemented.Countermeasure The relevant government agencies should promote the transformation of the food industry through the policy-market mechanism,carry out activities related to national health management,and continuously optimize the AF/AFL management model of medical and health institutions to effectively cope with this disease burden change.

Objective To verify the efficacy of a domestic human DNA quantification kit based on real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR in detecting the total human DNA concentration,male DNA concen-tration in mixed male/female DNA samples,the degree of DNA degradation and inhibitor tolerance.Methods Samples with different concentrations,different male/female ratios,different concentrations of inhibitors,and different degradation degrees were tested using the domestic human DNA quantification kit based on real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR.This kit was compared with a similar product on the market and was applied to the detection of DNA from real cases.Results This human DNA quan-tification kit can effectively detect human DNA as low as 0.001 65 ng/μL,and 6.25 pg/μL of male DNA in mixed samples with a male-to-female ratio of 1∶15 000.Even when the sample contains as high as 400 ng/μL of humic acid or 1 000 μmol/L of hemin alone,the DNA concentration can still be accurately detected.The degradation index can effectively characterize the degradation degree of the sample.This kit has been successfully applied in forensic practice.Conclusion This human DNA quan-tification kit is accurate and reliable in detection.It can accurately reflect the degradation of DNA and inhibitor tolerance.It has good performance in quantitative accuracy,determination of the male/female ratio in mixed samples,and inhibitor tolerance.It has application potential in forensic case examination.

Objective To explore the predictive value of transforming growth factor beta 1(TGF-β1),chromobox homolog 7(CBX7),and soluble urokinase type plasminogen activator receptor(suPAR)for post-operative recurrence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia after cervical conization.Methods A total of 200 pa-tients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia admitted to the hospital from April 2020 to June 2023 were select-ed as the research subjects.All patients were treated with cervical conization.All patients were followed up for one year.According to the postoperative recurrence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia patients after cervical conization,they were divided into the recurrence group and the non-recurrence group.Univariate and multiva-riate Logistic regression analyses were conducted to analyze the risk factors influencing the postoperative re-currence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia after cervical conization.The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was drawn to analyze the value of TGF-β1,CBX7 and suPAR in predicting the postoperative re-currence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia after cervical conization.A nomogram model for predicting the postoperative recurrence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia after cervical conization was established using R software and verified both internally and externally.The calibration curve and decision curve were used to ana-lyze the calibration ability and application value of the nomogram.Results The levels of TGF-β1,CBX7 and suPAR in the recurrence group were all higher than those in the non-recurrence group,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).The results of multivariate Logistic analysis showed that TGF-β1,CBX7,and suPAR were all risk factors for postoperative recurrence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia after cervical conization(P<0.05).The results of ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve(AUC)of the combined prediction of TGF-β1,CBX7,and suPAR for the postoperative recurrence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia after cervical conization was higher than AUC of the individual detection of each index(Z=3.554,2.311,2.520,P<0.05).The correction curve of the nomogram model for predicting the postoperative recur-rence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia after cervical conization approached the ideal curve(P=0.298,0.687).Conclusion The combination of TGF-β1,CBX7 and suPAR has certain value in predicting the postoperative recurrence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia after cervical conization.

With the rapid development of generative artificial intelligence(GAI)technologies,their widespread application in academic research and writing is continuously expanding the boundaries of sci-entific inquiry.However,this trend has also raised a series of ethical and regulatory challenges,inclu-ding issues related to authorship,content authenticity,citation accuracy,and accountability.In light of the growing involvement of AI in generating academic content,establishing an open,controllable,and trustworthy ethical governance framework has become a key task for safeguarding research integrity and maintaining trust within the academic community.This expert consensus outlines ethical requirements across key stages of AI-assisted academic writing-including topic selection,data management,citation practices,and authorship attribution.It aims to clarify the boundaries and ethical obligations surrounding AI use in academic writing,ensuring that technological tools enhance efficiency without compromising in-tegrity.The goal is to provide guidance and institutional support for building a responsible and sustainable research ecosystem.

A mounting body of research suggests that circRNAs significantly contribute to the develop-ment of myocardial fibrosis.The microarray results of human circular RNA expression profile indicated that circHERC4_041 expression increased in the myocardium of patients with heart failure,RT-qPCR a-nalysis confirmed that the myocardial expression level of circHERC4_041 in individuals with heart failure were considerably elevated compared to that in healthy organ donors.Fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH)confirmed that circHERC4_041 was abundant in the cytoplasm of human cardiomyocyte AC16.Overexpression of circHERC4_041 in mouse myocardial fibroblasts(mCFs)mediated by adenovirus in-hibited the expression of fibrosis-related proteins in mCFs.Experiments involving cell proliferation,wound healing,and Transwell assays demonstrated that overexpression of circHERC4_041 suppressed the growth and mobility of mCFs(P＜0.001).Sequence analysis results suggested that circHERC4_041 con-tains potential ribosome entry sequence(IRES)and open reading frame(ORF).Western blot confirmed that circHERC4_041 could translate the 516 amino acid HERC4-516aa protein,which was mainly located in the cytoplasm of the cell.Cell functional experiments confirmed that circHERC4_041 inhibited the fi-brotic phenotype of mCFs by specifically translating HERC4-516aa(P＜0.05).The specific interaction between HERC4-516aa and transglutaminase 2(TGM2)was confirmed by IP-MS screening and Co-IP i-dentification.Further results found that the degradation of TGM2 was promoted through proteasome path-way.The overexpression of TGM2 in mCFs facilitated by adenoviral vectors could counteract the suppres-sive effects of HERC4-516aa on the fibrotic phenotype of mCFs.Therefore,this study confirmed that the HERC4-516aa protein translated by circHERC4_041 can specifically bind to TGM2 to inhibit the fibrotic phenotype of myocardial fibroblasts.